Anatomi Systema Respiratorium : Pharynx

Summary

In this educational video, Ahmad Fatih Abdul Firdaus, an anatomy lab assistant from Sebelas Maret University, presents a detailed lesson on the pharynx, a key component of the respiratory system. He explains its structure, parts (nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx), and its relationship with other organs like the ears and nasal cavity. The video also covers key muscles involved in the pharynx's function, the significance of tonsils, and associated medical conditions like tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy. This comprehensive tutorial serves as a valuable guide for medical students studying anatomy.

Takeaways

• 📚 The pharynx is a muscular tube that extends 12-14 cm, part of the respiratory system, starting from the base of the skull to the lower boundary of the cricoid cartilage at the level of cervical vertebra 6.
• 🧠 The pharynx consists of two types of muscles: three constrictor muscles for compression and three longitudinal muscles for elevation.
• 📍 The pharynx is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, each with distinct anatomical features.
• 👃 The nasopharynx is located at the top, connecting to the nasal cavity through the choanae, and also linked to the middle ear via the auditory tube.
• 🎯 The oropharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate to the upper epiglottis, playing a key role in both respiration and digestion.
• 🧪 The laryngopharynx, also called hypopharynx, runs along the larynx and extends from the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage.
• 🦠 The tonsils, particularly the palatine tonsils and adenoids, are prone to infections leading to tonsillitis and pharyngitis, affecting breathing and sometimes hearing.
• 🦴 The nasopharynx roof attaches to the occipital bone, and enlarged adenoids here can block the respiratory tract, often seen in children.
• 💡 Muscles of the pharynx include the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles, as well as the levator muscles which help elevate the pharynx during swallowing.
• ⚕️ Clinical conditions like tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy may require surgical interventions such as tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy to alleviate symptoms and improve breathing.

Q & A

What is the pharynx and where is it located?

The pharynx is a membranous muscular tube, 12-14 cm long, that forms part of the superior respiratory tract. It extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra.

What are the two types of muscles in the pharynx and their functions?

The pharynx consists of two types of muscles: circular muscles, which function as constrictors, and longitudinal muscles, which act as elevators of the pharynx.

Into how many parts is the pharynx divided, and what are their names?

The pharynx is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.

What is the nasopharynx and what structures does it connect to?

The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx, located posterior to the nasal cavity. It is connected to the nasal cavity through the choanae and communicates with the middle ear via the auditory (Eustachian) tube.

What is the clinical significance of the adenoids located in the nasopharynx?

The adenoids (tonsilla pharyngealis) are lymphoid tissues located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Enlarged adenoids, known as adenoid hypertrophy, can obstruct the respiratory tract, leading to mouth breathing and potential facial growth issues, commonly seen in children.

How does the nasopharynx communicate with the oropharynx?

The nasopharynx communicates with the oropharynx through the isthmus faucium, which is bordered by the soft palate (palatum molle) and the pharyngeal arches.

What are the main structures located in the oropharynx?

The oropharynx contains important structures like the palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina), located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, and the soft palate.

What is the role of the vallecula epiglottica?

The vallecula epiglottica is a depression located between the epiglottis and the tongue. It acts as a space that can trap foreign objects, and if pressure is applied, it can cause airway obstruction during swallowing.

What is the function of the piriform recess in the laryngopharynx?

The piriform recesses, located on either side of the larynx, serve as channels for guiding food around the larynx and into the esophagus. They also trap sharp objects that may be swallowed.

What are the clinical conditions associated with the pharynx discussed in the video?

The video discusses tonsillitis, which is inflammation of the palatine tonsils causing sore throat and fever, and adenoid hypertrophy, where enlarged adenoids can obstruct the airway and affect hearing. Treatments include adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy.