COLONIZAÇÃO DA AMÉRICA | QUER QUE DESENHE | DESCOMPLICA

Descomplica

31 Jul 201815:04

Summary

TLDRThis video explores colonial America, focusing on the economic activities and cultural impacts of Portuguese, French, and Spanish colonization. It discusses the shift from extractivism to agriculture and the reliance on slave labor. The video also covers the political structures, such as captaincies and viceroyalties, and how they influenced society. Cultural assimilation is highlighted, including the blending of indigenous and African customs with European traditions, and the lasting impact on languages and societies.

Takeaways

🌍 The Portuguese colonization of Brazil was economically diverse, initially based on the extraction of Brazilwood and later diversifying into sugar, tobacco, and cotton production.
🏭 The Portuguese used indigenous and African slaves as the primary labor force, with the slave trade being highly profitable.
👑 The Portuguese administration in Brazil was initially centralized, with local governors known as 'homem de bem' or 'senhores do engenho' having significant power over their territories.
🔄 The French colonization in America focused on exporting tropical products like coffee, bananas, sugar, and tobacco, with New France spanning from northeastern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
🐾 The French encouraged intermarriage with indigenous people, but relations in the Caribbean were strained, leading to deportations and conflicts.
🇪🇸 The Spanish colonization was characterized by the encomienda system, where indigenous people were required to work for the Spanish mine owners, and by the extensive silver production in modern-day Bolivia and gold in Mexico.
🏰 The Spanish colonial society was divided into three main groups: indigenous people, slaves, and the criollos (Spanish born in the colonies), with the latter forming the economic elite.
👥 The English colonies in America had varied economies, with the northern colonies engaging in trade and manufacturing and the southern colonies relying on slave labor for cash crops like cotton.
🤝 Cultural exchanges in English colonies were minimal, with severe segregation and extermination of indigenous people, and almost no interaction between English and Africans.
📊 The English colonial administration was stricter in the Caribbean and the southern colonies, focusing on cash crops like cotton, while the northern colonies had more autonomous administration, contributing to their later independence.
🔗 The video script emphasizes the economic, social, and political differences among the various European colonies in America, highlighting the impact of colonization on indigenous and African populations.

Q & A

What was the main economic activity in the Portuguese colonization of Brazil?
-The main economic activity was initially based on extractivism, with the main product being Brazilwood, which was collected by indigenous people and stored in trading posts along the coast for shipment to Portugal.
How did the economic activities diversify in Portuguese Brazil after the mid-16th century?
-After the mid-16th century, the economic activities diversified to include sugar production mainly in São Paulo and Pernambuco, tobacco in Bahia cultivated by African slaves, and cotton mainly after the Dutch invasion and the decline of gold in Minas Gerais.
Who were the main labor force in the Portuguese colonies in Brazil?
-The main labor force was primarily slaves, initially indigenous people, followed by Africans due to the highly profitable transatlantic slave trade.
What was the role of the 'senhores do engenho' in the Portuguese colonies?
-The 'senhores do engenho' were individuals of trust from the Portuguese crown who were like sovereigns in their territories, managing the production and trade of goods from their lands, despite many never having set foot in Brazil.
Why was a general government established in Salvador in 1549?
-A general government was established in Salvador in 1549 to encourage the Christianization of indigenous people, resolve conflicts between whites and indigenous people, and stimulate the use of African slaves.
How did the Marquês de Pombal transform Brazil into a vice-kingdom?
-The Marquês de Pombal transformed Brazil into a vice-kingdom by changing the capital from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro in 1763, which was strategically located near the gold mines of Minas Gerais.
What were the main products of the French colonies in America?
-The main products of the French colonies were tropical exports such as coffee, bananas, sugar, and tobacco, with the exception of French Guiana which focused on fishing and gold mining.
What was the outcome of the French colony 'França Antartica' established in the current Bay of Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro?
-The French colony 'França Antartica' failed due to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, and various colonists abandoned the region after being defeated by Estácio de Sá in 1565, which led to the foundation of the city São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro.
How did the Spanish colonization differ from the Portuguese in terms of economic activities?
-The Spanish colonization economy varied according to the environment explored, with high silver production in modern-day Bolivia, gold in Mexico, and tropical crops like coffee, cocoa, sugar, and tobacco in non-mining areas.
What was the role of 'encomienda' in the Spanish colonies?
-Encomienda was a system where the Spanish crown granted the right to collect tributes or services from the indigenous people for a year, used in mining areas, and in agriculture, where the landowner had rights over the land and its inhabitants who worked on it for a period.
How did the English colonies in America differ from the Spanish and Portuguese in terms of political administration?
-The English colonies in the north had more autonomous administration, allowing for the development of political and commercial freedom, while in the south, the English maintained strict control over the colonies, especially due to the cotton production important for their textile industries.

Outlines

00:00

🌴 Portuguese Colonization in America

The paragraph discusses the economic aspects of Portuguese colonization in America, highlighting the diversification from initial extractivism based on brazilwood to sugar, tobacco, and cotton production. It mentions the significant role of slavery, both indigenous and African, and the administrative structure with capitanias and senhores do engenho. The paragraph also covers the establishment of a general government in Salvador in 1549, the creation of states, and the shift of the capital to Rio de Janeiro under the Marquês de Pombal. It explores the cultural influences, such as the use of the indigenous language in São Paulo and the blending of European, African, and indigenous cultures, reflected in the Brazilian Portuguese language and customs.

05:02

🏰 French Colonialism in America

This section covers the French colonization in America, focusing on the export of tropical products like coffee, bananas, sugar, and tobacco. It contrasts the French Guiana's focus on fishing and gold mining with the broader French colonial policy that supported colonies closely. The narrative includes the failure of France Antarctique and the loss of territories in North America and Asia. It also discusses the society formation in French colonies, with intermarriage between French and indigenous people encouraged, and the cultural exchanges that occurred, especially in the Caribbean, leading to a free and literate mixed-race population with some social mobility.

10:03

🏹 Spanish Colonization and its Impact

The paragraph delves into Spanish colonization, emphasizing the economic exploitation based on the environment, with silver mining in modern-day Bolivia and gold in Mexico, alongside tropical agriculture. It describes the labor system based on traditional native work, such as the encomienda. The political structure is outlined, with viceroyalties and captaincies general, and the social hierarchy is detailed, including indigenous people, slaves, criollos, and peninsulares. The paragraph also touches on the love affair between Malintzin and Hernán Cortés and its significance. It contrasts the English colonization, which was economically diverse and politically more autonomous in the north, with the Spanish colonies' more rigid control from the metropolis.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Colonization

Colonization refers to the establishment, exploitation, and control of one territory by people from another territory. In the context of the video, it discusses how various European powers colonized different parts of America, each with distinct economic and social impacts. For example, the Portuguese colonization focused on extractivism and slavery, while the Spanish colonization was characterized by the encomienda system and the exploitation of silver and gold mines.

💡Extractivism

Extractivism is an economic practice that involves the extraction of natural resources from a particular region. The video script mentions that the Portuguese colonization of Brazil was initially based on extractivism, particularly the collection of Brazilwood by indigenous people and its storage in feitorias for shipment back to Portugal. This practice had significant environmental and social implications for the colonized territories.

💡Slavery

Slavery is a system in which individuals are treated as property and are forced to work against their will. The video explains that slavery was a primary source of labor in the colonies, especially in the Portuguese and French colonies, where African slaves were used for cultivating sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton. The script highlights the profitability of the transatlantic slave trade and its role in the economic development of colonial societies.

💡Mestizaje

Mestizaje refers to the mixing of different racial and cultural groups, often resulting in a new, blended culture. The video discusses how the Portuguese colonization in Brazil led to a cultural miscegenation, where European, African, and indigenous customs and beliefs merged. This is exemplified by the use of indigenous languages and the adoption of foods like manioc across different social groups.

💡Encomienda

Encomienda was a system used by the Spanish Empire that required indigenous people to provide labor or goods, typically to support the Spanish colonizers. The video mentions that encomienda was used in both mining and agricultural areas, where the encomenderos (landowners) had rights over the land and its inhabitants, leading to exploitation and social stratification.

💡Capitanias

Capitanias were administrative divisions in the Portuguese colonial empire. The video script refers to how Brazil was divided into different capitanias, which were governed by individuals trusted by the crown. These divisions were later restructured into a more centralized system under the Marquês de Pombal, reflecting the evolution of colonial governance.

💡Viceroyalty

A Viceroyalty is a territory governed by a viceroy, who acts as the monarch's representative. The video explains that Brazil was transformed into a viceroyalty under the Marquês de Pombal, with the capital moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro in 1763. This change reflects the shift in administrative structures and the strategic importance of Rio de Janeiro due to its proximity to gold mines.

💡Plantation

A plantation is a large-scale agricultural enterprise, typically involving the monoculture of a single cash crop. The video discusses how plantations were a significant feature of the English colonies in the southern parts of America, where cash crops like cotton and tobacco were grown using slave labor. Plantations were a key driver of the economy and a source of social and economic stratification.

💡Cultural Exchange

Cultural exchange refers to the transfer of ideas, practices, and cultural expressions between different cultures. The video script highlights how cultural exchanges occurred between the colonizers and the colonized, leading to the creation of new languages, religions, and cultural practices. For instance, the blending of indigenous, African, and European elements in Brazil resulted in unique cultural expressions like the Umbanda religion.

💡Indigenous

Indigenous peoples are the original inhabitants of a particular geographic area. The video script discusses the impact of colonization on indigenous populations across America, including their exploitation in labor systems like the encomienda and the extractivist practices. It also touches upon the resilience of indigenous cultures and their influence on colonial societies, such as the use of the indigenous language in Brazil.

💡Economic Diversification

Economic diversification is the process of developing a variety of economic activities to reduce reliance on a single industry. The video script mentions that the Portuguese colonization in Brazil initially relied on extractivism but later diversified with the introduction of sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton cultivation. This diversification reflects the evolving economic strategies of colonial powers in response to changing global markets and local conditions.

Highlights

Portuguese colonization of Brazil was economically diverse, initially based on the extraction of Brazilwood.

The Portuguese occupation increased after the mid-16th century, leading to economic diversification with sugar, tobacco, and cotton becoming important products.

Slave labor was primarily used, initially with indigenous people, followed by Africans due to the transcontinental slave trade.

Captaincies were areas commanded by individuals trusted by the Portuguese crown, who acted almost as sovereigns in their territories.

A general government was established in Salvador in 1549 to encourage indigenous evangelization and resolve conflicts.

In 1621, Brazil was divided into states, later reunified by the Marquês de Pombal, who also changed the capital to Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro's proximity to the gold mines of Minas Gerais gave it a significant economic advantage.

The colonial Portuguese society varied by region and time, with influences from indigenous and African cultures.

The French colonization focused on exporting tropical products such as coffee, bananas, sugar, and tobacco.

New France, including parts of Canada, was dominated by the fur trade, especially the pelts of foxes and beavers.

The French policy in the colonies always had royal support and close monitoring by its representatives.

The French faced territorial losses in North America and Asia, and a major slave revolt in Haiti which successfully gained independence in 1804.

In French colonies, intermarriage between French and indigenous people was encouraged, though relations in the Caribbean were not always harmonious.

The Spanish colonization had a vast empire with a focus on silver and gold mining, and the production of tropical goods.

The Spanish colonial policy was similar to the Portuguese, with encomiendas and repartimientos systems for labor and land distribution.

The Spanish colonial society was divided into three main groups: indigenous people, slaves, and criollos (children of Spanish born in the colonies).

The English colonization of America was late but varied economically, with a focus on trade and manufacturing in the north, and agriculture in the south.

The English colonies in the north had more autonomous administration, which contributed to the development of political freedom and commercial independence.

The English colonists were diverse, with divisions among English Calvinists and Americans, and severe segregation of indigenous and African people.

Cultural exchanges in English colonization were minimal, with little interaction between indigenous, English, and African populations.