Every Bias Explained in 8 Minutes
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into various cognitive biases that influence human judgment and decision-making. It covers the bias blind spot, gambler's fallacy, omission bias, and several others, explaining how they shape our perceptions and actions. From the moral credential effect to the Dunning-Kruger effect, the script sheds light on the psychological phenomena that can lead to skewed interpretations of reality, offering insights into the intricacies of the human mind.
Takeaways
- 🤓 Bias Blind Spot: The tendency to believe one is less influenced by cognitive biases than others.
- 🎰 Gambler's Fallacy: The mistaken belief that past events influence future probabilities, despite them being independent.
- 🚫 Omission Bias: The moral judgment that inactions are less severe than harmful actions, even if the outcomes are the same.
- 🔄 Proportionality Bias: The assumption that significant events must have significant causes, potentially leading to conspiracy theory acceptance.
- 🏅 Moral Credential Effect: The phenomenon where doing good allows individuals to justify less ethical behavior in the future.
- ✅ Self-Serving Bias: Claiming more responsibility for successes than failures.
- 📊 Framing Effect: Drawing different conclusions from the same information based on its presentation.
- 👀 Actor-Observer Bias: Overemphasizing personality in others' actions and situational factors in one's own.
- 🖼 Picture Superiority Effect: Visual concepts are more easily recalled than textual ones.
- 💡 Outcome Bias: Judging decisions by their outcomes rather than the quality of decision-making at the time.
- 🔄 Mere Exposure Effect: Developing a preference for things simply because of familiarity.
- 🚀 Hard-Easy Effect: Overestimating ability to complete difficult tasks and underestimating easy ones.
- 👁 Survivorship Bias: Focusing on survivors of a process and overlooking those who did not survive.
- 🔍 Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon: Noticing something frequently after it has come to attention, creating an illusion of high frequency.
- 📈 Availability Heuristic: Overestimating the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind.
- 📊 Dunning-Kruger Effect: Unskilled individuals overestimating their abilities, while experts underestimate theirs.
- 🌟 Halo Effect: Positive or negative traits influencing perceptions of other personality areas.
- 🎭 Pygmalion Effect: High expectations leading to improved performance, often seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
- 🚫 Decoy Effect: A third option influencing preference between two others, especially when it is asymmetrically dominated.
- 📈 Selection Bias: Bias introduced by non-random selection of data for analysis, affecting representativeness.
- 📍 Anchoring Bias: Relying heavily on initial information, affecting decision-making and negotiations.
- 🔍 Confirmation Bias: Seeking, interpreting, and remembering information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.
- 😎 Overconfidence Effect: Excessive confidence in one's own answers, often leading to incorrect assumptions.
- 🌐 Egocentric Bias: Overestimating one's own perspective and abilities, including the False Consensus and False Uniqueness biases.
- 📚 Information Bias: Seeking information even when it does not affect action.
- 👁 Hindsight Bias: Perceiving past events as more predictable than they were at the time.
- 🔮 Projection Bias: Assuming future selves will share current preferences, leading to suboptimal choices.
- 🔗 Apophenia: Perceiving meaningful connections between unrelated things, contributing to stereotypes.
- 📝 Serial Position Effect: Better recall of first and last items in a list compared to the middle ones.
- 📅 Recency Bias: Giving more importance to recent events, affecting memory and decision-making.
- ⚖️ Authority Bias: Attributing greater accuracy to the opinions of authority figures regardless of content.
- 🍽️ Unit Bias: Consuming standard serving sizes even when they are excessive.
- 🌐 Availability Cascade: Beliefs gaining plausibility through repetition in public discourse.
- 🚂 Bandwagon Effect: Following the actions of others due to conformity or perceived accuracy.
- 🕊️ Illusory Truth Effect: Identifying statements as true based on familiarity, even without conscious memory.
- 🎤 Next in Line Effect: Diminished recall for the words of the person who spoke immediately before in a group.
- 👥 Ingroup Bias: Favoring members of one's own group due to frequent interaction and perceived uniqueness.
- 💡 Spotlight Effect: Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance or behavior.
- 📈 Choice Supportive Bias: Remembering choices as better than they were due to positive attribution to selected options.
- 🐦 Ostrich Effect: Avoiding potentially negative but useful information to prevent discomfort.
- 🔍 Selective Perception Bias: Ignoring or forgetting stimuli that cause discomfort or contradict beliefs.
- 📊 Peak-End Rule: Perceiving experiences based on their peak and end, rather than the overall sum.
Q & A
What is the bias blind spot?
-The bias blind spot is the tendency to think that oneself is less affected by cognitive biases compared to others.
Can you explain the gambler's fallacy?
-The gambler's fallacy is the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events when in reality they are unchanged.
What is omission bias?
-Omission bias is the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse or less moral than equally harmful inactions.
Define proportionality bias.
-Proportionality bias is our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes, which may also explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories.
What is the moral credential effect?
-The moral credential effect occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission to be less good in the future.
What does the self-serving bias entail?
-The self-serving bias is the tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures.
Explain the framing effect.
-The framing effect is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information depending on how that information is presented.
What is actor-observer bias?
-Actor-observer bias is the tendency to explain other individuals' behaviors by overemphasizing their personality and underemphasizing their situation, while doing the opposite for oneself.
Describe the picture superiority effect.
-The picture superiority effect is the notion that concepts learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than concepts learned by viewing their written word form counterparts.
What is outcome bias?
-Outcome bias is the tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
Outlines
🧠 Cognitive Biases Overview
This paragraph delves into a variety of cognitive biases that influence human judgment and decision-making. It covers the bias blind spot, where individuals perceive themselves as less affected by biases than others. The gambler's fallacy is discussed, highlighting the mistaken belief that past events influence future probabilities. Omission bias is noted, where inactions are judged more harshly than harmful actions. Proportionality bias, moral credential effect, self-serving bias, and framing effect are also mentioned, each illustrating different ways our minds can skew our perceptions and choices. The paragraph further explores the anchoring bias, confirmation bias, and overconfidence effect, among others, revealing the complexity of cognitive biases in everyday life.
🔍 Exploring More Cognitive Biases and Their Impacts
The second paragraph continues the exploration of cognitive biases, focusing on how they can lead to suboptimal choices and misjudgments. It starts with the projection bias, where individuals assume their future selves will align with current preferences. Apophenia, the tendency to find patterns in unrelated things, is discussed, as well as the serial position effect, which influences memory recall. Recency bias, authority bias, and unit bias are also highlighted, showing how they can affect our reliance on authority figures and consumption habits. The paragraph touches on the availability cascade and bandwagon effect, explaining how repeated information and social conformity can shape beliefs. It concludes with the spotlight effect, ingroup bias, and the peak-end rule, emphasizing the psychological impact of these biases on our perception of self and others.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Bias Blind Spot
💡Gambler's Fallacy
💡Omission Bias
💡Proportionality Bias
💡Moral Credential Effect
💡Self-Serving Bias
💡Framing Effect
💡Actor-Observer Bias
💡Outcome Bias
💡Dunning-Kruger Effect
Highlights
Bias Blind Spot: The tendency to believe one is less affected by cognitive biases than others.
Gambler's Fallacy: Misbelief that past events influence future probabilities in unpredictable events.
Omission Bias: Judging inactions as less moral than harmful actions of equal consequence.
Proportionality Bias: Assuming large events have large causes, potentially leading to conspiracy theory acceptance.
Moral Credential Effect: Good actions may lead to permission for less good behavior in the future.
Self-Serving Bias: Claiming more responsibility for successes than failures.
Framing Effect: Drawing different conclusions from the same information based on its presentation.
Actor-Observer Bias: Differentiating the influence of personality and situation on behavior explanations.
Picture Superiority Effect: Visual concepts are more easily recalled than textual counterparts.
Outcome Bias: Judging decisions by their outcomes rather than the quality of decision-making at the time.
Mere Exposure Effect: Developing preferences for things based on familiarity alone.
Hard-Easy Effect: Overestimating abilities for difficult tasks and underestimating for easy ones.
Survivorship Bias: Overlooking those who did not survive a process due to lack of visibility.
Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon: The illusion of increased frequency of something noticed recently.
Availability Heuristic: Overestimating the likelihood of events based on ease of recall.
Dunning-Kruger Effect: Unskilled individuals overestimating their abilities, experts underestimating theirs.
Halo Effect: Positive or negative traits influencing overall perceptions of a person.
Pygmalion Effect: High expectations leading to improved performance, a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Decoy Effect: Marketers use a third option to influence preference between two existing options.
Selection Bias: Non-random selection of data leading to unrepresentative samples.
Anchoring Bias: Relying too heavily on initial information, affecting decision-making processes.
Confirmation Bias: Focusing on information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.
Overconfidence Effect: Excessive confidence in one's own answers, often leading to errors.
Egocentric Bias: Overestimating one's own perspective and abilities.
Information Bias: Seeking information that does not affect action, potentially skewing decisions.
Hindsight Bias: Perceiving past events as more predictable than they were at the time.
Projection Bias: Assuming future selves will share current preferences, leading to poor choices.
Apophenia: Perceiving meaningful connections in unrelated things, contributing to stereotypes.
Serial Position Effect: Better recall of first and last items in a list compared to the middle ones.
Recency Bias: Giving more importance to the most recent events or information.
Authority Bias: Attribution of greater accuracy to opinions of authority figures regardless of content.
Unit Bias: Consuming standard serving sizes even when they are excessive.
Availability Cascade: Beliefs gaining plausibility through repetition, potentially leading to misinformation.
Bandwagon Effect: Conforming to popular actions or opinions, influenced by social proof.
Illusory Truth Effect: Increased likelihood of accepting statements as true due to repeated exposure.
Next in Line Effect: Diminished recall for the speaker immediately before in a group setting.
Ingroup Bias: Favoritism towards members of one's own group due to familiarity and interaction.
Spotlight Effect: Overestimating how much others notice one's appearance or behavior.
Choice Supportive Bias: Remembering choices as better due to positive attribution to selected options.
Ostrich Effect: Avoiding negative but useful information to prevent psychological discomfort.
Selective Perception Bias: Ignoring or forgetting information that contradicts prior beliefs.
Peak-End Rule: Perception of experiences based on their peak and end, rather than the overall sum.
Transcripts
bias blind spot the tendency to think
that oneself is less affected by
cognitive biases compared to others
gamblers fallacy gamblers fallacy
happens when there's a tendency to think
that future probabilities are altered by
past events when in reality they are
unchanged Omission bias it's the
tendency to judge harmful actions as
worse or less moral than equally harmful
inactions proportionality bias our
innate tendency to assume that big
events have big causes which may also
explain our tendency to accept
conspiracy theories moral credential
effect it occurs when someone who does
something good gives themselves
permission to be less good in the future
self-serving bias it's the tendency to
claim more responsibility for successes
than failures framing effect the framing
effect is the tendency to draw different
conclusions from the same information
depending on how that information is
presented this includes the contrast
effect which is the enhancement or
reduction of a certain stimulus's
perception when compared with a recently
observed contrasting object actor of
Observer Bias it's the tendency for
explanations of other individuals
behaviors to overemphasize the influence
of their personality and underemphasize
the influence of their situation and for
explanations of One's Own behaviors to
do the opposite picture superiority
effect the notion that Concepts that are
learned by viewing pictures are more
easily and frequently recalled than are
Concepts that are learned by viewing
their written word form counterparts
outcome bias it's the tendency to judge
a decision by its eventual outcome
instead of the quality of the decision
at the time time it was made mere
exposure effect the mere exposure effect
is a psychological phenomenon by which
people tend to develop liking or
disliking for things merely because they
are familiar with them hard easy effect
it's the tendency to overestimate one's
ability to accomplish hard tasks and
underestimate one's ability to
accomplish easy ones survivorship bias
survivorship bias happens when
concentrating on the people or things
that survived some process and
inadvertently overlooking those that did
not because of their lack of visibility
bot mind mhof phenomenon the bot mhof
phenomenon also called frequency
illusion is the illusion where something
that has recently come to one's
attention suddenly seems to appear with
very high frequency shortly afterwards
the reality is that before we placed our
attention on that element we just
ignored it availability heris the
availability heris is the tendency to
overestimate the likelihood of events
that easily come to mind the
availability of memories can be
influenced by how recent they are or how
unusual or emotionally charged they may
be Dunning Krueger effect it's the
tendency for unskilled individuals to
overestimate their own ability and the
tendency for experts to underestimate
theirs halo effect it's the tendency for
a person's positive or negative traits
to spill over from one personality area
to another in others perceptions of them
pyan effect the phenomenon whereby
others expectations of a Target person
affect the target person's behavior in a
self-fulfilling prophecy decoy effect
this bias is widely used in marketing
it's the phenomenon whereby consumers
will tend to have a specific change in
preference between two options when also
presented with a third option that is
asymmetrically dominated an option is
asymmetrically dominated when it is
inferior in all respects to one option
but in comparison to the other option it
is inferior in some respects and
Superior in others selection bias
selection bias is the bias introduced by
the selection of individuals groups or
data for analysis in such a way that
proper randomization is not achieved
thereby failing to ensure that the
sample obtained is representative of the
population intended to be ized anchoring
bias the anchoring bias is the tendency
to rely too heavily on one trait or
piece of information when making
decisions usually the first piece of
information acquired on that subject
this is why first impressions are so
important they paint a picture of what
the other person is and that picture
gets anchored making it hard to change
this bias is often exploited during
negotiations when the seller gives a
seemingly unreasonable high price that
price becomes the starting point for the
negotiation and the buyer inadequately
adjusts from it confirmation bias
confirmation bias is the tendency to
search for interpret focus on and
remember information in a way that
confirms one's preconceptions
overconfidence effect the overconfidence
effect is the tendency to have excessive
confidence in one's own answers to
questions for example for certain types
of questions answers that people rate as
99% certain turn out to be wrong 40% of
the time egocentric bias egocentric bias
is the tendency to rely too heavily on
one's own perspective or have a higher
opinion of oneself than reality examples
of this are The False Consensus Effect
which is the tendency for people to
overestimate the degree to which others
agree with them and the false uniqueness
bias which is the tendency of people to
see their projects and themselves as
more singular than they actually are
information bias information bias is a
cognitive bias to seek information when
it does not affect action hindsight bias
the hindsight bias is sometimes called
the I knew it all along effect and it is
the common tendency for people to
perceive past events as having been more
more predictable than they actually were
projection bias it's the tendency to
overestimate how much one's future
selves will share one's current
preferences thoughts and values thus
leading to suboptimal choices apophenia
apophenia is the tendency to perceive
meaningful connections between unrelated
things this bias is one of the ways a
stereotype can lead people to expect
certain groups and traits to fit
together and then to overestimate the
frequency with which these correlations
actually occur another type of apophenia
is parolia which happens for example
when you see images of animals in the
clouds serial position effect the serial
position effect is the tendency of a
person to recall the first and last
items in a list better than the middle
ones recency bias the recency bias gives
greater importance to the most recent
event such as an interviewer who can
vividly remember just the last person he
interviewed because they're the most
recent conversation they had it's
related to the serial position effect
Authority bias Authority bias is the
tendency to attribute greater accuracy
to the opinion of an authority figure no
matter what the the opinions content is
unit bias the standard suggested amount
of consumption like the food serving
size that's perceived to be appropriate
a person would consume it all even if it
was too much for that particular person
a avilability Cascade it's a
self-reinforcing process in which a
collective belief gains more and more
plausibility through its increasing
repetition in public discourse it can be
summarized in the phrase repeat
something long enough and it will become
true it's related to the availability
heuristic bandwagon effect it's the
tendency to do things because many other
people do the same this effect can
happen for two reasons conformism when
someone wants to fit in with others or
lack of information where the person
thinks that the opinion of many people
is probably more accurate than just his
illusory truth effect people are more
likely to identify as true statements
those they have previously heard even if
they cannot consciously remember having
heard them next in line effect when
taking turns speaking in a group using a
predetermined order like going clockwise
around a room people tend to have
diminished recall for the words of the
person who spoke immediately before them
ingroup bias ingroup bias is the
tendency for people to give preferential
treatment to others they perceive to be
members of their own groups it usually
happens because we encounter and
interact with people in our group much
more frequently than with strangers this
makes people in our group seem unique
while people outside of our group seem
boring and conformist the mere exposure
effect also plays a role in this bias
Spotlight effect it's the Sensation that
everybody is focused on us that comes
from overestimating the extent to which
other people notice our appearance or
behavior chice supportive bias the
tendency to remember our choices as
better than they actually were because
we tend to over attribute positive
features to options we chose and
negative features to options not chosen
ostrich effect people tend to bury their
head in the sand and avoid potentially
negative but useful information just to
avoid psychological discomfort selective
perception bias it's the tendency not to
notice and more quickly forget stimuli
that cause emotional discomfort and
contradict our prior beliefs Peak and
Rule people seem to perceive not the sum
of an experience but the average of how
it was at its peak and how it ended I'll
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