Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Summary

This educational video script delves into the interconnected fields of anatomy and physiology, emphasizing their significance in understanding the human body. It introduces the pericardium as an example to illustrate the distinction between anatomical structure and physiological function. The script further explores the building blocks of life, from atoms to molecules and macromolecules, leading to organelles and cells. It discusses various types of cells, tissues, and organs, and explains the importance of relative body positions and body planes in medical imaging. The lesson concludes with an overview of abdominal and pelvic regions, highlighting the relevance of specific terminology in medical practice.

Takeaways

• 📚 Anatomy and physiology are closely related subjects, with anatomy focusing on the structure and location of body parts, and physiology on their functions and processes.
• 💧 The pericardium is a sac made of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the heart, with a fluid layer that acts as a lubricant for the beating heart.
• 🌐 The human body is composed of building blocks such as atoms, molecules, and macromolecules, which form the basis of life and include elements like oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.
• 🧬 Macro molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA are essential for life and are made up of many atoms, playing a critical role in the structure and function of cells.
• 🔬 Organelles are the functional parts of a cell, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria, each with a specific role in maintaining cell life and function.
• 🔴 Cells are the basic units of biology, with different types like red blood cells, neurons, and macrophages performing various functions within the body.
• 🤲 Tissues are groups of cells that are organized and work together to perform a specific function, such as the epidermis of the skin or the cerebral cortex of the brain.
• 💓 Organs are made up of tissues and have specific functions, like the heart, which pumps blood, or the thymus, which is involved in the immune system.
• 🔄 Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions, such as the respiratory, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems.
• 📐 Relative positions in anatomy are essential for understanding the location and relationship of body parts, using terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior.
• 📈 Body planes are important for studying the human body, allowing for views inside organs and tissues, and include coronal, sagittal, and transverse sections.

Q & A

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the form, structure, and location of bodily parts, while physiology is the study of the function of bodily parts and the processes involved with them. They are often taught together because understanding the structure of a body part is essential to understanding its function.

What is the pericardium and what is its anatomical and physiological significance?

The pericardium is a sac made of connective tissue that surrounds the heart. Anatomically, it is slightly larger than the heart itself to accommodate the organ. Physiologically, it contains a fluid layer that acts as a lubricant for the beating heart, protecting it much like oil in an engine.

What are the basic building blocks of matter in the human body?

The basic building blocks of matter in the human body are atoms. All molecules, which make up tissues and cells, are composed of atoms, which in turn consist of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Which elements are the most plentiful in the human body?

The most plentiful elements in the human body are oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. Other significant elements include nitrogen, calcium, sodium, and phosphorus.

What are the common molecules found in the human body?

Some common molecules found in the human body include H2O (water) and CO2 (carbon dioxide), which we exhale. Oxygen (O2) is also a common molecule, used for aerobic respiration in our cells.

What are macromolecules and why are they important?

Macromolecules are large molecules, typically organic compounds that are carbon-based and associated with life. They include carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA. These macromolecules are the building blocks of life, forming the basis of organelles and other structures within cells.

What are organelles and how are they related to cells?

Organelles are the functional parts of a cell, often referred to as the 'organs' of microscopic cells. They include the nucleus, which is the control center for storing and expressing genetic material, and the ribosomes, which are the protein factories of the cell.

How are cells categorized in the human body?

Cells in the human body can be categorized based on their function and structure. Examples include red blood cells (RBCs), which are responsible for oxygen transport, neurons, which form the nervous system, and macrophages, which are immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign invaders.

What is the difference between tissues and organs?

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function, such as the epidermis of the skin or the cerebral cortex of the brain. Organs are structures composed of multiple tissues that work together to perform complex functions, such as the heart or stomach.

What are the three main body planes used to study the human body?

The three main body planes are the coronal or frontal plane, which divides the body into anterior and posterior sections; the sagittal or midsagittal plane, which divides the body into left and right sections; and the transverse or horizontal plane, which divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

What are the four abdominal quadrants and how are they named?

The four abdominal quadrants are the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). They are named based on their relative position to the body's midline and the horizontal plane through the navel.

What is the significance of the right lower quadrant in medical emergencies?

The right lower quadrant is significant in medical emergencies because it is the location of the appendix. Severe pain in this area can indicate appendicitis, a condition that requires immediate medical attention to prevent life-threatening complications.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

This paragraph introduces the subjects of Anatomy and Physiology, emphasizing their interconnectedness. Anatomy is defined as the study of the body's structure and form, exemplified by the pericardium, a sac made of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the heart. Physiology, in contrast, focuses on the function of bodily parts and the processes they involve, such as the pericardium's role in lubricating the heart. The paragraph also delves into the building blocks of the body, starting with atoms and molecules like oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, and progressing to macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA. These macromolecules form organelles, which are considered the microscopic organs of a cell, including the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria, all crucial for cellular function.

05:01

🌿 Building Blocks of Life and Body Systems

The second paragraph continues the discussion on the body's building blocks, moving from molecules to cells and tissues. It explains that cells are the fundamental units of life, with examples such as red blood cells, neurons, and macrophages, each with specific functions. The paragraph then transitions to tissues, which are groups of cells with a common purpose, like the epidermis of the skin or the cerebral cortex of the brain. Organs are then introduced as structures composed of tissues that perform specific functions, such as the stomach, heart, and thymus. The concept of organ systems is also introduced, including the respiratory, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems, highlighting their cooperative roles in the body's overall function.

10:02

📐 Understanding Body Positions and Terminology

This paragraph explores the terminology used to describe the relative positions of body parts, focusing on terms like anterior/posterior, ventral/dorsal, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, and superficial/deep. It provides examples of how these terms are used in different contexts, such as the position of the heart in relation to the sternum or the orientation of the spleen and liver. The paragraph also discusses the importance of these terms in understanding the body's anatomy, regardless of its orientation, and how they can vary in meaning when applied to different species, like dogs, compared to humans.

15:07

🔪 Body Planes and Sections in Anatomy

The fourth paragraph delves into the concept of body planes and sections, which are essential for understanding the internal structure of the body. It explains the three primary planes: coronal or frontal, sagittal, and transverse or horizontal. Each plane is described in relation to how it would cut through the body or organs, such as a coronal section through the heart or a sagittal section separating the left and right sides of the heart. The paragraph highlights the importance of these planes in medical imaging and surgery for a clear view of internal structures.

20:08

📍 Regional Terminology and Abdominal Quadrants

This paragraph introduces regional terminology used to describe specific areas of the body, particularly the abdomen and pelvis. It starts by explaining the division of the abdomen into four quadrants, each with specific organs and potential medical significance, such as the right lower quadrant being associated with appendicitis. The paragraph then further divides the abdomen into nine regions, using a tic-tac-toe layout for illustration. Each region is named and associated with its anatomical landmarks and potential medical conditions, such as the hypochondriac region being related to the lower ribcage and organs beneath it.

25:12

🦴 Detailed Exploration of Abdominal Regions

The final paragraph provides a detailed examination of the nine abdominal regions, including their specific names and the organs they contain. It describes the right and left hypochondriac regions in relation to the lower ribcage and the organs beneath it, such as the liver, gallbladder, and parts of the kidneys. The epigastric region is identified as being over the stomach, while the lumbar regions are named after their proximity to the lumbar vertebrae. The umbilical region is defined by the presence of the navel, and the hypogastric or pubic region is noted as being below the stomach. The inguinal and iliac regions are also explained, with the iliac region named for its association with the hip bones or ilia.

Keywords

💡Anatomy

Anatomy is defined as the study of the structure and parts of living organisms, including the human body. In the context of the video, it is presented as a foundational discipline that helps us understand the physical form and structure of bodily parts. An example from the script is the discussion of the pericardium, which is the sac surrounding the heart, highlighting its anatomical structure and location.

💡Physiology

Physiology refers to the study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts. It is closely related to anatomy and is essential for understanding how bodily structures work together. The script uses the pericardium as an example to explain its physiological role, such as providing lubrication and protection for the heart, similar to how oil functions in an engine.

💡Pericardium

The pericardium is a sac-like structure made of connective tissue that surrounds the heart. It is mentioned in the script as an example to illustrate both anatomical structure and physiological function. The pericardium contains a fluid that reduces friction between the heart and its surrounding structures, allowing the heart to beat efficiently.

💡Molecules

Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental units of chemical compounds. The script explains that all molecules in the body, such as water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), are composed of atoms, emphasizing the molecular basis of life processes.

💡Macromolecules

Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many smaller units, often referred to as monomers. They are crucial to life and include carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA. The script uses macromolecules to illustrate the building blocks of life, such as DNA being a macromolecule that carries genetic information.

💡Organelles

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions, often referred to as the 'organs' of the cell. The script mentions the nucleus, which houses DNA, and the ribosome, which is involved in protein synthesis, to explain the functional components of a cell.

💡Cells

Cells are the basic units of life, forming the structural and functional building blocks of all living organisms. The script discusses different types of cells, such as red blood cells, neurons, and macrophages, to illustrate their roles in various biological processes.

💡Tissues

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. The script uses examples like the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, and the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, to demonstrate the concept of tissues and their roles in the body.

💡Organs

Organs are structures made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform complex functions. The script mentions organs like the stomach, heart, and thymus to explain how they are composed of tissues and contribute to the body's overall function.

💡Organ Systems

Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform major functions in the body. The script refers to systems like the respiratory, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems to illustrate the coordinated function of multiple organs in maintaining life.

💡Relative Positions

Relative positions are terms used to describe the location of body parts in relation to one another. The script explains terms like anterior (front), posterior (back), superior (above), and inferior (below) to provide a precise understanding of anatomical relationships within the body.

💡Body Planes

Body planes refer to the imaginary planes used to describe the orientation of cuts through the body for medical or educational purposes. The script discusses coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes to explain how they provide different perspectives of the body's internal structures.

💡Abdominal Regions

Abdominal regions are specific areas within the abdominal cavity, often used for diagnostic and surgical purposes. The script describes the division of the abdomen into quadrants and regions like the epigastric and inguinal regions, using terms like 'right upper quadrant' and 'hypochondriac region' to illustrate these areas.

Highlights

Anatomy and physiology are best studied together to understand the structure and function of bodily parts.

Anatomy focuses on the form, structure, and location of bodily parts, exemplified by the pericardium's role in protecting the heart.

Physiology examines the function of bodily parts and their interconnections, like the pericardium's lubricating function for the heart.

The building blocks of the body are atoms, with oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen being the most abundant in the human body.

Molecules like H2O and CO2 are composed of atoms and are essential for life processes.

Macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA are large, carbon-based molecules vital for life.

Organelles are the functional components of cells, including the nucleus for genetic material and ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Cells are the basic units of life, with different types like RBCs, neurons, and macrophages serving specific functions.

Tissues are groups of cells organized for a common purpose, such as the epidermis of the skin or the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Organs are made up of tissues that work together, like the stomach and heart, each with a specific role in the body.

The thymus is an underappreciated organ that plays a key role in the immune system.

Organ systems work in concert to maintain the body's functions, such as the respiratory and endocrine systems.

Relative positions in anatomy and physiology help to precisely describe the location of body parts, like anterior and posterior.

Terms like superior and inferior, medial and lateral, and proximal and distal are used to describe body part positions.

Body planes, such as coronal, sagittal, and transverse, are essential for understanding internal body structures.

Abdominal and pelvic regions have specific terminology and can be divided into quadrants or regions for detailed study.

The right lower quadrant is significant in medical emergencies, such as appendicitis, where precise location is crucial.

Anatomical terms like inguinal and iliac are derived from Latin and relate to specific body regions.

Transcripts

hi welcome to educator calm this is the

lesson on anatomy and physiology intro

so we talk about anatomy and physiology

as subjects they kind of go together you

could take them separately in a school

but I really think they belong together

and here's why

Anatomy is the study of the form

structure and location of bodily parts

so let's take the pericardium

for instance pericardium kardia or kar

diem derived from that means heart

always peri usually means a round

surrounding so this is actually the sac

that surrounds the heart it's made of

connective tissue in terms of this the

volume that it contains a little bit

bigger than the heart itself because

it's wrapped around it it's located

right here so those are some anatomical

facts about the pericardial sac or the

pericardium but the physiology of it is

a bit more about what it's doing the

study of the function of bodily parts

and the processes involved with them

how's everything in the body connected

what is that organ doing with respect to

the other one what's the function of

these different parts so the pericardium

if you consider the fact that inside of

that sac there's a little fluid layer

adjacent to the outside of the heart

that fluid is kind of like lubrication

for the beating heart and protective I

mean think about it is like moving

engine parts you need oil in your engine

for it to function properly and the

pericardial sac is about lubricating the

heart and protecting it so there's some

physiological facts associated with the

pericardium when it comes to the parts

of the body and what's in it you have to

know about the building blocks of matter

what are all molecules made of in the

body what are all the tissues made of

well it comes down to atoms all

molecules are composed of atoms

occasionally in this course you will see

subatomic particles like protons and

electrons and talking about what those

do but more often it's atoms and bigger

in this particular course so we talked

about the different kinds of atoms on

planet earth it really comes down to the

different elements so if you member the

periodic table of elements from a

chemistry course

every single element its smallest

functional unit is an atom so let's take

the big three in human body

oxygen carbon and hydrogen

so those three most plentiful atoms in

the human body you're also going to see

nitrogen calcium sodium phosphorus etc

etc and we could list them all but yeah

those are the atoms and of course if you

remember from a chemistry course the

inside of the atom is a nucleus with

protons and neutrons with electrons

spinning around the outside so if we put

atoms together we're going to get

molecules some common molecules you find

the human body h2o water co2 carbon

dioxide what we exhale and also include

Oh to the difference between an oxygen

up here and oxygen down here is this is

the gas that we're actually breathing in

and using for aerobic respiration in our

cells as a gas it's usually two oxygen

atoms linked together with a covalent

bond if we take a lot more atoms and put

them together we're going to get what

are called macro molecules and macro

means big we're talking big molecules

here these are also known as typically

organic compounds because they're

carbon-based and have to do with life

carbohydrates also known as sugars

protein a very important one and let's

also this DNA that's another macro

molecule RNA these are all very big lots

and lots and lots of atoms and these are

the building blocks of life so when we

put carbohydrates proteins fats DNA

stuff like that together in a very

functional kind of form we can get

organelles and organelles are pretty

much the organs of microscopic cells all

those working parts that allow a cell to

stay alive

most people have heard of the nucleus

the brain of the cell kind of a control

center where DNA is stored and genetic

material is expressed the ribosome

ribosomes made up of mostly protein and

pieces of RNA which is similar to DNA

but the ribosome is the protein factory

of the cell and let's also list my toe

cond Riya or let's say Condrey on

because that's singular country would be

plural but this is the powerhouse the

cell responsible for making energy for

the cell to function so when a bunch of

organelles are arranged properly you get

cells and cells I mean that's the basis

of a biology class and of course anatomy

physiology is a branch of that so we've

got to talk about cells you can have red

blood cells RBC's you you actually make

at least a million per second and lose

about Emine per second that's amazing

the the cycling of red blood cells

inside the body also neurons neurons are

the building blocks of the nervous

system your brains main neuron spinal

cord nerves made of neurons and let's go

with macrophages macrophages are cells

that hang out in your tissues we'll get

to that in a sec and those swallow up

foreign invaders they wrap their plasma

membranes around and swallow up bacteria

viruses stuff that doesn't belong in

your body and destroy it when you put a

bunch of cells together and they're

organized and in the correct fashion and

they have a purpose together we can call

that a tissue one example of tissue

human body your epidermis the outer

layers the outer few layers of your skin

your integumentary system mostly dead

cells you lose them constantly I'm

actually losing thousands and thousands

by doing this but I'll make some more

don't worry other than that lets say

cerebral cortex that's another example

of a tissue cerebral cortex that's the

outermost superficial layer of the brain

you got a lot of action going on in this

few millimeters thick layer on the

outside of your brain very well

developed in humans compared to other

animals so that's the cerebral cortex

and how about mucosa you cos'è

that sounds like Nuka stright no

coincidence so mucosa when we talk about

the insides of organs that are secreting

something you know the letting go of

some kind of fluid something that helps

digest things for instance that layer

that has a bunch of glands doing that

business is called the mucosa so the

innermost lining of the stomach mucosa

organs a speaking of stomach that's made

of a bunch of tissues that help your

digestive system so yeah the stomach

definitely an organ the heart so well

known organ and I want to name one

that's not as well known the thymus

yeah the thymus is an organ that helps

with your immune system it's actually

located just behind the breastbone or

the sternum very close to your heart so

that's the thymus and organ systems

respiratory

so all of those organs together

associated with getting air in and out

of your body getting oxygen in your

bloodstream getting co2 out so you can

exhale it the endocrine system which has

to do with hormones not just sex

hormones hormones usually are helping to

regulate all kinds of organs in your

body and what they're doing and and how

much of it they're doing and how about

cardiovascular running at room there but

yeah the cardiovascular the heart blood

vessel is how you're pumping blood

around your body and organisms you and

me we are organisms of course made of

cooperating organ systems and down the

line all of the stuffs in us and it's

very important all of it together so the

relative positions those are very

important we're talking about anatomy

and physiology

so instead of saying like oh yeah that

thing is to the left of that other thing

or that things above it you can be very

specific about how items are related to

each other how issues are related to

each other inside the body so that if if

I do a handstand and all of a sudden now

my heart is below my stomach even though

my body is upside down we can still use

the same relative position based on

where the heart is related to my stomach

in my body regardless of how my body's

oriented so the first one we'll talk

about is anterior versus posterior and

we could also say ventral versus dorsals

the same thing in human body these are

all relative terms meaning I can't just

say this statement the heart is anterior

anterior to what or if I said the brain

is posterior well posterior to what so

it's all relative

relating one part of the body to another

so anterior always means towards the

front like the front of my body

posterior towards the back and ventral

versus dorsal same thing in human body

so ventral that's the front side dorsal

like a dorsal fin on a fish towards the

back side let me draw some some quick

human bodies for you for the sake of

labeling some of this stuff big dorsal

on this guy

all right so anterior versus posterior

so we're talking anterior definitely

towards that side and posterior towards

the back end for instance we could say

the heart which is behind my breastbone

is posterior to the sternum or

breastbone which I'm tapping here

because the heart is more towards the

back then that particular bone we could

then flip those two subjects those two

organs or parts and use the term

anterior I could say hey the sternum or

breastbone is anterior to the heart

because it's more towards the front now

remember I mentioned that in the human

body this is the same the reason why I

specified that is because take a dog for

instance a dog his or her head is

pointed a little bit differently than

ours with respect to the spine so if I

drew a dog body here you would see that

anterior on a dog is actually more

towards the face not necessarily more

towards the chest region because the

dog's chest when it's standing up would

be oriented towards the ground and the

head would be you know that way or that

way so you can see how dorsal on a dog

is different in posterior dorsal on a

dog would mean towards his or her

backside where a dorsal fin would be and

posterior would be towards the buttocks

region or the tail but because of our

posture it's the same in the human body

so you can use these interchangeably

anterior is - ventral as posterior is -

dorsal same thing all right

superior versus inferior this is about

what's above or below let's use green ok

superior versus inferior so superior

more towards the head inferior more

towards the bottom of the body here's an

example earlier I mentioned heart and

stomach so the heart right about here

the stomach just down here we could say

that the heart is superior to the

stomach flip the terms you could say the

stomach is inferior to the heart and

like I mentioned earlier if I do a

handstand it's the same thing another

example let's say the eyes

are superior to the mouth the mouth is

inferior to the eyes medial versus

lateral medial as the name States kind

of means like median towards the middle

medial along the midline so it was

closer to the middle of the body you're

going to call that medial relative to

whatever is lateral to it

lateral meaning towards the sides either

side so let's take the spleen okay so

the spleen is tucked under right here on

your left side next to the stomach and

the liver is actually much more in the

center so is the stomach we could say

that the stomach is medial to the spleen

which is more towards the side the

spleen is lateral to the stomach so more

out towards this way is lateral and more

towards this way is medial med that's

what that's as mid proximal and distal

let's use black these terms always have

to do with the limbs arms and legs

always and it's a better term than using

let's say superior and inferior for

instance when we're talking about the

arm I could say that my finger bones

also called phalanges are distal to my

humerus which is the upper arm bone here

distal means farther away from the trunk

of the body regardless of where I put my

arms that's the truth my fingers here

are the farthest away from the trunk

compared to everything else on the arms

or the legs so proximal is the opposite

I could say that my humerus is proximal

to my phalanges my finger bones so

that's how those work we could say it

with the legs - we could say the kneecap

or patella is distal to the femur which

is the the thigh bone the actually the

biggest bone in the body so let's let's

do it here on the leg distal

farther towards the bottom or away from

the trunk and procs yep with arms and

the legs and finally superficial and

deep I'll go back and use red again

so superficial more towards the surface

the epidermis around the outside of your

body is the most superficial structure

deep means below farther inside the body

so I mentioned the word of mucosa in a

previous slide mucosa is the innermost

set of tissues in the stomach so you

could say that the mucosa is deep to the

serosa which is actually the outer layer

of the stomach when we go back to skin

we could say that the dermis which is

below the epidermis is deep to the

epidermis and vice versa the epidermis

on the outside is superficial to the

dermis so I'm just going to highlight a

superficial part in yellow see the

outside of this person's body is

superficial just a reminder there of

what that specifically means and those

are the relative positions they're going

to come up a lot and we talked about

organs and tissues and future lessons

body planes very important in terms of

the study of human body taking views or

our nice pictures of the insides of

organs and how tissues are related to

each other so if we if we took let's say

the heart and the heart oriented just

like this in my body if we took it out

and then cut it like this so that you

could see through the most anterior from

the previous slide or ventral layers and

inside the heart that would be a coronal

or frontal cut so you can see that in

blue here this plane that's going right

through this person right through the

middle of their body that's a coronal or

frontal cross-section or plane so if we

took the heart and cut right through it

this way

that's a frontal section we can do the

same thing with the face specifically

there

interesting images of the part of the

skull where the the nasal bones are are

the deep ones at least are just back

there and you can see all the twists in

terms of your nasal conchae and you'll

see sometimes these visions of that part

of the skull and it's a frontal cut

sagittal let's do that in red so

sagittal is actually this particular

direction so if if this is the x-axis

you could call this a y-axis so a mid

sagittal cross-section means straight

through the middle but this is also a

sagittal one this is a sagittal one this

is a sagittal one as long as it's

oriented this way in terms of how the

organ is cut so let's take the heart

again a sagittal cross-section would

separate the left and right sides of the

heart

so that's sagittal and finally the third

dimension transverse also called

horizontal planes or sections that's

anything that's like this so a good view

inside the abdominal cavity in terms of

how the organs are positioned relative

each other what's deep you know what's

lateral compared to other structures

that's how you would do that you would

take a transverse or horizontal section

straight through the abdomen like this

if we did it with the heart you'd be

able to look down inside of the the

ventricles the lower chambers or

inferior chambers and the atria which

are superior to that so these body

planes very important for cutting

through organs or getting a good view of

the insides of your body and finally

these are abdominal pelvic regions this

is applying some of the terms we've

already gone over in this lesson to

specific terminology with the parts of

the body they usually come from Latin

terms like the word in green all having

to do with the groin or the term gastric

having to do with the stomach so we'll

label some of these regions and there's

a few ways you could split up this part

of the body in terms of talking about

the regions so the two may waves the two

many ways we're going to start with four

quadrants so we could take this whole

section here

and split it up right next to where the

navel is that's right on top of the

navel really that's the cross-section of

these four quadrants and since they're

called quadrants we know they'd have to

be four so we're looking at this

person's body the right and left side is

relative to him or her not relative to

the viewer so if you're looking at my

heart on your right is actually the left

side of my heart the left atrium and

left ventricle and vice versa so this

particular guy even though this is on

your left this is called the right upper

quadrant are you Q right upper quadrant

so of course next to it over here would

be the left upper quadrant makes sense

you can probably guess what's inferior

to that or below it the right lower

quadrant and of course the left lower

quadrant the right lower quadrant or

lower right quadrant comes up in

emergency rooms now now and then because

of an appendicitis if you ever

experience a really sharp pain in your

right - lower quadrant or lower right

quadrant go to the ER we're talking

sharp unbearable pain just down here

below the stomach below your small

intestine the appendix is actually a

little little worm-like looking pouch

coming off the beginning of your large

intestine and if that gets infected and

is not removed through an appendicitis

it could kill a person so it's better to

be safe than sorry if you have an

appendicitis like pain get yourself the

VR and that would be just down here in

the the right lower quadrant then when

we move on to this particular one here

we can divvy it up into nine regions

let's use blue for that

looks like tic-tac-toe those are the

nine regions so let's start with the the

superior parts right here remember it's

the right side even though to us looking

at it it's the left this is the right

hypo cond react region what

hypochondriac doesn't I mean somebody

who thinks they're getting sick all the

time yes that is one translation of the

word but hypo cond react also in Latin

could mean below bone or under bone and

look in this part of the abdominal

pelvic region you do have the lower or

inferior parts of your ribcage or

thoracic cage right here so the organs

hidden under here some of it's the liver

gallbladder a portion of this kidney

here under the right hypochondriac

region so on the other side left

hypochondriac region and you can see

that the liver not much of it's located

over here but you do have a portion of

the stomach a little bit of the pancreas

and a part of the left kidney central

right here or medial to those regions

you would say that this is the

epigastric region which pretty much

means over the stomach or above the

stomach so that's the epigastric region

when we look at this part here you can

see the l3 l4 l5 and l2 is covered by

that line same thing over here these

regions you can call the lumbar regions

because they are located right next to

the lumbar portion of the spine l3 is

lumbar 3 it's the third lumbar vertebra

and the same with these we'll talk about

those in a future lesson so this is the

right lumbar and this is the left

lumbar here you can call this the

umbilical region because of that navel

your belly button and finally we got

three left this one down here you can

call the hypogastric or pubic region

it's below or really inferior to where

the stomach is and most of your

digestive organs hypogastric can mean

that or we can also call it the pubic

region and it's obvious why that is here

and here there's a couple names as well

you can call this the right in green all

region and left inguinal region which

means right and left of the groin area

you've ever heard of an in green ol

hernia that's the area that would be

located in hernias will come up in a

future lesson and the other one we could

also say is the iliac region and I'll

explain why in a sec so this is left

iliac right iliac because the hip bones

or your pelvis bones each one of them

it's actually two that fit together are

actually known as Ilia one of them's an

ilium the other one is the left ilium

right ilium let Gilliam and then the

crest or kind of the peak of that hip

bone that we feel below our waistline

I'm touching it right now they'd be

right right here and right here so they

actually are are the lower parts of them

and part of the crest is actually found

in this area it's called the iliac crest

that that little part so the lower parts

the whole thing that makes up the

majority of your pelvis they're known as

Ilia so that's why you could also use

these terms the iliac regions thanks for

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