#controlandcoordination full chapter | cbse Class 10th Biology | NCERT class 10 science chapter 7
Summary
TLDRThis educational script delves into the intricate mechanisms of response and coordination in living organisms. It explains how organisms, including plants and animals, react to stimuli through their nervous and endocrine systems. The script covers the roles of neurons, receptors, and synapses in nerve conduction, as well as the function of sensory and motor neurons. It also explores the reflex arc and the division between the central and peripheral nervous systems. The script further discusses the importance of hormones in animals, detailing their impact on growth, metabolism, and response to stimuli, and highlights the significance of iodine in the diet for thyroid hormone production. Finally, it touches on plant responses to stimuli, such as tropisms, and the role of phytohormones in these processes.
Takeaways
- 🧠 The nervous system and hormonal systems are crucial for organisms to produce responses to stimuli for self-protection.
- 🌱 Neurons, including specialized receptors in sensory organs, are key in detecting stimuli and converting them into electrical impulses.
- 👃 Olfactory receptors in the nose detect smells, while gustatory receptors on the tongue help in detecting taste.
- 🚀 Nerve conduction is the process by which neurons carry information to different parts of the nervous system.
- 🔄 The synapse is a junction where electrical impulses are converted to chemical signals and back to electrical signals between neurons.
- 🔍 Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord, while motor neurons carry information to muscles or glands.
- 🔁 There are two pathways for stimulus response: a long pathway involving the brain and a short reflex pathway involving the spinal cord.
- 🏃♂️ Reflex actions are quick responses to stimuli, executed through a reflex arc involving receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, and effectors.
- 🦴 The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the nerves.
- 🧠 The brain is the main coordinating center of the body, responsible for thinking, decision-making, storing information, producing emotions, and controlling body functions.
- 🌿 Plants also respond to stimuli like sunlight, water, soil, and touch, often through growth or changes in cell shape, without a nervous or muscular system.
- 🌳 Tropic movements in plants, such as phototropism, gravitropism, hydrotropism, and thigmotropism, are directional responses to environmental stimuli and are caused by phytohormones.
- 💊 Hormones in animals, secreted by endocrine glands, control functions like growth, repair, and reproduction, and are distributed through the blood circulatory system to target tissues or organs.
- 🏥 Conditions like dwarfism and gigantism are related to the production levels of growth hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary gland and is essential for body growth.
- 🚨 Adrenaline, secreted by adrenal glands, helps in the 'fight or flight' response by increasing oxygen and glucose supply to skeletal muscles.
- 🍽️ Iodine is important for the production of thyroxine, a hormone that regulates metabolism, and its deficiency can lead to goiter.
- 🚫 Diabetes is a condition where insufficient insulin production leads to high blood sugar levels, which can be managed by controlling sugar and starchy food intake.
Q & A
What are neurons and what role do they play in the nervous system?
-Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the fundamental units of the nervous system that detect stimuli and conduct nerve impulses. They consist of parts like the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and nerve endings. Neurons play a crucial role in transmitting information between different parts of the nervous system.
What are receptors and where are they located?
-Receptors are specialized tips present in neurons located in sense organs. They detect stimuli and convert them into electrical impulses. For example, olfactory receptors in the nose detect smell, and gustatory receptors in the tongue detect taste.
What is the function of sensory neurons and motor neurons?
-Sensory neurons carry information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord, while motor neurons carry information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands, facilitating responses to stimuli.
What is a synapse and how does it function?
-A synapse is the gap or junction between the nerve endings of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. At the synapse, the electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal, which crosses the gap and is then converted back into an electrical signal in the receiving neuron.
What are reflex actions and what is the reflex arc?
-Reflex actions are quick, involuntary responses to stimuli that help protect the body from danger. The pathway by which a reflex action is executed is called the reflex arc, which involves receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, and effectors.
What are the main parts of the brain and their primary functions?
-The brain has three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain is responsible for thought processes, sensory information analysis, and voluntary muscle control. The midbrain controls visual and auditory reflexes and eye movements. The hindbrain, which includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum, controls involuntary functions such as sleep, wake cycles, breathing, heart rate, and maintaining posture and balance.
How do plants respond to stimuli and what are phytohormones?
-Plants respond to stimuli like sunlight, water, soil, and touch through movements. These movements are often caused by growth or changes in cell shape and are directed by phytohormones. Phytohormones are special chemical compounds that regulate these movements and growth in plants.
What are the major phytohormones and their functions?
-The five major phytohormones are auxins (stimulate cell growth and tropic movements), gibberellins (help in stem and root elongation), cytokinins (promote cell division), abscisic acid (acts as a growth inhibitor and helps in wilting of leaves), and ethylene (stimulates fruit ripening).
What is the endocrine system and what are its primary functions?
-The endocrine system is comprised of various glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, and ovaries, which secrete hormones. Hormones help control many body functions such as growth, repair, and reproduction. They are released into the bloodstream and act on specific target tissues or organs.
How does adrenaline help in 'fight or flight' situations?
-Adrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands during dangerous situations, helps prepare the body for 'fight or flight.' It increases the supply of oxygen and glucose to the skeletal muscles, increases heart rate, diverts blood to muscles by reducing flow to the digestive system and skin, and increases breathing rate.
Why is iodine important in our diet and what condition can result from iodine deficiency?
-Iodine is essential for the production of thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls metabolism. Iodine deficiency can lead to low production of thyroxine, resulting in a condition called goiter, characterized by a swollen neck.
Outlines
🧠 Nervous System and Hormonal Responses in Living Organisms
This paragraph discusses how living organisms, including humans, produce responses to stimuli through their nervous and hormonal systems. It explains the role of nerve cells, or neurons, and their various parts such as cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and nerve endings. Specialized neurons in the sense organs, known as receptors, convert stimuli into electrical impulses. The paragraph also differentiates between sensory neurons, which carry information from the senses to the brain or spinal cord, and motor neurons, which transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. It outlines the two pathways for producing responses to stimuli: a long pathway involving the brain and a quicker reflex arc for immediate responses. The structure and function of the brain, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, are also covered, along with the protective mechanisms for the brain such as the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
🌱 Plant Responses to Stimuli and Tropic Movements
The second paragraph explores how plants respond to various stimuli like sunlight, water, soil, touch, and chemicals, primarily through growth or changes in cell shape since they lack a nervous and muscular system. The paragraph describes tropic movements, such as phototropism (towards light), geotropism (towards soil), hydrotropism (towards water), thigmotropism (towards touch), and chemotropism (towards a chemical stimulus). It also introduces phytohormones, like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, which are responsible for different aspects of plant growth and movement.
🏃♂️ Hormonal Control and Coordination in Animals
This section delves into the endocrine system's role in animal control and coordination. It describes how various endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, and ovaries, secrete hormones that regulate body functions like growth, repair, and reproduction. Hormones are transported through the blood circulatory system to target tissues or organs. The example of adrenaline's role in the fight or flight response during a dangerous situation is provided, highlighting its effects on the heart, blood vessels, and muscles. The importance of iodized salt in the diet, its connection to the thyroid gland, and the production of thyroxine hormone are also discussed, along with the consequences of iodine deficiency and thyroid gland function on metabolism.
💪 Hormonal Influences on Growth, Metabolism, and Disease
The final paragraph focuses on specific hormones and their effects on growth, metabolism, and disease in the human body. It explains the role of the growth hormone from the pituitary gland in regulating the growth of skeletal muscles and bones, and how deficiencies can lead to dwarfism, while overproduction can cause gigantism. Testosterone and estrogen are identified as male and female sex hormones, respectively, influencing the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The paragraph also addresses diabetes, a condition resulting from insufficient insulin production, leading to high blood sugar levels and potential complications. The importance of managing blood sugar levels, especially in diabetics, is emphasized, along with the general advice for a healthy diet.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Nervous System
💡Neurons
💡Receptors
💡Synapse
💡Sensory Neurons
💡Motor Neurons
💡Reflex Actions
💡Phytohormones
💡Endocrine System
💡Hormones
💡Iodized Salt
Highlights
Living organisms produce responses to stimuli for self-protection through nervous and hormonal systems.
Nerve cells, or neurons, are key in detecting stimuli and converting them into electrical impulses.
Specialized neuron tips called receptors detect stimuli like smell and taste.
Nerve conduction involves neurons passing impulses through synapses.
Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.
Motor neurons carry information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
Two pathways for stimulus response: a long pathway involving the brain and a short reflex arc.
Reflex actions are quick responses to stimuli, executed through the reflex arc.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, housed within the cranial case.
The brain coordinates body functions, including thinking, decision making, and controlling emotions.
Voluntary and involuntary functions are controlled by different parts of the brain.
The forebrain is responsible for thought processes and sensory impulse reception.
The midbrain controls visual and auditory reflexes and eye movement.
The hindbrain, consisting of pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum, controls involuntary functions.
Plants respond to stimuli such as sunlight, water, and touch through movements without a nervous system.
Plant movements are caused by growth or changes in cell shape, termed tropic movements.
Phytohormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid regulate plant growth and responses.
Endocrine glands secrete hormones that control body functions such as growth and reproduction.
Hormones are supplied to different body parts through the blood circulatory system and act on specific target tissues.
Adrenaline is an example of a hormone that helps in the fight or flight response during dangerous situations.
Iodine is essential for the production of thyroxine, a hormone that regulates metabolism.
Growth hormone from the pituitary gland is responsible for regular body growth.
Testosterone is the male sex hormone that aids in the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Estrogen is the female sex hormone that helps in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Diabetes is a condition where insufficient insulin production leads to high blood sugar levels.
Transcripts
[Music]
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we know that living things produce
response to stimulus to protect
themselves nervous system and hormonal
systems help the organisms to produce
responses to stimuli
narrow cells play an important role in
detecting the stimuli nerve cells are
also called as neurons each neuron has
different parts like cell body nucleus
dendrites axon and nerve endings
the neurons that are present in the
sense organs have specialized tips
called as receptors these receptors
detect the stimuli and converts it into
electrical impulses
The receptors that are present in the
nose are called olfactory receptors they
detect the smell
The receptors that are present in the
tongue and helps in detecting The Taste
are called gustatory receptors
the neurons carry the information to
different parts of the nervous system
this is called nerve conduction the
neurons collect the nerve impulses by
their dendrites and pass them to other
neurons by their nerve endings
the nerve endings of one neuron and
dendrites of other neuron are not
attached directly to one another there
is some gap between them this Gap or
this Junction is called as synapse at
the end of the nerve terminals the
electrical impulse is converted to a
chemical signal this chemical crosses
the Gap and reaches the dendrites of
another neuron there it again converted
into electrical signal the neurons that
carry the information from sense organs
to brain or spinal cord are called
Sensory neurons
the neurons that carry the information
from brain or spinal cord to muscles or
glands are called motor neurons there
are two Pathways in which responses are
produced to stimuli
in one pathway information about the
stimulus passes to spinal cord spinal
cord to brain now the response is
generated in the brain and it passes
down back to spinal cord and it finally
reaches the muscles this is a long
pathway and takes considerable amount of
time to produce responses
in this short pathway information about
the stimuli passes to spinal cord there
it is processed quickly and the
responses are produced
but in some situations organisms need to
produce very quick responses to protect
themselves from the dangerous stimuli
in such cases they take a short pathway
these responses reach the muscles and
cause immediate movements
this kind of quick responses are called
reflex actions
the pathway by which a reflex action is
executed is called reflex arc
receptors Sensory neurons relay neurons
motor neurons and effectors are the
components of the reflex arc the nervous
system is divided into central nervous
system and peripheral nervous system
central nervous system consists of brain
and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system consists of
nerves
brain is an important and delicate organ
so it has to be protected well
brain is covered by a fluid-filled
balloon-like structure made up of three
layers
these layers are called meninges and the
fluid present in between these layers is
called cerebrospinal fluid
these layers and the fluid they protect
the brain from shocks and injuries
brain along with the meninges is
protected by an outer bony case called
as Cranium Cranium is a hard structure
that is made up of bone
brain is the main coordinating center of
our body
it receives the information from all
parts of the body and integrates it
the main functions of our brain are
thinking decision making storing
information producing emotions and
controlling body functions
our body functions are of two types
voluntary and involuntary
the functions that are under our control
are called voluntary functions
writing talking dancing clapping these
are the examples of voluntary functions
controlled by our brain
the actions that are not under our
control are called involuntary actions
digestion heartbeat sneezing or the some
examples of involuntary actions
controlled by human brain
now let us see which part of the brain
controls which functions
the brain has three main parts namely
the forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
let us see about forebrain
the thought process takes place in the
forebrain
forebrain has regions which receives
sensory impulses from various receptors
the forebrain has different centers for
hearing smell sight Etc the information
from different sense organs is analyzed
and compared with the information
already stored in our brain based on
this analysis the forebrain takes a
decision and sends it to the area of the
brain which controls the movements of
our voluntary muscles for example if we
are playing football our eyes sends the
information about the position of the
ball to the area of which analyzes it
after analysis a decision is taken and
the information is sent to the area of
the brain which executes it
it causes the necessary movements in our
muscles and makes us kick the ball in
right direction with right Force
the sensation of hunger and feeling full
is also controlled by a separate area of
forebrain
next we see midbrain
midbrain controls the visual and
auditory reflexes it also has Center for
controlling the movements of our eye and
eyelids
hindbrain hindbrain has three parts
namely pawns medulla oblongata and
cerebellum these parts control the
involuntary functions of our body pawns
controls our sleep and wake cycle and
breathing
medulla controls heart rate breathing
blood pressure and more involuntary
functions
next cerebellum it is responsible for
precision of olentry reactions and
maintaining posture and balance of the
body walking in a straight line riding a
bicycle drawing an art all these are
possible because of cerebellum these are
the different parts of the brain and
their functions
coordination in plants
do plants respond to stimuli yes plants
respond to stimuli like sunlight water
soil touch chemicals Etc
most of these responses are in the form
of movements
for example stems bending towards
sunlight Roots growing towards soil or
water
tendrils of plants coiling around this
support closing of leaves of touch me
not plant when it is touched
how do plants produce movements
animals produce movements with the help
of nervous system and muscular system
but in Plants both the nervous system
and muscular system are not present
the movements in plants are caused
either by growth or by changing the
shape of this cell which movements in
plants are caused due to growth the
movements in plant parts like stem
moving towards sunlight Roots growing
towards soil tendrils coiling around
some support
pollen tube growing towards the ovule
are caused due to growth in fact these
movements are the responses for
different stimuli the directional
movements that are shown by plants in
response to environmental stimuli are
called Tropic moments the movement of
plant parts towards sunlight is called
phototrophism example stem bending
towards sunlight movement of plant parts
towards the soil is called zeotrophism
example Roots growing towards soil
movement of plant parts towards the
water is called hydrotropism
example Roots growing towards water
movement of plant parts in the direction
of an object that it touches is called
thigmotrophism
example tendrils coiling around the
support movement of plant parts towards
a chemical stimulus is called
chemotropism example pollen tube growing
towards the ovule what causes the Tropic
movements in Plants Tropic movements in
plants are caused due to some special
chemical compounds called as
phytohormones
for example if the plant tip has to bend
towards right the cells in the left side
part of the tip get elongated it makes
the plant Bend towards right
the elongation of cells in the left half
of the plant tip is caused due to a
phytohormone called as oxen name the
major phytohormones and write their
functions the five major phytohormones
are auxins gabriellins cytokinins
ethylene and abscessic acid
auxins
auxins stimulate the cells to grow
longer
they are responsible for the Tropic
moments in Plants they are mostly
concentrated in the Yang shoot and root
tips
gibberellins
gibberellins also helps in the stem and
root elongation in Plants cytokinins
cyto means cell
kinosis means division
this means the cytokinins they promote
cell division
they are concentrated in the fruits and
seeds where rapid cell division takes
place
abscisic acid this hormone acts as a
growth inhibitor this helps in the
wilting of leaves
ethylene this phytohormone stimulates
the ripening of fruits so these are the
five major phytohormones and their
functions
hormones in animals
what is the second way of control and
coordination in animals
in animals
the second way of control and
coordination is done by endocrine system
the endocrine system is comprised of
various endocrine glands like pituitary
gland thyroid gland adrenal glands
pancreas testis and ovaries
these glands secrete some special
chemical compounds called hormones
what are the functions of hormones
and how are they supplied to different
parts of our body
hormones help to control many body
functions such as growth repair and
reproduction
hormones are secreted by glands in very
small quantity
these hormones reach different parts of
our body through blood circulatory
system
once a hormone is released into the
bloodstream it is supplied to all parts
of the body but it acts only on its
Target tissue or organ
how do hormones help our body in
producing a response towards a stimulus
let us understand the functioning of
hormones with an example
if a person is attacked by a dog then he
should either fight with the dog or run
away from the dog here the dog's attack
is the stimulus and man running or
escaping is the response
when we are in such a situation a
hormone called adrenaline is secreted by
adrenal glands
it helps in the fight or flight
situation
in dangerous situation we have to fight
or flight for both the processes our
muscles need large amounts of glucose
and oxygen
the main function of adrenaline is to
increase the supply of oxygen and
glucose to our skeletal muscles
even though adrenaline is supplied to
all parts of the body
only few organs accept it and functions
accordingly
adrenaline mainly affects our eyes blood
vessels heart and muscles
due to the action of adrenaline the
heart beats faster and supplies more
oxygen to our muscles
the blood to the digestive system and
skin is reduced due to contraction of
muscles around small arteries in these
organs
this blood is diverted to skeletal
muscles
adrenaline also increases the breathing
rate by increasing the muscular
movements of diaphragm and Rib muscles
this is how adrenaline helps us to
produce a response during a dangerous or
harmful stimuli
why is it important to have iodized salt
in our diet
how is it connected to our endocrine
system
it is advisor to consume iodized salt in
the place of normal salt because iodine
is an important mineral required for our
body
iodine is essential for making a hormone
called tyroxine in our body
this hormone is produced by thyroid
gland which is present at our neck
region
the main function of thyroxine is to
control the metabolism of carbohydrates
proteins and fats
thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in
regulating metabolism
metabolism is the process by which our
body converts food into energy and
energy into food vice versa an
underactive thyroid can slow down
metabolism leading to weight gain
fatigue and other symptoms on the other
hand an overactive thyroid can speed up
metabolism causing weight loss and other
symptoms
if we do not have sufficient iodine in
our diet it may lead to low production
of thyroxine and causes a disease called
as goiter swollen neck is the main
symptom of goiter which hormone is
responsible for our growth
growth hormone secreted by pituitary
gland is responsible for regular growth
of our body
the growth of skeletal muscles and bone
is under the control of growth hormone
deficiency of growth hormone leads to a
condition called dwarfism where stunted
growth is observed in some people
overproduction of growth hormone leads
to a condition called gigantism in this
case people grow very tall and looks
unusual
which hormone is called as male hormone
and why is it called so testosterone is
called as male sex hormone it is called
so because it helps in the development
of secondary sexual characters like
growth of mustache growth of beard
development of testes and production of
sperms in boys
which hormone is called as female sex
hormone and why it is called so
estrogen is called as female sex hormone
it is called so because it helps in the
development of secondary sexual
characters in females like development
of breasts beginning of menstruation
development of ovaries Etc
why do doctors suggest some people to
eat less sugar and starchy Foods in
their diet doctors suggest some people
to eat less sugar and starchy Foods
because they are suffering from a
disease called as diabetes
our blood contains glucose the normal
level of glucose in our blood is 99
milligrams per 100 ml of blood if our
blood glucose level raises then a
hormone called insulin is secreted by
our pancreas insulin control the raised
blood sugar levels
but in some people due to the mall
functioning of insulin producing cells
of pancreas very less insulin is
produced which leads to high level of
blood sugar such condition is called as
diabetes
high levels of blood sugar causes
harmful effects on our body
diabetic people are more prone to Heart
kidney eye and now diseases
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