The liberal arts (The Trivium, Part 1)
Summary
TLDRThis lecture introduces the Trivium, the first three of the seven classical liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic. It emphasizes the transformative power of liberal arts in actualizing one's potential and achieving a flourishing life. The lecture distinguishes between negative and positive liberty, highlighting the role of liberal arts in enabling positive freedom through skill development. It also outlines the structure of the series, covering the logic of terms, propositions, and arguments, aiming to sharpen critical thinking and effective engagement with the world.
Takeaways
- 🎓 The Trivium consists of the first three of the seven classical liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic, which are foundational for learning and personal development.
- 🌟 Liberal arts are termed as 'arts that liberate' because they aim to actualize one's potential and transform individuals, not just teach technical skills.
- 📚 The concept of actualizing potential is rooted in the classical understanding that every individual has inherent abilities that can be developed to live a flourishing life.
- 🔍 The lecture introduces a distinction between 'negative liberty', which is freedom from coercion, and 'positive liberty', which is the capacity to do something, emphasizing the role of liberal arts in enabling positive liberty.
- 🏛️ Grammar is the foundational art of the Trivium, teaching the structure of language and how to communicate clearly and effectively.
- 📢 Rhetoric builds upon grammar, focusing on the compelling composition of language to engage and persuade an audience.
- 🔑 Logic is the third art of the Trivium, involving the use of reasoning to discover truth and is integral to both rhetoric and as a standalone discipline.
- 🔢 The Quadrivium, the second group of the seven liberal arts, includes arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy, which deal with discrete and continuous quantities and their harmonious relationships.
- 🌐 The script suggests that the liberal arts are intransitive, focusing on the transformation of the individual rather than interaction with an external object, unlike the transitive nature of practical and fine arts.
- 🧠 The course will delve into the logic of terms, propositions, and arguments, teaching students to identify, classify, and evaluate the structure of reasoning in various statements.
- 🚫 The lecture clarifies that the course will focus on formal fallacies related to the structure of arguments rather than informal fallacies that pertain to content or unclear meanings.
Q & A
What are the Trivium and the Quadrivium in the context of the classical liberal arts?
-The Trivium consists of grammar, rhetoric, and logic, which are the foundational disciplines for learning and communication. The Quadrivium includes arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy, which are more advanced disciplines that build upon the Trivium.
Why are the liberal arts considered to be 'liberating arts'?
-The liberal arts are considered 'liberating arts' because they aim to transform individuals by actualizing their potential, enabling them to become more fully who they can be, and to engage more effectively with the world.
What is the difference between negative liberty and positive liberty as described by Isaiah Berlin?
-Negative liberty refers to freedom from something, such as coercion or obstacles, allowing one to engage in activities without hindrance. Positive liberty is about the capacity to do something, which requires training or formation to actualize one's potential to perform an action.
What is the role of grammar in the Trivium?
-Grammar is the foundational discipline of the Trivium, teaching how to use symbols, form words and sentences correctly, and ensure that communication is understandable to others.
How does rhetoric differ from grammar in the context of the liberal arts?
-Rhetoric builds upon grammar by focusing on how to engage and persuade an audience. It involves the compelling use of language to convey information in a way that is not only clear but also influential.
What is logic's place in the Trivium and how does it relate to rhetoric?
-Logic is the third discipline in the Trivium, which involves the systematic study of reasoning and the principles of valid inference. It can be used as a strategy in rhetoric to compel an audience but also stands as a separate discipline for deducing new information from known premises.
How do the Seven Liberal Arts relate to the Seven Virtues in the classical world?
-In the classical world, the Seven Liberal Arts were aligned with the Seven Virtues, suggesting a unity between the disciplines of learning and moral character. This alignment underscores the idea that the liberal arts are not just about intellectual development but also about ethical and moral growth.
What is the difference between transitive and intransitive arts in the context of the liberal arts?
-Transitive arts involve an action applied to an object, as seen in practical and fine arts where one works with external materials. Intransitive arts, which include the liberal arts, focus on the transformation of the individual without the need for external interaction.
How did the publication of 'Principia Mathematica' by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead change the study of logic?
-The publication revolutionized logic by introducing symbolic logic, which treated logic as a branch of mathematics. This shift moved the study of logic away from ordinary language to a formal, mathematical language, influencing the development of computer technology and modern logical education.
What will be the focus of the lectures in this series regarding logic?
-The lectures will focus on the classical liberal arts approach to logic, primarily following Aristotle's traditional logic, including categorical syllogisms, informal logic, defining and classifying terms, recognizing propositions, and identifying and analyzing logical fallacies.
What is the significance of propositions in the study of logic?
-Propositions are declarative statements that can be true or false and are central to logic as they make claims or predications about subjects. Understanding propositions is essential for identifying arguments and distinguishing between valid and invalid reasoning.
How do syllogisms serve as examples of arguments in logic?
-Syllogisms are a form of deductive reasoning consisting of two premises and a conclusion. They illustrate the structure of logical arguments and can be used to teach the concepts of validity and soundness in reasoning.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to the Trivium and Liberal Arts
This paragraph introduces the concept of the Trivium, which is part of the classical liberal arts, including grammar, rhetoric, and logic. The lecturer aims to explore these arts across the series, starting with defining the liberal arts and the Trivium's significance. The discussion emphasizes the transformative nature of liberal arts on an individual's character and identity, relating it to the concept of actualizing one's potential. The lecturer introduces the idea of 'liberal arts as liberating arts,' distinguishing between negative liberty (freedom from coercion) and positive liberty (capacity to do something), suggesting that the liberal arts pertain to positive liberty by enabling individuals to realize their capabilities.
🎓 The Structure and Significance of the Trivium
The second paragraph delves deeper into the Trivium's components—grammar, rhetoric, and logic—and their hierarchical structure. Grammar is described as the foundational skill of language construction, rhetoric as the art of persuasion and audience engagement, and logic as a tool for compelling argumentation and truth discovery. The paragraph also introduces the Quadrivium, which includes arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy, and explains how these arts build upon the Trivium. The connection between the Seven Liberal Arts and virtues is highlighted, suggesting an integrated approach to personal development.
🎨 The Liberal Arts in Context: Distinctions and Definitions
This paragraph contrasts the liberal arts with practical and fine arts, emphasizing that liberal arts are intransitive, focusing on the development of the individual rather than the manipulation of external objects. The distinction between transitive and intransitive arts is clarified, with the liberal arts likened to an internal blooming rather than an action on an object. The paragraph also discusses alternative framings of the Trivium, aligning it with knowledge, wisdom, understanding, and true learning, and touches upon historical debates regarding the primacy of rhetoric or logic in education.
🔍 The Evolution of Logic: From Aristotle to Modern Times
The focus shifts to the evolution of logic as a discipline, from Aristotle's foundational work to the revolutionary changes brought by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead with 'Principia Mathematica.' This work transformed logic into a branch of mathematics using symbolic language, which significantly influenced computer technology and logic teaching. The paragraph outlines the course's approach to logic, which will not cover modern symbolic logic but will concentrate on Aristotelian logic and informal logic, including identifying terms, propositions, and recognizing logical fallacies.
📘 Course Overview: The Study of Logic and Language
The final paragraph provides an overview of the course's content, beginning with grammar and syntax, moving to rhetoric, and then extensively covering logic. The course will explore the logic of terms, propositions, and arguments, aiming to develop students' abilities to engage with the world effectively. The importance of propositions and arguments is illustrated with examples, differentiating between valid and invalid arguments, and emphasizing the course's goal to sharpen logical intuitions and improve argument analysis.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Trivium
💡Liberal Arts
💡Grammar
💡Rhetoric
💡Logic
💡Quadrivium
💡Actualize
💡Liberty
💡Virtues
💡Transitive and Intransitive Arts
💡Syllogism
Highlights
The Trivium consists of grammar, rhetoric, and logic, which are foundational to the liberal arts.
Liberal arts aim to transform individuals by actualizing their potential and are associated with character and personal identity.
The concept of 'actualizing potential' is rooted in Aristotle's philosophy, relating to flourishing and living a fulfilling life.
Isaiah Berlin's essay on 'Two Concepts of Liberty' differentiates between negative liberty (freedom from) and positive liberty (capacity to do).
The seven classical liberal arts are linked to positive liberty, enabling individuals to do things they have the potential to do.
Grammar is the foundational skill for constructing meaningful sentences through correct syntax.
Rhetoric is the art of compelling communication, engaging and persuading an audience beyond mere information conveyance.
Logic is a discipline for deducing new information from existing knowledge, separate from the context of speech.
The Quadrivium includes arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy, building on the Trivium with more advanced disciplines.
The liberal arts are distinct from practical and fine arts, focusing on internal transformation rather than interaction with external objects.
The Seven Liberal Arts are aligned with the Seven Virtues, suggesting a unity between knowledge and moral character.
The liberal arts are intransitive, focusing on the development of the individual without the need for external application.
Grammar, rhetoric, and logic are associated with knowledge, wisdom, and understanding, culminating in true learning or mastery.
The historical debate between rhetoric and logic's primacy reflects differing views on the primary activity of a rational mind.
Aristotelian logic was the standard for centuries until the 20th century when symbolic logic emerged, influencing computer technology.
The course will focus on informal logic and formal logic, particularly Aristotelian logic, excluding modern symbolic logic.
The lectures will cover the logic of terms, propositions, and arguments, teaching how to identify and construct valid reasoning.
The course aims to sharpen logical intuitions and improve the ability to engage effectively with the world.
Understanding the difference between propositions and non-propositions is crucial for analyzing logical arguments.
Syllogisms are used to illustrate valid and invalid arguments, teaching how to identify and correct logical errors.
Transcripts
hi everybody this is lecture one in a
series of short lectures on the Trivium
that is the first three of the classical
liberal arts grammar rhetoric and logic
we will explore these across the whole
series our business today is just to
talk about the liberal arts what are the
liberal arts what is this Trivium and
why would we study it let's answer those
questions
our title slide here we have an image a
medieval image of the seven classical
liberal arts now when we hear the term
liberal arts today we might have all
kinds of associations with that from our
contemporary culture for much of History
though the liberal arts were precisely
Seven Fields the student would study
these fields not only to become Adept in
these Arts but to be transformed as a
person the liberal arts pertained to
character and pertain to a person's
identity as well it was a way of
actualizing their potential as we will
see presently
this is what I want to propose as the
watchword for these lectures something
that you can keep in mind throughout
this series the liberal arts are the
Arts that Liberate the liberal arts are
the Arts that liberate you again to
actualize your potential now that has a
kind of self-help connotation in our
present day and that's not entirely
misplaced but when I say actualize Your
Potential I have in mind a more
classical meaning for Aristotle
everything has a certain potential we
learn this in earth science right
there's a potential energy in any object
in order to become fully who you are
let's use that language you need to
actualize that potential a person who
has actualized her potential is a
flourishing person right what does it
mean to live a flourishing life it means
to actualize your potential and this
pertains to Liberation as we have here
on the slide or to freedom and I want to
say just a bit about Freedom or in as I
have on the slide here Liberty because
what is Liberty
we can make a distinction between two
kinds of Liberty based on an essay by
the philosopher Isaiah Berlin two
concepts of Liberty in that essay Berlin
distinguishes between what he calls
negative Liberty and positive Liberty
negative Liberty is freedom from
something freedom from coercion right
there is no obstacle in your way
as you try to engage in some activity or
or to speak right so freedom of speech
is the ability to to speak freely would
mean that you you have that negative
Liberty right nothing is obstructing you
positive Liberty
has to do with the capacity to do
something right to take an example I do
not play the piano as it so happens I've
been told I have the fingers for it I
probably should have learned to play the
piano because I'd like to but I never
did when I sit down at a piano I do not
have the positive Liberty to play that
piano I have not been trained or formed
in a way that enables me to read from
the sheet music and and translate it
onto the keys right I'm I'm perfectly at
Liberty to play it from this negative
Liberty Point of View right nothing is
preventing me from doing it my hands are
on the keys but I don't have the
positive Liberty to do it
what I want to propose is that the seven
classical liberal arts pertain to this
positive Liberty right they're about
enabling us to do things that we have
the potential to do right but we need
again to actualize that potential uh so
in this way you can flourish you can
become more fully who you can be and
that's again what these liberal arts are
doing
so what are these Seven Liberal Arts
we've mentioned already the Trivium
which is of course the title of this
series
Trivium via means ways right a VM means
a way so Trivium
is a collection of three ways or three
Paths of formation or learning those are
grammar rhetoric and logic now they're
not placed in that order randomly you
build up from one to the next right so
you start with grammar what are you
doing in grammar you're learning about
symbols how to put letters together into
words how to put words together into
sentences this is an entry level skill
right if I say Matt cat on is the
that doesn't make any sense the syntax
is wrong the words are in the wrong
order if I say the cat is on the mat the
syntax is right I am conveying a meaning
to you grammar is just a way of training
the writer or speaker to speak or write
in such a way that others can understand
her
rhetoric is a Step Beyond that okay so I
say the cat is on the mat very nice I've
conveyed some information but I haven't
really compelled maybe or inspired you
right as a speaker we want not only to
convey information but we want to engage
an audience we want the audience to see
what we're saying and to accept it right
and there are lots of different
approaches to this we're going to look
at some of them in the course that's a
second order kind of ability and thus
the second of the Seven Liberal Arts
third is logic and logic is fun fact
actually a part of rhetoric as well
right it's a some strategy that you
might use in a speech to compel your
audience but it's also since Aristotle a
standalone discipline we might engage in
logic outside of the context of of any
speech right we might simply think in
order to deduce or derive new
information from the evidence we have
before for us or from other things that
we happen to know this is a third order
skill right we're building on okay we
can make a sentence we can speak the
sentence in a compelling way but now we
want to actually discover the truth we
want to learn what is true by reflecting
on what we already know
now
once you have those three arts in place
you are Adept at these three things
you're able to go on to other things
the Trivium is we talk about like a
trivia night at bar right at a bar or um
the game Trivial Pursuit
this word trivia refers to like simple
facts that you need to know before you
can go on to other things or just kind
of unimportant details in our current
usage this is because the trivia uh the
Trivium uh were the Arts you needed to
learn before the quadrivium which is our
second group of the Seven Liberal Arts
there are four of them
again these four ways are not randomly
placed they begin with arithmetic right
this is an engagement with as I have on
the slide here discrete quantity or
number one two three four two plus two
equals four right multiplication
subtraction division I'm working with
numbers numbers are discrete quantities
in the sense that they just stand alone
number number right and I can put those
in order in order to discover new
knowledge kind of like I did in logic
music follows arithmetic now that might
seem like a random inclusion but think
about the theory of music what you're
doing there is working with discrete
tones right so you have various notes
they have a pitch a duration all right
and that pitch and duration
differentiates them
and then you place those in order in a
certain way according to the principles
of of Music Theory and create something
that is harmonious and and beautiful
again you're working here with discrete
quantities but now you're putting them
together in a way that harmonizes this
continues in geometry and astronomy the
last of the Seven Liberal Arts but here
you're not working with number number
discreet things you're working with
continuous quantities curves of orbits
as in astronomy moving things right so
geometry trains you in how to work with
those in an abstract way but then
astronomy enables you to understand the
harmonious relationships among those
things so there is a logic as it were to
these Seven Liberal Arts and they again
all go together in a way to form the
student
now an image that I really like is is
this one uh it's from the 15th century
so just the kind of beginning of the
Renaissance here we see that the Seven
Liberal Arts you probably can't see it
on the slide are aligned with Seven
Virtues Of The Classical world the seven
most important virtues you start with
the three virtues of faith hope and love
and these are what are called the
theological virtues they're understood
within the Christian tradition as
something that is received as a gift
virtue in general remember means a good
habit something that enables you to
flourish and in this way it is similar
to The Seven Liberal Arts these are
joined by the four cardinal virtues
Prudence Justice fortitude and
Temperance and all seven of these the
theological and cardinal virtues are
lined up with the Seven Liberal Arts
logic rhetoric grammar arithmetic music
geometry and astronomy now I don't know
if it's exactly a one-to-one
correspondence but the idea is just as
the Seven Liberal Arts have a certain
Unity about them and together produce a
kind of integrated
developed person right so too is there a
Unity among the virtues and there's an
interesting debate about that
historically whether you can have just
one of the virtues or if you have one
you have all of them in both cases
though we see that what we would call
today ethics right or morality character
is implicated in in both of these areas
and the liberal arts aren't just about
technical skills but they're about who
you are
we see that emphasized in another way
I'd like to frame the liberal arts let's
put up a couple other areas of Arts here
the Practical arts and the Fine Arts
right so the Practical Arts include
everything from carpentry and plumbing
to business law and banking right these
are practical we would say today skills
right you need to work with something
outside of yourself you need to become
skilled at it Adept at it and able to
produce a certain outcome practically
speaking right we learned this in
college it's very important this is uh
paralleled in some way by the Fine Arts
where again you're working with material
outside yourself you need to know that
material if you're a carpenter you need
to know about the wood you're working
with if you're a painter you need to
understand the chemistry of the paint
that you're working with right and how
it will interact with other media in
your composition
the liberal arts are classically
understood as distinct from these two
right the liberal arts include what we
would today call the Arts and Humanities
right these are the the useless
disciplines because you're not so much
learning skills to work with something
outside of yourself you're doing
something different what are you doing
we can understand the difference between
these two by introducing a distinction
between the transitive arts and the
intransitive Arts right so transitive
means uh transition right there's an
action on my part and I apply that
action to an object right so there's a
Transit from my action to the object the
Practical arts and the Fine Arts focus
on that I need to become skilled at that
the liberal arts are intransitive Arts
right so whereas in the case of the
Practical and Fine Arts I might say oh
okay I plane the wood right I'm a
carpenter there's wood it's an object
I'm engaged in an action of planing it
in the case of the intransitive Arts the
liberal arts it's more like a rose
blooms right the rose doesn't Bloom
something there's no object the rose
itself blooms you're transforming the
actor the agent the subject herself
right you're not focused on interaction
with something outside of yourself and
again that is what the liberal arts aims
to do to help us actualize our potential
a couple alternative framings here here
we have grammar rhetoric and logic this
image aligns them with knowledge wisdom
and understanding and joins them
together in the center under what is
called true learning or Mastery right so
classically speaking once you know these
three liberal arts the first three the
Trivium you are you have mastered right
the the basic skills you need to go on
to the quadrivium into other fields of
study
in this one the order of the three is
modified we go from grammar to logic to
rhetoric and and that is sometimes done
but this presents it as the learning of
facts and rules and then the learning of
relations between those facts and then
finally the engagement in criticism and
persuasion there's an interesting debate
historically about the relation between
rhetoric and logic figure like isocrates
not Socrates but I Socrates in the
classical Greek world was a master
rhetorician and upheld the Primacy of
rhetoric whereas Socrates uh kind of
founder of Western philosophy upheld
logic and what he called dialectic or
what we might call critical thinking as
the primary as the primary activity of a
rational mind
let's talk a bit about logic since much
of this course is going to deal with
logic from around 400 BC when Aristotle
was living until 1900 like the 20th
century the study of logic mostly meant
the study of Aristotle right the
Aristotle had had laid out logic he
established or as we'll see later
invented formal logic done as something
that you can you know be taught and
something you can study and for
centuries and this as in other fields
Aristotle was the philosopher he was the
guy that you go to the standard of
thought in the 1910s however
um Bertrand Russell and Alfred North
Whitehead published their book principia
Mathematica in three volumes during the
decade of the 1910s and this absolutely
revolutionized how logic is done no
longer were you working with what we
call ordinary language sentences and
propositions stated in English say as
we're using in this lecture you were
dealing with symbols and in this image
taken from the principia Mathematica you
can begin to appreciate the complexity
and even the strangeness of this new
mathematical language logic came to be
understood as indeed a branch of
mathematics and the work of Bertrand
Russell and Alfred North White had
contributed importantly to the
development of computer technology uh
and and
big changes in how we think about and
teach logic we will not in this course
be looking at symbolic Magic In This
Modern form we're going to be focused on
again the Arts of the Trivium The
Classical liberal arts and we'll be
looking at the logic primarily of
Aristotle
um that being said I want to just kind
of locate what we're going to be doing
in this series on this very helpful
chart taken from Google Images thank you
very much we have at the top here logic
and then we engage in something we'll
discuss later the division of terms
right you start with logic okay there
are two different kinds of logic
informal logic and formal logic right
and then under formal logic there are
similarly two different kinds of formal
logic deductive and inductive and we can
locate what we're going to do in this
series right here we're engaged in a
kind of logic that's that's not modern
symbolic logic right so we're looking at
Aristotle traditional Aristotelian logic
including things like the categorical
syllogism but we're also looking at
informal logic at how to define things
the classification of things recognizing
and diagramming arguments
also in this course we'll be looking at
logical fallacies and this is something
that gets a lot of attention in courses
on critical reasoning and logic there
are two different kinds of fallacies
helpfully distinguished on this slide
informal and formal so informal
fallacies relate to content like maybe
the meaning of a term is not entirely
clear whereas formal fallacies relate to
form there is some kind of error in your
thinking right as you move from premise
one premise two to the conclusion
something goes amiss right what we're
going to do in this course is focus on
formal fallacies that is fallacies
pertaining to the structure or the form
of arguments we're going to try and
learn to find those arguments in things
that we see and read and identify
exactly why they are in error
so just a few more slides here on what
this series is going to cover we're
starting in lecture two with grammar and
syntax so again that concerns the order
of words what words are we're going to
be focusing of course on English
language and then we'll move on to
rhetoric right and rhetoric again is
about the compelling
um uh composition of language in such a
way as to move a particular audience
from there the bulk of the lectures from
5 till 20 are going to deal with logic
right and we're going to move through
three areas following the presentation
of the author Hauser in his book logic
as a liberal art and I will link to that
book in the description of this video
we'll focus first on the logic of terms
that is identifying specific terms and
words that are used in an argument
we'll move on to the logic of
propositions
um so distinguishing between a just a
sentence and what proposition is being
made in that sentence I have here so
what you're saying is the idea being
something like
um you know I say something but there
might be an implication right there
might be a claim contained in my words
that I'm not stating directly but I can
still identify we're going to look for
those propositions in sentences and
finally we'll look at the logic of
arguments where we combine propositions
in such a way as to derive from them new
knowledge things we did not know before
all three of these things again are Arts
that we can learn these lectures are
just a very beginning point on that but
practicing these skills on your own is
going to be a way to sharpen your
ability to engage effectively with the
world and actualize your potential
because that's what we keep coming back
to
just briefly I want to identify what we
mean by proposition and then we'll look
at a couple quick examples of arguments
so you'll see the kind of arguments that
we'll be working with later in the
course the first slide here lists
various types of sentence right so we
have five is a prime number
we have did you lock the door moving
down we have Jane Austen is the author
of Pride and Prejudice right
um on the side on the right we see that
each of these is a different kind of
sentence but only three of them are in
fact propositions right five is a prime
number eight is an odd number and Jane
Austen is the author of Pride and
Prejudice now whether or not these are
true because we can see that 8 is an odd
number is in fact not true it is
nonetheless a proposition in this case a
false proposition it is making a claim
it is predicating something of the
subject right it is saying eight is an
odd number now that can either be true
or false right in this case it is false
other sentences that we can say like did
you lock the door happy birthday please
pass the salt are not propositions
they're not making a claim
um she walks to school is itself not a
proposition but she is walking to school
or she uh she walks to school every day
there could be a proposition contained
in that but as stated the sentence is
not yet a proposition
um the last slide here I just want to
take a look at a couple arguments these
are what are called syllogisms and we're
going to be building up to this
throughout the course some syllogisms
are valid and some are invalid some are
sound and some are unsound we're going
to talk about validity and soundness but
just take a look at the first of these
which is framed as being both valid and
believable right all flowers need light
roses are flowers roses need light all
right so this has two premises all
flowers need light roses or flowers and
it has a conclusion roses need light now
if I only knew in the world those two
premises the first two all flowers need
light roses or flowers if that's all the
information I had about the world I
would not yet know that roses need light
right now in this case I am provided
with new information in the conclusion
now this is the kind of argument that
often will just do in our head right
this is not something that you need
formal logic to do we're using a simple
example intentionally but it's it's
instructive because it exposes how
intuitively we might think about things
and we can sharpen and improve our
intuitions our logical intuitions by
looking at it in this formal way that's
what we're going to be doing in the
series and finally here an example of an
argument that is invalid and
unbelievable all mammals can walk
spiders can walk spiders are mammals
okay spiders are not mammals we happen
to know that from other sources right so
we have here an untrue conclusion how do
we get to that right what we're going to
be doing later in the course is mapping
out not just kind of is it true or is it
not in general but precisely where does
it go wrong where does the argument go
wrong and how could you change the
argument to bring off a true conclusion
based on those premises
that does it for lecture one the liberal
arts are the Arts that liberate they
liberate you to actualize your potential
and to more effectively accomplish your
purposes in the world and engage with
reality I look forward to continuing our
discussion in the series
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