Vitamin B7 (Biotin) - Sources - Symptoms of Deficiency vs Excess - Diet and Nutrition Series

Summary

This educational video delves into the importance of Vitamin B7, also known as biotin. It explains how biotin acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions, crucial for protein synthesis, cell replication, and energy production. The video highlights the rarity of biotin deficiency and its symptoms, such as dermatitis and enteritis. It also addresses the impact of consuming raw egg whites, which contain avidin that binds biotin and inhibits its absorption. Furthermore, it covers the role of biotin in various biochemical pathways, including fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, and the potential issues arising from its deficiency.

Takeaways

• 🥚 The enzyme sphingomyelinase is deficient in Niemann-Pick disease, one of the lysosomal storage diseases.
• 💊 Vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet and act as cofactors for enzymes.
• 🅱️ Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions, adding CO2 to molecules.
• 🥚 Egg whites contain avidin, which binds to biotin and can inhibit its absorption, but egg yolks do not have this issue.
• 🍳 Cooking deactivates avidin, so consuming cooked eggs is essential for biotin absorption.
• 🥬 Biotin is found in various foods, including vegetables, egg yolks, milk, and some fortified foods.
• 🔄 Biotin plays a crucial role in multiple carboxylase enzymes, affecting processes like gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.
• 🚫 Biotin deficiency is rare but can lead to dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis.
• 💊 High doses of biotin can interfere with thyroid function tests, potentially mimicking Graves' disease.
• 🌐 The script is part of a biochemistry playlist aiming to educate on the importance and functions of vitamins in the body.

Q & A

What is the disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase?

The disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase is called Niemann-Pick disease, which is one of the sphingolipid storage diseases and a type of lysosomal storage disease.

What is the role of vitamin B7 (biotin) in the body?

Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions, helping to add CO2 to various substrates. It is essential for protein synthesis, cell replication, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation.

Why is biotin deficiency rare?

Biotin deficiency is rare because it is widely available in food, and the body requires only small amounts of it. Additionally, the avidin protein in raw egg whites, which binds biotin and inhibits its absorption, must be consumed in large quantities to cause a deficiency.

How does cooking affect the bioavailability of biotin in eggs?

Cooking deactivates the avidin protein in egg whites, which is responsible for binding and inhibiting the absorption of biotin. Therefore, cooked eggs do not pose a risk of biotin deficiency.

What are the direct and indirect benefits of biotin?

Direct benefits of biotin include treating biotin deficiency and multiple carboxylase deficiency, a genetic disease. Indirect benefits come from its role as a cofactor in carboxylation reactions, which are essential for various metabolic processes like protein synthesis and fatty acid metabolism.

What are the sources of biotin?

Biotin can be found in vegetables, egg yolks, milk, and some food products that are fortified with it. It is also available in vitamin B-complex supplements.

What are the enzymes that require biotin as a cofactor?

The enzymes that require biotin as a cofactor include pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These enzymes are involved in carboxylation reactions.

How does biotin participate in the TCA cycle?

Biotin, as part of the enzyme succinyl-CoA carboxylase, helps in the conversion of succinyl-CoA to malate in the TCA cycle, which is essential for energy production.

What is the role of biotin in fatty acid synthesis?

Biotin is necessary for the carboxylation step in fatty acid synthesis, where it helps convert acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, a key substrate for the fatty acid synthase complex.

What happens in the body during biotin deficiency?

During biotin deficiency, there is a decreased function of carboxylase enzymes, leading to decreased gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and other metabolic processes. Symptoms can include dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis.

How can biotin deficiency be diagnosed and treated?

Biotin deficiency can be diagnosed through blood and urine tests that measure decreased levels of vitamin B7. Treatment involves administering biotin supplements to the patient.

Outlines

00:00

🥚 Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Basics

The script introduces Vitamin B7, also known as Biotin, emphasizing its rarity in deficiency and importance as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions. Biotin helps in adding CO2 to the reactions. It's highlighted that egg whites contain avidin, which binds to biotin and inhibits its absorption, but this is only a concern with excessive raw egg white consumption. The narrative also touches on the historical context of biotin consumption in Egypt and the importance of cooking eggs to deactivate avidin. The paragraph concludes with a discussion of biotin's role in various biochemical processes like protein synthesis, cell replication, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis.

05:01

🔄 Biotin in Metabolic Pathways

This section delves deeper into biotin's role in specific metabolic pathways. It explains how pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme requiring biotin, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, which feeds into the TCA cycle. The script also discusses the synthesis of fatty acids, detailing the steps from citrate to acetyl CoA and how biotin is necessary for this process. The importance of biotin in the breakdown of fats and the generation of energy through beta-oxidation is also highlighted. The unique ability of odd-chain fatty acids to contribute to gluconeogenesis is explored, emphasizing the interconnectedness of metabolic processes.

10:05

💊 Biotin Deficiency and Clinical Relevance

The final paragraph addresses the clinical aspects of biotin, including causes of deficiency, symptoms, and treatment. It mentions that biotin deficiency is rare but can occur due to excessive consumption of raw eggs or a genetic inability to release biotin from proteins. The paragraph also cautions against prolonged use of antibiotics, which can lead to biotin deficiency. Symptoms such as dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis are linked to biotin deficiency. The treatment involves administering biotin supplements. The script concludes with a caution about the potential interference of high biotin intake with thyroid function tests, mimicking Graves' disease.

Keywords

💡Biotin

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions in the body. It plays a crucial role in the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) during these reactions. In the script, biotin is highlighted for its rarity in deficiency and its importance in various metabolic processes such as protein synthesis and fatty acid synthesis. The video emphasizes biotin's role in carboxylation, where it carries and donates CO2 to different substrates.

💡Carboxylation

Carboxylation is a biochemical process in which a carboxyl group (CO2) is added to an organic molecule. The video script explains that biotin is essential for carboxylation reactions, as it acts as a carrier and donor of CO2. This process is vital for protein synthesis, cell replication, and gluconeogenesis, among other cellular functions. The script uses carboxylation as a central theme to illustrate the importance of biotin.

💡Avidin

Avidin is a protein found in raw egg whites that has a high affinity for binding biotin, inhibiting its absorption in the body. The script uses the example of avidin to explain how the consumption of raw eggs can lead to biotin deficiency, although it clarifies that one would need to consume a large number of raw eggs to develop such a deficiency. Avidin is deactivated by cooking, which is why the script advises against consuming raw eggs due to the risk of Salmonella infection.

💡Coenzyme

A coenzyme is a small organic molecule that works with an enzyme to catalyze a biochemical reaction. Biotin functions as a coenzyme, particularly in carboxylation reactions. The script mentions biotin as a coenzyme R, emphasizing its role in facilitating various metabolic pathways that require the transfer of CO2.

💡Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of more than 50 rare inherited metabolic disorders in which enzymes are missing or not working properly, leading to a buildup of substances in the lysosomes. The script briefly mentions Niemann-Pick disease as an example of a lysosomal storage disease related to sphingomyelinase deficiency, setting the stage for discussing the importance of enzymes and cofactors like biotin.

💡Pyruvate Carboxylase

Pyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme that requires biotin as a cofactor to catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a key step in gluconeogenesis. The script explains how this enzyme, along with others like it, relies on biotin to facilitate the carboxylation process, which is essential for glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources.

💡Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is generated from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. The script discusses how biotin, through its involvement in carboxylation reactions, plays a role in this process. It is highlighted in the context of converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate and eventually back to glucose, which is a significant aspect of energy metabolism.

💡Fatty Acid Synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis is the process of generating fatty acids from acetyl-CoA. The script mentions that this process involves a series of reactions, including carboxylation, which requires biotin. It is part of the broader discussion on how biotin contributes to the synthesis and metabolism of fats, which is crucial for energy storage and other cellular functions.

💡Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency

Multiple carboxylase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene responsible for biotin metabolism. The script touches on this condition to illustrate the critical role of biotin as a cofactor in various carboxylation reactions. It serves as an example of how a deficiency in biotin can lead to severe health issues.

💡Vitamin B-Complex

The vitamin B-complex refers to a group of water-soluble vitamins that are essential for various metabolic processes in the body. The script mentions vitamin B-complex supplements as a source of biotin, emphasizing the importance of a balanced diet to ensure adequate intake of all B vitamins, including biotin.

💡Glucagon

Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood glucose levels and opposes the action of insulin. The script discusses glucagon in the context of fat metabolism, explaining how it can stimulate the breakdown of fats and the release of glucose, which is connected to the broader theme of energy regulation and the role of biotin in these processes.

Highlights

Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is essential for carboxylation reactions.

Biotin deficiency is rare, while toxicity is less likely.

Egg whites can interfere with biotin absorption due to a protein called avidin.

Biotin is also known as vitamin H, coenzyme R, and anti-egg-white injury factor.

Biotin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carboxylation reactions, adding CO2.

Biotin helps in protein synthesis, cell replication, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis.

Sources of biotin include vegetables, egg yolk, milk, and some fortified foods.

Biotin functions as a carrier and donor of CO2 in carboxylation reactions.

Pyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme that requires biotin for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate.

Biotin is necessary for the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis.

Biotin deficiency can lead to dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis.

Treatment for biotin deficiency involves administering biotin supplements.

High doses of biotin can interfere with thyroid function tests, mimicking Graves' disease.

Biotin is required for the release of protein-bound biotin, making it bioavailable.

Prolonged use of antibiotics can lead to biotin deficiency.

Biotin deficiency can decrease the function of key carboxylase enzymes.

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase, an enzyme requiring vitamin B12, is involved in odd-chain fatty acid metabolism.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms due to impaired fatty acid metabolism.

Biotin is crucial for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the TCA cycle.

Transcripts

hates MIDI kosis perfection arrows ro

medicine makes perfect sense let's

continue our biochemistry playlist in

the previous video if talked about

vitamin b6 pyridoxine today we'll talk

about vitamin b7 biotin baby with that

being said now let's get started let me

answer the question of the previous

video what's the name of the disease

that has deficiency of the enzyme called

sphingomyelin ace

it's called niemann-pick disease one of

the sphingolipid o C's it's also one of

the lysosomal storage diseases if you

are a medical student and you actually

enjoy studying the lysosomal storage

diseases you're weird

vitamins are essential therefore you

have to eat them in the diet vitamins

are cofactor for enzymes and today's

topic mister biotin is a cofactor for

carboxylation reactions because it adds

co2 biotin is b7 therefore it's

water-soluble vitamin deficiency is more

likely toxicity is less likely

relatively speaking but luckily biotin

deficiency is really rare fight is the

same thing as b7 is the same thing as

bios vitamin H or coenzyme r or you can

call it anti egg-white injury factor

because egg whites actually interfere

with b7 bio availability because egg

whites contain evidence which avidly

binds biotin we have discussed anti

vitamin C's before in this plane is

called biochemistry definition chemical

kabobs with inhibits absorption of

vitamins such as evident protein in a

raw egg whites not egg yolk egg yolk is

fine egg white is a disaster when it

comes to biotin inhibits the absorption

of vitamin b7 which is biotin it's

deactivated by cooking so when it come

to eggs turn on the stove baby a story

from the Egyptian countryside I've

talked about this before in my video

about riboflavin basically back in the

good old days in the Egyptian builders

especially very poor areas they used to

eat raw eggs with yeast first thing in

the morning they'd mix them together and

drink them before breakfast what was the

reason for that they have some vitamins

which is true vitamin b2 for instance

which is riboflavin however when you eat

egg white

has avidin which will decrease the

absorption of vitamin b7 which is Biden

but technically to be honest you need to

eat lots of raw eggs like 20 or 30 per

day in order to develop vitamin b7

deficiency the main problem with eating

raw eggs is Salmonella infection baby

why do we need 5 min for dehydrogenase

enzymes why we need to ripe a flavor for

redox reactions nice and is the same

thing

Panasonic acid for Co a pie reduction

for trans emanation and decarboxylation

what is decarboxylation to remove the

co2 what is b7 is for carboxylation to

actually add a co2 because vitamin b7 is

a carrier and a donor of co2 b9 to

transfer one carbon unit what are the

benefits of biotin we have direct

benefits and indirect and direct Memphis

you can trade vitamin b7 deficiency

which is extremely rare and you can

treat something called multiple

carboxylase deficiency that's a genetic

diseases and it can be treated using

bite like lots of it indirect cofactor

for carboxylation reactions co2 fixation

because by it is a carrier as well as a

donor of co2 biotin okay it has to

acquire and to carry soot first and then

it can donate it you have to have some

money first before you can donate it

vitamin b7 is the same thing it has to

carry co2 first before it can donate it

so let let's make biotin carry co2 you

add hco3 because hco3 I haven't I don't

know if you have noticed it contains co2

so now we have carboxy biotin which is

biotin plus co2 now biotin can go

everywhere and give the co2 to many

substrates and the enzyme is responsible

for that it's gonna be carboxylase and

this is very good for protein synthesis

and cell replication as well as a

gluconeogenesis fatty acid synthesis

fatty acid oxidation etc what are the

sources of biotin you have vegetables we

have media VST have egg yolk but not egg

white and milk as fine art of

e-resources

enriched food and vitamin b-complex

supplements that you get in the pharmacy

functions of vitamin b7 again

carboxylation look at this this is

biotin and when we want to add co2 to

the biotin it is gonna bind to this

nitrogen let's talk about the enzymes

that need biotin as a cofactor there's

an enzyme called pyruvate carboxylase

but in order to understand what is

pyruvate carboxylase let's first talk

about pyruvate where do I get fired from

from glucose this is called glycolysis

you eat carbohydrate they have glucose

glycolysis glucose becomes pyruvate and

then by pyruvate dehydrogenase it

becomes s okay there is another path

there is another option for pyruvate

it's called pyruvate carboxylase here is

pyruvate here is oxaloacetate ok the

enzyme is a carboxylate it needs co2

whenever you need co2 you can count on

biotin because it comes carrying co2

water give the co2 from from hco3 and

ATP

it also requires manganese so here is

mr. pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase

we can get Estill Co a but by pyruvate

carboxylase we can get oxaloacetate and

this one needs biotin because it's a

carboxylate its co2 let's go back to the

TCA cycle you know it's a 3-2 citrate of

a keto good rate of smoke way successful

rate malate oxaloacetate back to acetyl

co a this is a carboxylase it requires

biotin because whenever you need co2 ask

biotin because it has co2

however pyruvate dehydrogenase needs 5

cofactors you remember the teflon

company TfL n curl what does the teeth

fireman what's the F F ad what's the L

lipoic acid was the end and AD was the

co coenzyme a or co ash let's talk about

fatty acid synthesis it requires three

steps citrate shuttle a Sudoku a car

buck sleaze and fatty acid synthesis

what is fatty acid synthesis we're

trying to build up fat let's do it baby

okay TCA cycle has citrate the citrate

look at the show it's leaving the

mitochondria and go into the cytosol

look at the so beautiful and then

citrate by citrate lyase

acetyl co a acetyl co a thanks to an

enzyme called acid of CO a carboxylate

which needs biotin is a Co

we'll give you a melon elico a melon

elko a plus a Satoko a will give you

palmetto elko a which is a fatty acid

job well done you have built up fat the

fatty acid synthase complex requires

vitamin b5 as we have discussed before

but the acid SELCO a carboxyl is

requires vitamin b7 whenever you see a

co a you can think vitamin b5 whenever

you see a carboxylate you can thank

vitamin b7 building up fat is the job of

insulin breaking down fat is the

function of glucagon and your lovely

pancreas can influence either now we

have talked about building of fat now

let's break down the fat triglycerides

into cholesterol and free fatty acid go

through will become whatever Callisto

6-phosphate gluconeogenesis thank you so

much now let's metabolize fatty acid to

get some energy baby

beta oxidation will give you assets of

kuwait is a cycle ATP and you will get

ketone bodies which can lead to high

anion gap metabolic acidosis and

acidosis can interfere with your nerve

endings with your synapses and synaptic

nerve transmission that's why many

people who are on the keto diet are

tired there are no solutions in life

there are trade-offs

anyone who rolls up on you until you oh

this dot is the best in the world

nonsense anything has pros and cons

we're still breaking down the fat fatty

oxidation we three steps activation

quarantine salt and beta oxidation of

this even seeps in saturated fatty acid

so fatty acid fatty acyl Co a fatty acyl

CoA will leave the cytoplasm to the

mitochondria in a shuttle and then beta

oxidation s local a TCA cycle n ketone

bodies and glucagon and approved this

message

now this was the story of the even chain

fatty acids now let's turn our attention

to the odd chain fatty acid there is

something odd about the odd chain fatty

acids this is the only example of a

fatty acid that can give you glucose and

this will never happen anywhere else

fatty acids cannot give you glucose

except mr. Perlmutter Wilco a giving you

glucose

because it's an odd chain fatty acid so

let's start with a fatty acid with five

carbons I don't know where did you go to

school but five is an odd number okay

beta oxidation will give the acetyl co a

and propionyl coa by an enzyme called

protein L Co a carboxylate whenever you

heard the word carboxylase you will need

co2 and you can count and biotin it will

give you methylmalonyl coenzyme on Co a

by an enzyme called a methyl Milano Co

will give you sucks in Elko and then

sucks in Ocoee has to pass it can help

you make ham and it's called the heme

synthesis pathway which we have

discussed before in this glorious

biochemistry playlist and

succinylcholine enter into the TCA cycle

succinylcholine aid from a rate malate

oxaloacetate back to SLE co 8 and then

acyl Co a can become glucose and this

process called gluconeogenesis look at

this here's a sloka glucose from glucose

to s Luka a this is a glycolysis but

from acetyl co a back to glucose this is

gluconeogenesis I love this word I just

love it it's awesome

look at this Genesis which is formation

knew you knew no glucose formation yes

indeed because you have made glucose

from fatty acids and this is new the old

way is to make glucose from carbohydrate

but to make glucose from fatty acid this

is neo Genesis baby now let's talk about

this enzyme methylmalonic a mutase it

requires vitamin b12 so if there is a

patient who has vitamin b12 deficiency

they will accumulate the methylmalonic

Oh

but they will have deficiency of the

saxon Elco

when he have no succinylcholine there is

no TCA cycle no TCA cycle no energy no

energy in my nerve fibers I will get

demyelination

and that's why patients with vitamin b12

deficiency can suffer from neurological

symptoms medicine makes so much sense

once you understand what the flip you're

talking about so here are the three

carboxylase enzymes that require biotin

ethical

factor and here's the ham synthesis

pathway which requires succinylcholine

sup in protoporphyrin proportion plus

iron equals hame hame plus globin equals

hemoglobin let's talk about vibes and

efficiency

it is rare causes primary causes

secondary causes primary increased

consumption of frogs it has to be lots

of eggs not just one raw egg dana has to

be lots of them but please don't eat raw

eggs because of salmonella infection

there is a risk eviden will avidly bind

by you 10 decreasing its absorption many

interesting can cause the biotin

deficiency was very rare because biotin

is widely available in food secondary

due to deficiency of by you today's

biotin days who name these things

what is biotin in days it's like an

enzyme required for a release of the

protein bound biotin so to release the

biotin from the proteins so that the

biotin becomes free and bio available

patients who have deficiency of this

enzyme can suffer from biotin deficiency

also prolonged use of antibiotics it has

to be rarely prolonged like really

prolonged so if you are a doctor and you

prescribe antivirus for a very long

period of time it's a very good idea to

add vitamins to the patient's regimen

what's gonna happen in vitamin

deficiency decreased function of

pyruvate carboxylase which will lead to

decrease gluconeogenesis decrease

function of prop único a carboxylase

which will decrease gluconeogenesis

decrease function of acetyl co a car

boxes which will decrease fatty acid

synthesis also when you have no glucose

and no energy

dermatitis alopecia color scientist

enteritis diagnosis decreased vitamin b7

in blood and urine treatment if the

patient has no biotin give the patient

biotin some pearls for the pros

pharmacological doses of vitamin b7 can

actually interfere with essays that

measure the T SH and therefore it can

mimic Graves disease the patient doesn't

have Graves but you are fooled

why because you knew give vitamin b7

they can give you a result that's

similar to Graves disease even though

the patient doesn't have Graves disease

question of the day this is question

number 6 the previous five questions are

in

this glorious playlist what enzyme or

enzymes are deficient in cases of

multiple carboxylase deficiency let me

know the answer in the comment section

it will be available in the next video

don't forget that Roger discovered

evidence which avidly inhibits the

absorption of biotin let's summarize a

vitamin b7 in an eggshell egg yolk fine

egg white a key because it has evident

which avidly binds biotin button is very

important for carboxylation when you

want to add co2 whenever you need co2

you can count and biotin so these are

the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase acid

Ocoee carboxylase and prop Anelka a

carboxylate they require Viton as a

cofactor deficiency of vitamin b7

dermatitis of a particular site is

enteritis the treatment gives the

patient biotin myocardial form ecology

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medicine makes perfect sense