Student Civil Rights Activism: Crash Course Black American History #37
Summary
TLDRこのビデオ脚本は、アメリカの市民権運動における若者たちの役割に焦点を当てています。1954年の最高裁の判決「Brown v. Board of Education」から始まり、1968年にマーチン・ルーサー・キング博士の暗殺で終わったとされるこの運動は、単一の英雄的な人物によるものではなく、日常の人々、特に学生たちの勇気と努力によるものです。ビデオでは、ジャストスコアールの「Little Rock Nine」、グリーンズボロでの「Greensboro Four」、そして「SNCC」を含むフリーダムライダーズの3つのグループが、正義、平等、市民権の進歩に貢献したとおり紹介されています。彼らの勇敢さ、知性、そしてコミットメントは、私たち全員が学ぶべきものです。
Takeaways
- 📚 クラッシュコースブラックアメリカ歴史のシリーズでは、人々の認識するような英雄的な個人だけではなく、日常の勇気と働きかけが社会変革に貢献していると教えてくれます。
- 🌟 民権運動の成功には、若者や学生の貢献が大きく、彼らの勇敢さ、知性、そしてコミットメントは皆が学ぶべきものです。
- 🏛 1954年の最高裁の判決により、民権運動は公式に始まり、1968年にマーチン・ルーサー・キング博士の暗殺で終結するとされています。
- 🤲 非暴力直接行動は、手をつないで花を摘み、歌を歌うだけでなく、自分の体を危険にさらすこと、時には生命を危険に晒すことを意味しています。
- 🛡️ リトルロックナインは、NAACPによって選ばれ、最高裁の判決が実行されるかどうかをテストするため、白人のみの中央高校に入学しました。
- 🚨 1957年9月4日にリトルロックナインは、暴力と脅威に直面しながら学校に向かいましたが、州知事の命令で国家警備隊が彼らを阻止しました。
- 🎓 エリン・グリーンは、中央高校で卒業し、史上初の黒人学生となり、学校統合の困難さを国に直面させました。
- 🍽️ グリーンスボロフォーは、南北戦争後の南部における白人のみのランチカウンターの統合を求めるために座り込みデモを行いました。
- 📺 座り込みデモはメディアで広く報道され、全米各地でデモが蔓延しました。これにより、多くの白人経営の企業が統合しました。
- 🚌 フリーダムライダーズは、バスの統一をテストするために南部を移動し、KKKによる攻撃を受けましたが、彼らの行動は、州際交通ターミナルでの人種差别禁止を強制するのに成功しました。
- 🌱 SNCCは、民権運動の中で最も過激なグループの一つであり、投票権プロジェクトや独立した政治党を立ち上げ、女性解放運動を再燃させました。
- 🌟 社会変革の闘いは世代を超え、自由と解放のための戦いは皆が必要であり、若者も自分たちの小さな世界で変化を起こすことができます。
Q & A
クラッシュコースブラックアメリカ史は何について説明していますか?
-クラッシュコースブラックアメリカ史は、主に民権運動とそれに貢献した若者たちの物語に焦点を当てています。特に、リトルロックナイン、グリーンスボロフォー、そしてSNCC(Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)などのグループの活動を紹介しています。
リトルロックナインとは誰のことですか?
-リトルロックナインは、1957年にアーカンソー州リトルロックの全て白人のセントラル高等学校に入学し、学校統合を試みた10人の高校生のことを指します。彼らはNAACPによって選ばれ、ブランデーク裁判の決定が実行されるかどうかを検証するためでした。
グリーンスボロフォーはどんな活動を行いましたか?
-グリーンスボロフォーは、1960年にノースカロライナ州グリーンスボロのウールワース店の白人専用のランチカウンターに座り、サービスを求めたことで知られています。彼らは拒否され続けましたが、他の学生たちが参加し、全国的な座り込み運動を引き起こしました。
SNCCとはどのような組織ですか?
-SNCCはStudent Non-violent Coordinating Committeeの略で、非暴力直接行動を通じて人種差別に立ち向かう若者たちによって1960年に結成された組織です。彼らはフリーダムライダーズの活動にも関わり、投票権活動を行ったり、労働組合や農業協同組合を組織するなど多岐にわたって活動を行いました。
フリーダムライダーズはなぜバスに乗ったのですか?
-フリーダムライダーズは、州境を越える交通機関での人種差別の禁止を実際に適用されるように、既存の法律を強制するためにバスに乗りました。彼らは南を走るバスで暴力や脅威にさらされましたが、最終的にはケネディ政権の圧力によって州間商工委員会がこれらの法律を適用し始めた結果、彼らの活動は成功しました。
ブランデーク裁判とは何であり、なぜ重要なのですか?
-ブランデーク裁判は、1954年に最高裁判所が行った判決で、公立学校における人種別教室の制を違憲として却下しました。これは民権運動の公式な始まりとされ、学校の統合を求める法的根拠となりました。
非暴力直接行動とはどのような手法ですか?
-非暴力直接行動は、暴力を用いずに、直接的かつ積極的な手段を用いて不正な状況を変えるための戦略です。これは、自分の体を危険にさらすことや、時には命を危険に晒すことを意味する場合もあります。
エラ・ベーカーは誰で、彼女はどのような役割を果たしましたか?
-エラ・ベーカーは、南のキリスト教指導会議(SCLC)の代理ディレクターで、若者たちが運動に重要な役割を果たすことを認識し、1960年の会議を組織して彼らを非暴力直接行動に教育し、彼らに独立した組織を形成するよう励ましました。
民権運動の成功は単なる英雄的な個人によるものでしたか?
-いいえ、民権運動の成功は、単なる英雄的な個人によるものではなく、日常の作業と勇気を持つ普通の人々によるものでした。若者たちの貢献は、運動を進める上で非常に重要でした。
若い人々はどのように社会を変えることができますか?
-若い人々は、家族、学校、地域、そして自分自身の中の小さな変化から始め、それが社会全体の変化につながる波を作り出します。彼らは小さなコミュニティレベルでの重要な変化をもたらすことができます。
クラッシュコースの制作には誰が関わっていますか?
-クラッシュコースの制作には多くの人々が関わっており、アニメーションチームはThought Cafeとされています。また、視聴者やPatreonのパトロンの皆さんの支援があってこそ実現しています。
Outlines
📚 民権運動と学生の役割
クリント・スミスが「Crash Course Black American History」を紹介し、民権運動が単一の英雄的個人によるものではなく、日常の人々、特に若者や学生たちの努力と勇気によるものであると強調します。本エピソードでは、正義、平等、民権の進歩に貢献した3つの学生グループ:リトルロックナイン、グリーンスボロフォー、および学生非暴力協調委員会(SNCC)について語ります。彼らの勇敢さ、知性、そしてコミットメントは、皆が学ぶべきものだと言います。
🛡️ リトルロックナインの挑戦
リトルロックナインは、1957年にアーカンソー州の全て白人の中央高校に入学し、学校統合を試みた10人の高校生です。彼らはNAACPによって選ばれ、最高裁のブラン対教育委員会の判決が実行されるかどうかを検証する任務を担いました。彼らが直面した激しい反対と迫害、そして州知事のファブス氏による国民警備隊の介入について説明します。彼らの勇敢な行動は、全国に、ブラン判決後の統合の実現がどれほど困難であるかを示しました。
🤝 グリーンスボロフォーと座り込み運動
1960年に始まったグリーンスボロ座り込み運動は、北カロライナ州立農業技術大学(A&T)の学生たちによって始まりました。彼らは、白人専用のウールワース店のランチカウンターに座り込み、サービスを求め、拒否を受けた後も諦まずに続いていく姿勢が全国的に注目を集め、各地で座り込み運動が広がりました。この運動は、暴力や侮辱に直面しながらも、7月末にはウールワースが統合されました。
🚌 フリーダムライダーとSNCCの活動
フリーダムライダー運動は、COREのメンバーによって始まり、SNCCやSCLCのメンバーによって続いた運動で、バスや駅などでの統合をテストし、非暴力直接行動を用いて人種差別の撤廃を求めました。1961年に始まり、暴行や脅威にさらされたにもかかわらず、彼らは全国的な注目を集め、ケネディ政権の圧力を受けて、州間交通ターミナルでの人種差別の禁止が強制されました。SNCCは、1965年までに南で最も多くのスタッフを持つ民権団体となり、投票登録プロジェクトや独立政治パーティーの設立など、多岐にわたる活動を行いました。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Civil Rights Movement
💡Non-violent Direct Action
💡Little Rock Nine
💡Greensboro Four
💡Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
💡Freedom Riders
💡Ella Baker
💡Interstate Commerce Commission
💡New Left Movement
💡Social Change
Highlights
The civil rights movement was not solely due to heroic figures but also the everyday courage and work of ordinary people.
Young people and students played a crucial role in advancing social change and civil rights.
Non-violent direct action involved putting oneself in harm's way and required self-control, dignity, and courage.
The Little Rock Nine were chosen by the NAACP to test the enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education.
Daisy Gatson Bates orchestrated the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
The Little Rock Nine faced severe opposition and harassment, including from the state's governor.
President Eisenhower had to intervene by sending the Army and federalizing the National Guard to protect the students.
The Greensboro Four initiated sit-ins to integrate lunch counters in the south, sparking a nationwide movement.
Ella Baker recognized the unique role students could play in the civil rights movement and helped form the SNCC.
SNCC and Freedom Riders tested integration in the south using non-violent direct action, facing violent opposition.
The Freedom Rides led to the enforcement of segregation bans in interstate transit terminals.
SNCC had a significant impact, conducting voter registration projects and organizing labor unions and political parties.
The civil rights movement was transformed by the work of young activists, emphasizing the importance of collective action.
Martin Luther King was instrumental, but he was not the sole driver of the civil rights movement's progress.
Social change is an intergenerational effort that requires participation from everyone at various levels.
Young people have the power to initiate change, even if it starts at a local or personal level.
Transcripts
Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History! As we get further along
in the series, you’re probably encountering more events and people that you recognize,
people like Martin Luther King or Rosa Parks. But, as you’ve probably learned at this point,
the civil rights movement, and any social change movement for that matter,
aren’t successful just because of singular, heroic figures.
They’re successful because of the everyday work and courage
of ordinary people, and among the people who most effectively help make social change possible,
is young people, students just like many of you. So today we’ll be talking about three different
groups of students who helped advance the cause of justice, equality, and civil rights. Whose
bravery, intelligence, and commitment is something that all of us can learn from.
Let’s start the show! INTRO
The civil rights movement is considered by many to have officially started
in 1954--with the ruling from the Supreme Court on Brown v. Board of Education--and largely ended
in 1968--with the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. At the time, the popular mode
of organizing against the discrimination of Black Americans was using non-violent direct action.
Sometimes people misunderstand the tactic, and they think this sort of non-violent activism
was all about holding hands, and picking flowers together, and singing kumbaya.
No shade to any of those things, I love flowers and kumbaya is a great song,
but non-violent direct action was often about putting your body directly in harm’s way,
and possibly even putting your life on the line. It took an enormous amount of self-control,
dignity, and courage. Many young activists even spent days, and weeks, and months training for
the actions they would take, so that they could teach their bodies and their minds
how to respond when encountering the violence that often awaited them.
The three groups we are going to talk about today are the Little Rock Nine, the Greensboro Four,
and Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC (which also
contributed to the Freedom Riders). The Little Rock Nine were a group of
high school students who were hand-chosen by the NAACP to test whether Brown v. Board of Education
was going to be enforced. It’s not surprising that this ruling needed to be tested
considering the unrest that followed it, including the gruesome murder of Emmett Till.
Black people needed to make sure that the state – not just the literal state of Arkansas,
but the United States as a country – was going to follow through on its commitment.
Through generations of experience, Black folks knew better than to think that just because the
Supreme Court made a ruling for Black equality, that people across the country would follow it.
Daisy Gatson Bates, President of the Arkansas NAACP,
was the mastermind behind this test. She recruited ten high school students
to integrate the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
The students knew that they would face serious opposition,
and the NAACP did everything they could to prepare them for what they may experience. This
included counseling sessions and practicing how to respond to hostile situations. And remember, these
are high schoolers, not battled-tested activists. Their courage and commitment can’t be overstated.
On September 4, 1957, the first day of school, the state of Arkansas was ready for a fight.
Governor Orval Faubus ("OR-vuhl FAW-buhs") called in the National Guard to keep the students from
integrating the school. Daisy Gatson Bates had arranged for the students to meet up before going
to school to protect them from the mob activity, however Elizabeth Eckford didn’t have a phone
so didn't know this. Eckford had to walk to school alone, while being screamed at and harassed as
soon as she was within sight of the building. The National Guard even kept her from entering,
while the mob harassed her outside. And because of the violence and threats against her father’s job,
one of the students, Jane Hill, withdrew and returned to her segregated school,
now making them the Little Rock Nine. This havoc went on for weeks, meaning zero of
the nine students were able to attend a full day of school. They attempted to go to school through
a side door on September 23rd, but an angry mob threatened to rush the students. The NAACP
was so afraid for the students' lives that they let the authorities send them home.
It would get so bad that the President of the United States,
Dwight D Eisenhower, had to send down 1,200 members of the Army AND federalize the National
Guard to protect the students from the mob. They were finally able to attend school
on September 25th - almost a month after school had started. All nine students remained there
for the rest of the year, but that didn’t stop the harassment. Every day on the way to school
they had things thrown at them, including acid. Each student had an armed guard that escorted
them to class, but the guards didn’t go /inside/ the classrooms, or in bathrooms or locker rooms,
so the students still experienced horrible harassment at the hands of their classmates.
After one student, Minnijean Brown, was expelled in February of 1958 because of an altercation she
got into with a white classmate, some students wore badges that read, “One Down, Eight to Go.”
Ultimately, through incredible persistence, on May 27, 1958 Ernest Green graduated
and became the first Black student in history to graduate Central High School.
The presence, and the reaction to, the Little Rock Nine forced the nation to confront how hard it was
going to be for the promise of Brown v Board, and desegregation more generally, to be fulfilled.
Now let’s get to know the Greensboro Four. At North Carolina Agricultural and Technical
State University, another Historically Black University also known as North Carolina A&T,
students started organizing to integrate lunch counters in the south.
These sit-ins were an outgrowth of earlier nonviolent integration efforts
by an organization called Fellowship of Reconciliation in Chicago in 1942. James Farmer,
who eventually became the leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, also known
as CORE, was at the forefront of those sit-ins. On February 1, 1960 Ezell (“EE-zell”) Blair Jr.,
David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil, who would become known as the Greensboro
Four, started off these protests by asking for service at the all white lunch counter
in the Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina. And they were denied.
But they persisted each day after that. And more and more HBCU students joined them. By February
5th, about 300 students sat at the counter and protested at Woolworths. They took up so much
space that they kept the lunch counter, and other local businesses, from even running.
This led to heavy television coverage of these sit-ins. And as a result,
a sit-in movement erupted across the entire United States. By the end of March, 55 cities
in 13 states had experienced sit-ins. Not just in the South, but in the North as well.
And they were not only denied, but they were spat on, had condiments poured on their heads,
and had cigarette butts pushed into their skin. they were spat on, had condiments poured on
their heads, and had cigarette butts pushed into their skin.
But by the end of July, the Woolworth lunch counter had been integrated.
Now you would think a bunch of students protesting on the national news would set off a lightbulb
in the heads of the older leaders working on civil rights. But not everyone fully understood
the power of these students right away. But there was one woman who definitely
did. Ella Baker, the acting director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
or SCLC, realized that the students were important and could play a unique role in the movement.
She organized a 1960 conference that trained students in nonviolent direct action,
and encouraged them to develop a strong autonomous organization independent of SCLC. And this
led to the formation of one of the more radical groups of the civil rights movement: the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC. And many of the SNCC students
would go on to become Freedom Riders, a group that traveled throughout the south, testing integration
in places like bus stations and restaurants using non-violent direct action. The Freedom Rides
were actually started by members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), but they were also
joined by members of SNCC and the SCLC. Starting in Washington DC in May of 1961,
an integrated team of Black and white activists rode on buses as far as Anniston and Birmingham,
Alabama. In Anniston, Alabama the Ku Klux Klan, the domestic white supremacist terror group,
and other local white mobs, bombed the bus and brutally beat the riders.
In Birmingham, the students were once again attacked by white mobs and Klan members.
After the driver refused to go any further, the students were evacuated to New Orleans, Louisiana
on May 15, 1961. But if you thought that would be the end of the story,
you clearly don’t know these students. Organizers from other activist groups
started to support them and other Freedom Rides began happening throughout the South. And by the
fall of 1961 the Kennedy Administration started to pressure the Interstate Commerce Commission to
protect the activists, which was the whole point. It wasn’t that these Freedom Riders were asking
for a new law to protect them, they were simply asking for the one that already existed
to actually be enforced. And they were successful. And as a result of the Freedom Rides, the
Interstate Commerce Commission began enforcing the segregation ban in interstate transit terminals.
By 1965, SNCC had more staff members than any other civil rights organization in the South. They
not only engaged in desegregation activism, but they also conducted voting registration projects
all over the region. And what’s more, they also built two independent political
parties - one of which was the well-known Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
SNCC organized labor unions, agricultural cooperatives, and reinvigorated the women’s
liberation movement. They also inspired what was called the New Left Movement. This was the radical
left movement that became active in the 1960s and 70s. It was composed of college students and young
intellectuals whose goals included furthering racial equality, nonintervention in foreign
affairs, and other major social changes. The work of these young activists,
completely transformed the civil rights movement. Without the sit-ins,
the freedom rides, the voter registration drives, and the school integration battles the movement
would not have made the progress that it did. We can’t emphasize this enough. Martin Luther King
is amazing, he did remarkable work. But he alone did not push the civil rights movement forward,
and he would be the first to tell you that. it took thousands of people,
many whose names we’ll never know, but whose work made it possible that I’m even able to
be here talking to you all today. The work of social change, is intergenerational. The
fight for freedom and liberation needs us all. So if you’re a young person, don’t ever feel
like you don’t have the ability to change things. And it doesn’t have to be some
massive global movement, most of the time the most important changes happen on hyperlocal levels.
In our families, in our schools, in our communities. In ourselves. And ultimately,
the work we put into changing ourselves and our friends and our family create the groundswell that
leads to societal level change. You got this. Thanks for watching! I’ll see you next time.
Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people
and our animation team is Thought Cafe. Crash Course is made possible by all of our
viewers and supporters. Thanks to those who bought the 2021 Crash Course Learner Coin,
and to our Patrons on Patreon. *
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