Sejarah Munculnya Islam Syiah Dan Khawarij! Utsman Dan Ali Menjadi Korban 2 Kelompok Ini

Summary

This video delves into the emergence of the Shia and Khawarij groups in early Islamic history. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the Shia supported Ali bin Abi Talib as the rightful leader, while political tensions under Caliph Uthman led to rebellion and his subsequent assassination. Ali’s caliphate faced challenges from those seeking justice for Uthman’s death, culminating in the Battles of Jamal and Siffin. The Khawarij, initially supporters of Ali, later turned radical, declaring fellow Muslims infidels. This ideological rift sparked conflicts, including the Battle of Nahrawan, and ultimately led to Ali’s assassination, further deepening sectarian divides in the Muslim community.

Takeaways

• 😀 Shia Islam began after the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD, advocating for Ali bin Abi Talib and his descendants to lead the Muslim community.
• 😀 The initial Shia beliefs were not as developed as they are today. Early Shia simply viewed Ali as the most suitable leader after the Prophet, without rejecting or rebelling against the Caliphate of Abu Bakr.
• 😀 The emergence of the Shia group was triggered by dissatisfaction with the policies of Caliph Uthman, particularly his favoritism toward the Umayyad dynasty.
• 😀 After Uthman’s death in 656 AD, Ali bin Abi Talib was appointed as the new Caliph despite not directly supporting or endorsing the murder of Uthman.
• 😀 The murder of Uthman led to significant unrest, with demands from some companions for justice, which eventually sparked the Battle of Jamal between Ali and figures like Aisha, Talha, and Zubair.
• 😀 Muawiyah, the governor of Syria and Uthman’s relative, also demanded justice, leading to the Battle of Siffin against Ali.
• 😀 The Battle of Siffin ended with the controversial arbitration (tahkim), which led to the division of Ali’s supporters and the formation of the Khawarij group.
• 😀 The Khawarij group became an extremist faction, declaring Ali, Muawiyah, and Amr bin al-As as infidels, and later spreading the ideology of takfiri (excommunicating Muslims who disagreed with them).
• 😀 The Khawarij were responsible for brutal killings, including the murder of Abdullah bin Khabbab and the cruel killing of civilians for not supporting their beliefs.
• 😀 Ali fought the Khawarij in the Battle of Nahrawan, defeating them, but the group continued to spread secretly and plotted revenge, eventually assassinating Ali in 661 AD.
• 😀 Ali’s assassination by the Khawarij marked a turning point in Islamic history, solidifying the Shia and Khawarij as distinct groups, though neither fully developed into their modern forms until later.

Q & A

What is the meaning of 'Shia' in the context of Islamic history?

'Shia' linguistically means 'follower.' In Islamic history, it refers to the followers of Ali bin Abi Talib, believing that he and his descendants had the most right to lead the Muslim community after Prophet Muhammad's death.

How did the Shia movement begin?

The Shia movement began after the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD. Initially, Shia only believed that Ali was more suitable to lead the Muslim community. The movement gained momentum after Uthman bin Affan's caliphate due to his biased policies favoring the Umayyad dynasty.

What role did Uthman bin Affan's policies play in the emergence of the Shia group?

Uthman's policies, such as appointing his Umayyad relatives to key positions, caused dissatisfaction among many, including senior companions and people from Egypt, Kufa, and Basrah. They viewed Ali as a fairer and more knowledgeable leader, which led to increased support for him.

What event led to Uthman bin Affan's death?

Uthman was killed by a group of rebels who were supporters of Ali. The rebels surrounded Uthman’s house for over 40 days, eventually breaking in and killing him while he was reading the Quran.

How did Ali bin Abi Talib become the caliph after Uthman's death?

After Uthman’s death, the rebels pressured Ali to accept the position of caliph to prevent further chaos. Although Ali initially refused, he eventually accepted the role.

What triggered the conflict between Ali and other companions like Aisyah, Talha, and Zubair?

Aisyah, Talha, and Zubair demanded immediate justice for Uthman’s murder, leading to the Battle of Jamal against Ali. They sought retribution for Uthman’s death, which fueled the conflict.

What was the significance of the Battle of Siffin?

The Battle of Siffin between Ali's forces and Muawiyah's troops nearly resulted in Ali's victory. However, Muawiyah's troops lifted the Quran on their spears, offering a call for arbitration, which led to the controversial decision that would divide the Muslim community further.

What is the Khawarij group, and how did it emerge?

The Khawarij group emerged from Ali’s supporters after the arbitration of the Siffin battle. Disillusioned with the outcome, they believed that anyone who participated in the arbitration, including Ali, was an infidel. They became extremists, declaring others as non-believers and resorting to violence.

What were the key beliefs and actions of the Khawarij?

The Khawarij became extremists who declared Ali, Muawiyah, and Amr bin Al-As as infidels for accepting the arbitration. They spread the ideology of takfir, declaring fellow Muslims as infidels and resorting to violence, including killing civilians and companions of the Prophet.

How did Ali deal with the threat of the Khawarij?

Ali initially attempted to resolve the situation peacefully by sending messengers to advise the Khawarij. When they refused to repent, Ali led a military campaign against them, culminating in the Battle of Nahrawan, where most of the Khawarij forces were defeated.

What happened to Ali bin Abi Talib after the Battle of Nahrawan?

After the Battle of Nahrawan, the Khawarij continued to spread their extremist beliefs. They plotted the assassination of Ali, Muawiyah, and Amr bin Al-As. Ali was eventually assassinated by a Khawarij member named Abdurrahman bin Muljam while praying at the Kufa Mosque.

How did Ali's death affect the Shia and Khawarij groups?

Ali’s death solidified the division within the Muslim community. The Shia group had already existed but did not yet have the structure it does today, while the Khawarij continued to spread their extremist ideology, despite the execution of their assassin, Abdurrahman bin Muljam.