How Palestinians were expelled from their homes

Summary

このスクリプトは、1948年のナクバ（大流離失）を背景に、イスラエル建国のためにパレスチナ人たちが暴力的に故郷から追われた悲劇的な出来事を紐解いています。イギリスの支配、バルフォール宣言、そして国連の分割計画に抗議する彼らの歴史と文化を紹介し、その後のイスラエルの建国とパレスチナ人たちの流離失所を描いています。彼らは故郷を失い、多くの村が破壊され、今では多くのパレスチナ人が無国籍の難民となっています。このスクリプトは、彼らの悲しみと復帰への希望を伝える重要な歴史の側面を提供しています。

Takeaways

• 🏡 1948年のナクバ（Nakba）は、イスラエル建国のために、何十万人ものパレスチナ人が故郷から強制的に離れることが原因で起こった大災害です。
• 📜 歴史的な地を所有していたパレスチナ人の多くが、イスラエルの建国に伴い、暴力的に故郷から追い出されました。
• 🕌 パレスチナは、長い間イスラム教徒、キリスト教徒、ユダヤ人の聖地として重要な場所であり、これらの宗教の人々にとって重要な聖地を持っています。
• 🏛 オスマン帝国末期には、パレスチナに住む人々は主にイスラム教徒でしたが、キリスト教徒やユダヤ人の少数派もいました。
• 🌍 第一世界大戦前には、アラブ民族主義運動、シオニズム、そしてイギリスの政治的勢いがこれらの土地の制御を競い合っていました。
• 📜 バルフォール宣言は、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家家を設立することを支持する旨のイギリスの宣言であり、パレスチナのアラブ大衆に対しては政治権利を認めていませんでした。
• 🔄 1930年代には、ナチス党とヒトラーの台頭に伴い、ヨーロッパからのユダヤ人からの移民が急増し、パレスチナでの土地の緊張が高まりました。
• 🛡️ 1947年の国連の分割計画では、パレスチナを2つの国家に分割し、エルサレムを国連が管理する別々のエンティティとして残すと提案しました。
• 🗓️ 1948年5月14日に、イギリスの委任統治が終了する1日前に、シオニストはイスラエルを建国宣言しました。
• 🏹 ディア・ヤシンの虐殺は、シオニストの過激派による1948年の事件であり、多くの子供や高齢者が殺害されました。
• 🏚️ ナクバの間、何百ものパレスチナの村が破壊され、約750,000人のパレスチナ人が強制的に国外に追いやられました。
• 🗺️ 今日では、イスラエルはナクバを通じて総領土の85％以上を掌握しており、600万以上のパレスチナ人が故郷を失った難民となっています。

Q & A

1948年に起こった何らかの出来事について話しているのはどの村ですか？

1948年に起こった出来事について話しているのは、エルサレムの主要な道路に面した小さな村です。

ナクバとは何を意味していますか？

ナクバとは、1948年に数千人のパレスチナ人が故郷から暴力的に追い出された一連の災害的な出来事のことを指します。

イギリスはどのようにしてパレスチナの支配を始めましたか？

イギリスは第一次世界大战後の国連委任統治によってパレスチナの支配を始めました。

バルフォール宣言とは何であり、どのような影響を与えましたか？

バルフォール宣言は、イギリス政府がパレスチナにユダヤ人の国民の家を設立することを支持する旨の宣言で、パレスチナのアラブ住民の政治権を無視してユダヤ人の移住を促進する道を開きました。

1930年代にパレスチナでなぜ暴力が勃発したのか説明してください。

1930年代にはヒトラーとナチ党の台頭により、ヨーロッパからのユダヤ人からの逃避が急務となり、パレスチナへの大規模なユダヤ人移民が始まり、土地に関する緊張が暴力に発展しました。

1947年の国連の分割計画とは何であり、なぜパレスチナ人はそれを拒否したのか？

1947年の国連の分割計画は、パレスチナを2つの国家に分割し、エルサレムを国連が管理する独立したエンティティにするというものでした。パレスチナ人は、彼らの人口比率に見合わず土地の半分以上をユダヤ人国家に与えることに抗議し、拒否しました。

デア・ヤシンの虐殺とはどのような出来事ですか？

デア・ヤシンの虐殺は、1948年に極端なユダヤ人勢力によって行われた村の住民に対する虐殺であり、その影響はパレスチナ人間の大規模な逃亡に寄与しました。

プラン・ダレトとは何であり、どのような目的を持っていたのか？

プラン・ダレトは、1948年にハーガーナによって採用された計画で、ユダヤ人国家の境界を獲得し、国連の分割計画に基づくユダヤ人居住地の外の地域を守ることを目的とされていました。

イスラエルの建国がナクバを終わらせたと思いますが、実際にはどうでしたか？

イスラエルの建国はナクバを終わらせなかった反面、隣接するアラブ諸国がイスラエルと戦争を始め、パレスチナ人はさらに殺害され、追い出されました。

ナクバの後、パレスチナ人はどのように扱われましたか？

ナクバの後、パレスチナ人は故郷に帰還する権利を奪われ、多くの人々が隣接する国々で難民として生きることになりました。

イスラエルはナクバを通じてどの程度の土地を獲得しましたか？

国連の分割計画ではイスラエルに56％の土地が割り当てられていましたが、ナクバを通じてイスラエルは78％の土地を獲得し、その後85％以上に増加しました。

パレスチナ人の物語を忘れずに伝え続けるために、彼らはどのような象徴的な物品を持っていますか？

パレスチナ人は家に帰還する希望を象徴するために、家鍵を持っていることを忘れずに持ち続けています。

Outlines

00:00

🏚️ パレスチナの歴史とナクバ

1948年のナクバを背景に、750人の小さな村がイスラエル建国のために消された物語。この地域は数百年にわたりパレスチナ人が住んでおり、オスマン帝国末期には圧倒的にムスリムが多かった。しかし、英国のバルフォール宣言により、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家を設立するよう支持するようになり、その後のユダヤ人移民やパラマリタリー組織の活動が、パレスチナ人を暴力的に故郷から追い出すことになった。

05:01

🛑 ナチス政権下のユダヤ人移民とパレスチナ人との緊張

1931年にはパレスチナアラブは85万人以上いたが、ヒトラーの台頭とユダヤ人からの移民の増加に伴い、土地に関する緊張が高まった。ユダヤ人移民が肥沃な土地を買い、佃農を退去させたことで、多くのパレスチナ人を失地させた。パレスチナ人は英国植民地勢力とユダヤ人移民に反発し、激しい弾圧を受けた。しかし、1947年に国連がパレスチナを2つの国家に分割するプランを提案し、パレスチナ人には受け入れられない条件だった。

10:03

🗓️ イスラエル建国とナクバの拡大

1948年5月14日にイスラエルが建国宣言を行ったが、その翌日、アラブ諸国はイスラエルと戦争を開始。この戦争中、多くのパレスチナ人が故郷を追われ、難民となり、国連の分割計画に反対していた。しかし、イスラエルは戦争を勝利し、ナクバを通じてパレスチナを78％の土地を掌握。その後、イスラエルはパレスチナの証拠を消し、地名を変え、森林を植えた。しかし、パレスチナ人は故郷を忘れずに、故郷への帰りを願っている。

15:05

🔄 ナクバの結果とパレスチナ人への影響

ナクバの結果、約75万のパレスチナ人が強制的に追われ、500以上の村が破壊された。イスラエルは国連の分割計画で割り当てられた56％の土地を78％獲得し、今日では総面積の85％以上を占めている。6百万人以上のパレスチナ人が故郷を失った。彼らは5月15日に独立記念日を祝うイスラエルと対照的に、家と故郷への帰りを願いながら抗議している。ナクバはパレスチナ人にとって、歴史的な瞬間ではなく、終わったわけではない大災害である。

Keywords

💡ナクバ

「ナクバ」とは、1948年にイスラエル建国に伴い、パレスチナ人たちが故郷から強制的に追放された歴史的な出来事を指します。この用語は、ビデオの中心となるテーマであり、パレスチナの歴史的な地を失った多くの人々にとって、永遠に終わらない災害を意味しています。ビデオでは、ナクバがパレスチナ人たちを故郷から追いやり、彼らの社会を崩壊させたと述べています。

💡イスラエル

「イスラエル」は、1948年に新たに建国された中東の国です。ビデオでは、イスラエルの建国がパレスチナ人たちにとっての災害であるナクバを引き起こしたと説明されています。また、イスラエルの建国は、ナクバの過程でパレスチナの土地を多くを占めることになり、その後の地域の紛争につながったと述べられています。

💡バルフォール宣言

「バルフォール宣言」とは、1917年にイギリス政府がパレスチナにユダヤ人の国家家を設けることを支持すると表明した宣言です。ビデオでは、この宣言がパレスチナ人たちにとっての不利益をもたらし、ナクバの原因の1つとなったと述べています。また、宣言はイスラエル建国の道を開いたと同時に、パレスチナのアラブ人口に対する政治権を認めていませんでした。

💡ハガナ

「ハガナ」とは、1948年にイスラエル建国に向けて活動したユダヤ人たちの民兵組織です。ビデオでは、ハガナがナクバの過程で重要な役割を果たし、特に「計画D」を通じてパレスチナの村々を掌握しようとしたと述べています。彼らの活動は、パレスチナ人たちを故郷から追いやり、ナクバを引き起こした要因の一つでした。

💡デイル・ヤシンの虐殺

「デイル・ヤシンの虐殺」とは、1948年にイスラエルの民兵組織によって行われた虐殺事件です。ビデオでは、この事件がナクバの象徴的な出来事として挙げられており、多くの子供や高齢者が殺害されたと述べています。この事件は、パレスチナ人たちに対する恐れを煽り、彼らの故郷を離れる原因となりました。

💡ユダヤ復国主義

「ユダヤ復国主義」とは、19世紀末から20世紀にかけて、ヨーロッパやロシアにおけるユダヤ人たちに対する迫害を受けた背景から、ユダヤ人の国家家を設立することを目指した政治運動です。ビデオでは、ユダヤ復国主義がパレスチナに注目し、イスラエル建国を目指した動きがナクバの原因の1つとなっていると述べています。

💡アラブ独立運動

「アラブ独立運動」とは、オスマン帝国の支配から独立し、アラブ諸国の統一を目指した運動です。ビデオでは、この運動がパレスチナのアラブ人たちがオスマン帝国から独立を求めていたことを示し、イギリスとの協力を通じてオスマン帝国に反発したと述べています。しかし、イギリスはその後、アラブ人たちの独立を支持するのではなく、ユダヤ復国主義を支持することになったと述べています。

💡イギリス

「イギリス」は、オスマン帝国の支配下にあるパレスチナを獲得し、その後のイスラエル建国に影響を与えた国です。ビデオでは、イギリスがパレスチナのアラブ人たちに対して独立を約束した後、それを裏切り、ユダヤ復国主義を支持したと述べています。また、イギリスはパレスチナの管理を続けたが、最終的には国連にパレスチナの問題を引き継がせたと述べています。

💡国連分割計画

「国連分割計画」とは、1947年に国連特別委員会が提案した、パレスチナを2つの国家に分割する計画です。ビデオでは、この計画がパレスチナ人たちにとって受け入れがたいものであったと述べており、彼らの故郷を失うことにつながったと説明されています。また、計画はパレスチナの土地をユダヤ人の国家家に多く割り当てたと述べられており、ナクバの原因の1つとなっています。

💡パレスチナ人

「パレスチナ人」とは、パレスチナ地域に住む人々を指し、彼らはイスラム教徒、キリスト教徒、ユダヤ人の多様な宗教的背景を持つことができます。ビデオでは、パレスチナ人たちがナクバの犠牲者となり、故郷から追放された経験を持ち、その後の世代にもその影響が残っていると述べています。彼らは故郷を偲び、復帰を願う感情を持ち続けています。

Highlights

The village faces the main road to Jerusalem and is central to the story of the 1948 events.

The village had only 750 people who all knew each other, illustrating the close-knit community.

The 1948 events are described as a 'black spot' in history, purposefully concealed and distorted.

The village massacre was part of the series of events known as the Nakba, leading to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians.

The creation of Israel in 1948 is referred to as being 'born in a bath of blood', highlighting the violent origins.

Historically, the region was home to Palestinians with a distinct culture, despite being referred to as Arabs.

The political forces during World War I included the Arab independence movement, Zionists, and the British, each with different goals.

The Balfour Declaration in 1917 was a betrayal to the Arabs, promising a Jewish national home in Palestine without consulting the local population.

The British mandate post-World War I led to an increase in Jewish migration and the Zionist movement's growth.

The slogan 'A land without people for, a people without land' was used to justify the displacement of Palestinians.

The 1930s saw an increase in Jewish emigration to Palestine due to the rise of the Nazi Party, leading to tensions and violence.

The British response to the Palestinian rebellion was brutal, deploying more troops than in India and arming Zionist militias.

The UN's 1947 Partition Plan was met with shock and rejection by Palestinians, as it proposed an unfair division of land.

Plan Dalet, adopted by Zionist forces in 1948, aimed to control the Jewish state area and defend settlements, often outside the UN borders.

The Deir Yassin massacre in 1948 was a pivotal event, with extremist Zionist forces attacking despite a peace pact, resulting in many civilian deaths.

The aftermath of Deir Yassin caused widespread fear among Palestinians, leading to mass displacement as refugees.

The creation of Israel was followed by war with neighboring Arab countries, further exacerbating the Nakba and Palestinian displacement.

The Nakba resulted in the forcible displacement of Palestinians and the destruction of over 500 villages, with Israel capturing more land than allotted.

Today, Palestinians commemorate the Nakba, holding keys as a symbol of lost homes and the hope to return, reflecting an ongoing catastrophe.

Transcripts

And it faces the main road to Jerusalem.

This is a story about what happened here in 1948.

We are only 750 people.

And everybody knows each other.

It was a black spot in the history.

That history has been carefully concealed...

purposefully distorted, and in the West, largely forgotten.

They put our village as an example of what they can do.

The massacre in this village was one of many

in a series of catastrophic events...

that became known as the Nakba.

When hundreds of thousands of Palestinians

were violently displaced from their homeland...

in order to create the state of Israel.

“In May of 1948, a new Jewish state

Israel was born in a bath of blood.”

The borders of Palestine have been changed forcefully over time.

But historically, this region has been home to Palestinians for centuries

with hundreds of villages and thriving cities.

One of them being the central city of Jerusalem...

with holy sites important to Jewish

Christian and Muslim people.

By the late Ottoman Empire, Palestinians living here

were overwhelmingly Muslim

with minority Christian and Jewish native populations, too.

But regardless of religion

Palestinians were often referred to as Arabs.

People of the Arabic speaking world

despite their distinctive culture.

Palestinians have long distinguished themselves as Ahl Filastīn...

or the people of Palestine.

They developed a distinctive Arabic accent.

They developed regional food, regional dress, and family ties.

But by the time World War I began...

several key political forces

were competing for control of these lands.

First, there was a growing Arab political movement...

looking for independence from the Ottoman Empire

in hopes of a unified Arab state that would include Palestine.

Then there were Zionists

a political group that had one main goal:

The creation of a Jewish state.

Zionism was a response to an increasingly brutal climate

for Jewish people, particularly in Europe and Russia...

where there was a massive wave of antisemitism...

including large scale attacks in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

After briefly considering other areas for a new state

including Uganda and Argentina...

Zionist leaders decided on Palestine

because of its connection to early religious history.

But there was a third key group with political interests here.

The British.

Control of the region would allow them to expand

their spheres of influence and protect trade routes to India.

During World War I, since both the British

and the Arab independence movement wanted Palestine...

they decided to go after the Ottomans together

with an important pledge.

Through a series of letters in 1916

an Arab leader and a British official agreed

that if Arabs would help the British fight the Ottomans

and give the British economic and other foreign privileges in Arab lands...

in return, the British would recognize and support

an independent Arab state.

Soon the Arabs started doing their part

in revolting against the Ottomans

making it easier for the British to move in.

But the next year the British issued a new declaration

and betrayed the Arabs.

“In 1917, Lord Allenby conquered the Holy Land...

and the Jews were promised a national home in Palestine.”

Without consulting the native Palestinian population...

the British issued what's known as the Balfour Declaration:

Supporting the establishment in Palestine

of a national home for the Jewish people.

So instead of supporting the idea of Palestine

as part of a unified and independent Arab state...

the British pledged to help secure this land for Zionists.

It was a strategic move.

This declaration opened up a pathway for Britain

to gain power in Palestine.

Under the guise

that it was supporting the self-determination of another people...

of a people in Palestine...

who don't reside there yet.

As for Palestine's majority Arab population

the declaration referred to them as non-Jewish communities...

who would be given civil and religious rights...

but not political rights.

A few years later, after World War I ended

Britain gained control of Palestine through a mandate...

that also required them to put the Balfour plans

for Jewish settlement in motion.

And they did.

Between 1922 and 1931

the Jewish population more than doubled.

The migration helped the Zionist movement gain steam.

And a slogan took off.

“A land without people for, a people without land.”

And it sends a message to Western leaders...

that the people who had been living in Palestine for generations...

could just be easily moved elsewhere.

The idea was that those inhabitants weren't a people

with ties to that land.

Palestine was, of course, a land with a people.

In 1931, there were more than 850,000

Palestinian Arabs in the region, still the vast majority.

But with the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in particular...

“Hate became a rallying call.”

Jewish flight from Europe became even more urgent.

And Palestine started to see

the biggest wave of Jewish emigration yet.

Violence broke out, rooted in tensions over land.

Jewish settlers purchased swaths of fertile land

and evicted tenant farmers

creating a crisis of hundreds of thousands

of landless, dispossessed Palestinian-Arabs.

Though Palestinians fiercely rebelled against

both British colonial forces and Jewish settlers

they were brutally crushed by the British.

They put in Palestine

more troops to repress that rebellion

than they had stationed in India at that time.

All of India.

These troops killed thousands of Palestinians

including many of their leaders

and the British began training and arming Zionist militias

to suppress the rebellion, too.

But the rebellion continued.

So in an attempt to prevent further Palestinian resistance...

the British began to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine.

This ended up angering Zionist extremists

leading to more violence.

So in 1947, after decades of trying to manipulate

both Palestinian Arabs and Zionists to keep their control over Palestine...

Britain gave up...

and handed the question of Palestine to someone else.

“To the United Nations

also came the problem of Palestine.”

“In recent years

this small country had been the scene of disorder and bloodshed.”

They figured, here is this new thing called the United Nations.

Here. In your lap.

Palestine. First gift.

So the United Nations has now to figure out

how do you disentangle this thing...

that the British who helped create.

A UN special committee proposed the land be divided into two states...

a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem

as a separate UN-controlled entity.

It was called the Partition Plan of 1947.

The plan shocked Palestinians.

We could not accept the partition plan

because at that time the population was almost 2 to 1.

But the plan proposed giving over half the land

and often the most fertile areas to the Jewish state.

From a purely pragmatic perspective...

the partition plan didn't make much sense for Palestinian Arabs.

That wasn't the only problem with the plan.

Within this proposed area of the Jewish state...

were hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs...

including both Muslims and Christians who had lived there for generations.

On a moral level...

the idea of making hundreds of thousands

of Palestinian Arabs minorities in their own homeland...

seemed unjust and unfair.

In November 1947, the UN put the plan to a vote.

In the aftermath of the Holocaust

and after lobbying from US leaders and Zionists

the UN voted in favor of partition.

“And finally, a momentous decision to partition the Holy Land’s

10,000 square miles.”

Britain announced their mandate over Palestine

would end on May 15th, 1948.

Even as Palestinians continued to reject

the UN's decision to partition the land.

After the partition took place, you know, in 1947...

you know, we really were scared

that something might happen to us.

By the end of 1947

Zionists had several well-developed paramilitary forces...

the largest one known as the Haganah.

And more extremist militias like Irgun.

On March 10th, a couple of months before the British mandate would end

the Haganah adopted what was called Plan Dalet.

Or Plan D.

On paper, the main goal was to gain control of the Jewish state

as laid out in the partition plan, while also defending

Jewish settlements outside of the borders.

In reality, that's where the majority of these operations took place...

outside of the UN's proposed Jewish state.

Some carried out by Haganah and others by more radical militias.

Many of these operations focused on isolating Jerusalem

and the roads to it.

A set of brutal instructions called for

the destruction of Arab villages by setting fire to

blowing up and planting mines.

Especially those population centers

which were difficult to control.

In case of resistance

it called for the population to be expelled

outside of the borders of the state...

villages emptied

and for the occupation and control of Arab villages

along main transportation arteries.

One of the most widely publicized village massacres

happened here in Deir Yassin.

We lkived in Deir Yassin

which is about 4 miles west of Jerusalem.

91 year old Dawud Assad

was there the day of the massacre and was 18 at the time.

On April 9th, 1948, extremist Zionist forces

executing Plan D closed in on Deir Yassin...

even though the village had made a local peace pact

with neighboring Jewish settlements.

Friday morning they attacked us.

Dawud escaped through a trench.

I went down, all the way down here like this.

So about 4 hours walking to Jerusalem.

To this day, the archive of the Israeli army refuses to release

many of the images and intelligence reports on Deir Yassin.

But one UN report detailed circumstances of great savagery...

including women and children stripped, lined up...

photographed and slaughtered.

Roughly 100 people, largely children and the elderly

were killed in the village.

As for Dawud, he later reunited with the group of Deir Yassin captives

in Jerusalem, including his sister and mother.

My mother says...

So everywhere there’s a commotion, you know?

News of what happened in Deir Yassin

spread quickly with far reaching effects.

The Zionist militias used it as a propaganda tool

to tell people about it everywhere.

The idea was that if you don't leave...

we will do to you what happened in Deir Yassin.

Stories came out about women being raped

about babies being killed

and induced a great deal of fear among the Palestinian Arab population

many of them fleeing as a result.

“Jewish troops surrounded Arab forces from the city of Haifa.”

After taking Deir Yassin

Zionist paramilitary groups cleared major cities

including Haifa and Jaffa

and took hundreds of smaller villages and towns, too.

Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were forced to flee

pouring into neighboring states as refugees.

Plan D became the blueprint for carrying out

the ethnic cleansing of historic Palestine

to make room for a new state.

And on May 14th, the day before the British mandate ended...

Zionist declared the state as Israel.

But the creation of Israel didn't end the Nakba.

Neighboring Arab countries that were overwhelmed

by Palestinian refugees immediately went to war with Israel.

“Now united and a league of Arab States...

they are insistent that the entry of refugees

into Palestine must be ended.”

The fighting lasted for months.

Arab armies eventually lost, while Palestinians

continued to be killed and forced out throughout that time.

Palestinians who fled often carried only enough

to stay away for a few weeks

hoping they'd eventually return home.

A lot of them locked their doors

put their key in their pocket and then moved to safer ground.

When you leave the house and you take your keys with you

it’s because you're planning to go home.

In the case of the Palestinians

those refugees weren't allowed to return.

Refugees trying to return were often shot at.

Zionist paramilitary operations also tried to prevent them

from returning again by destroying the villages.

That act of preventing their return compounded the Nakba.

So the Nakba is both the forcible displacement

of Palestinians from their homes and lands and country...

as well as preventing them to return

once the fighting was over.

Palestinian society was dismembered, crushed.

More than half of the Palestinian people

became refugees, stateless, dispossessed of their land.

Over time, the state of Israel

covered up the physical evidence of an Arab Palestine.

Place names were often changed from Arabic ones to Hebrew ones.

The Jewish National Fund embarked on a massive effort

to plant thousands of acres

of pine forests and recreational areas

on top of hundreds of ruined Palestinian villages.

Even though these forests have now grown into big pine trees

Palestinians have not forgotten their homelands.

While we know that roughly 6,000 Israelis

lost their lives in the violence of the Nakba...

records for Palestinian deaths weren't kept.

It's estimated to be around 15,000.

By the end of the Nakba

roughly 750,000 Palestinians had been forcefully expelled...

and more than 500 villages destroyed.

Though the UN’s partition plan allotted Israel 56% of the land

through the Nakba, Israel captured 78% of the land.

It was everything except what's now known as

the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Today, that's up to at least 85% of the total area.

Turning 6 million Palestinians

into refugees without a homeland.

It's why around the same time

that Israelis are celebrating Independence Day...

Palestinians are out protesting on May 15th.

Holding up keys as a symbol of the homes they lost

and the hope to return.

For them, the Nakba isn't just a moment in history.

It's a catastrophe that never really ended.