Florence Nightingale

Summary

This lecture delves into the life and impact of Florence Nightingale, a pivotal figure in nursing history. Born into wealth, Nightingale defied societal norms by pursuing nursing as her divine calling. Her work during the Crimean War, improving soldier hygiene and drastically reducing mortality rates, earned her the title 'Lady with the Lamp.' Nightingale's philosophy emphasized holistic care, considering environmental and mental factors in healing. She revolutionized nursing education, advocating for secular training accessible to all, regardless of background. Her legacy continues to inspire, with her principles reflected in modern nursing practices and education.

Takeaways

• 🌟 Florence Nightingale is considered the most important figure in the history of nursing.
• 🎓 Born into wealth, Nightingale defied societal expectations by pursuing nursing as her career.
• 📜 Her religious calling at the age of 16 influenced her decision to enter nursing.
• 💼 She trained in France with the Sisters of Mercy and in Germany with the deaconesses of Kaiserswerth, combining Catholic and Protestant nursing practices.
• 📚 Nightingale was a prolific writer, documenting nursing practices and establishing a curriculum.
• 🏥 During the Crimean War, she improved hospital conditions, leading to a significant drop in mortality rates among soldiers.
• 🔦 Known as the 'lady with the lamp,' her work in Crimea solidified her as an icon in nursing.
• 🏫 She was instrumental in the redesign of St. Thomas's Hospital and the establishment of nursing education standards.
• 🌐 Nightingale's influence extended to public health, advocating for better living conditions and hygiene.
• 📈 Her approach to nursing emphasized holistic care, including mental outlook and environmental factors.
• 🏛️ In 2020, the Houses of Parliament paid tribute to Nightingale and all nurses, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Q & A

Who is Florence Nightingale and why is she important?

Florence Nightingale is considered the most important person in the history of nursing. She is famous for her work in nursing education and her influence on public health, making her a central figure in women's history, nursing history, history of medicine, and military history.

What was Florence Nightingale's background and early life like?

Florence Nightingale was born into a wealthy English family. Her father's side were landowners, and her mother's side were wealthy merchants. She was given a typical education for a woman of her time and was expected to make a good marriage, but she received a divine calling to work in nursing.

How did Florence Nightingale's religious beliefs influence her career?

Florence Nightingale had a strong sense of vocation and believed she was called by the Divine to work in nursing. This calling gave her the confidence to pursue nursing despite the cultural limitations and her parents' objections.

What was Florence Nightingale's approach to nursing?

Florence Nightingale believed in holistic care, emphasizing the importance of the environment, hygiene, cleanliness, and natural light in the healing process. She saw nursing as supporting the natural healing powers of the human body.

What is the significance of the Crimean War in Florence Nightingale's career?

The Crimean War was a turning point in Florence Nightingale's career. She became known as the 'lady with the lamp' and an icon of nursing during this time. She improved the conditions for soldiers, leading to a significant drop in mortality rates and establishing her ideas about nursing.

How did Florence Nightingale revolutionize nursing education?

Florence Nightingale developed a curriculum for nursing that included both hands-on training in wards and in-class training. She emphasized the importance of hygiene and practical aspects of nursing, and her approach was secular, open to nurses from all backgrounds.

What was Florence Nightingale's role in the redesign of St. Thomas's Hospital?

Florence Nightingale oversaw the rebuilding of St. Thomas's Hospital to reflect her principles of nursing. The hospital was designed in a pavilion style with separate buildings connected by walkways to improve hygiene and health.

How did Florence Nightingale's work influence public health?

Florence Nightingale's work in nursing and her emphasis on cleanliness and hygiene had a significant impact on public health. She was concerned with the conditions around healing and her practices became standard in nursing and public health.

What was Florence Nightingale's stance on the role of religion in nursing?

Despite her religious beliefs, Florence Nightingale believed that nursing should be secular. She advocated for nurses to be trained regardless of their social class, educational background, or religious beliefs.

How is Florence Nightingale remembered and celebrated today?

Florence Nightingale is remembered as a pioneer in nursing and public health. Her birthday is celebrated as International Nurses Day, and she is honored for her contributions to the field. During the COVID-19 pandemic, her image was projected onto the Houses of Parliament in England as a tribute to nurses.

Outlines

00:00

🌟 Florence Nightingale: The Icon of Nursing

Florence Nightingale is introduced as the most important figure in the history of nursing, celebrated even 200 years after her birth. She is recognized for her influence on women's history, nursing, medicine, and military history. Born into a wealthy English family, she faced societal expectations but felt a divine calling to nursing. Despite her parents' initial resistance, she pursued her career, drawing inspiration from both Catholic and Protestant nursing practices. Her work emphasized the importance of holistic care, including environmental and mental aspects, and she is known for her writings that established nursing as a serious discipline.

05:03

🏥 Pioneering Nursing Practices

This section discusses Florence Nightingale's pioneering work in nursing, particularly her administrative and political roles within religious orders. It highlights her visits to Paris and Germany to learn from the Sisters of Mercy and the deaconesses of Kaiserworth, respectively. Nightingale's approach to nursing was holistic, focusing on the environment and the natural healing process. She believed in supporting the body's natural curative powers and emphasized the importance of mental outlook in healing. Her writings, especially 'Notes on Nursing,' were groundbreaking, as they formalized nursing knowledge and practices.

10:04

💡 The Lady with the Lamp: Crimean War and Hygiene Crusade

Florence Nightingale's work during the Crimean War is highlighted, where she became known as 'the lady with the lamp.' Despite initial resistance from the military, she insisted on improving the conditions for soldiers, leading to a significant drop in mortality rates. Her efforts focused on hygiene, establishing laundries, and fundraising for better facilities. This period solidified her ideas on nursing and the importance of training, leading to the rebuilding of St. Thomas's Hospital and the development of nursing curriculums that emphasized hands-on experience and practical knowledge.

15:04

📚 Establishing Nursing Education

Florence Nightingale's influence on nursing education is explored, including her role in rebuilding St. Thomas's Hospital and developing nursing curriculums. She advocated for secular nursing training, accessible to individuals from all backgrounds, focusing on practical, hands-on experience supplemented by classroom instruction. Nightingale's approach to nursing education emphasized standard training for all nurses, regardless of their future roles in hospitals or the community, and she played a significant role in aligning midwifery with the nursing curriculum.

20:05

🏛️ Legacy and Tribute to Nurses

The final section reflects on Florence Nightingale's enduring legacy, particularly during challenging times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It mentions the tribute paid to her and all nurses, where the Houses of Parliament in England were lit up on International Nurses Day. The tribute recognized the dedication and service of healthcare workers,体现了Nightingale's influence on the nursing profession and the public's gratitude towards those who care for others.

Keywords

💡Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale is recognized as the founder of modern nursing. In the video, she is portrayed as a central figure in nursing history, whose work and ideas significantly influenced the field. Born into a wealthy English family, she defied societal norms by pursuing a career in nursing, which was considered inappropriate for a woman of her social standing at the time. Her dedication and innovations in patient care during the Crimean War, particularly her work to improve hospital conditions, led to a substantial decrease in mortality rates and earned her the title 'The Lady with the Lamp'.

💡Nursing

Nursing is a profession focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. The video emphasizes Nightingale's role in professionalizing nursing, establishing it as a respectable and essential field. Her work during the Crimean War and her subsequent establishment of nursing education standards exemplify the holistic and compassionate approach that defines modern nursing.

💡Crimean War

The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from 1853 to 1856 in which the British Army, among others, was involved. In the script, the war is highlighted as a pivotal event in Nightingale's career. It was during this time that she led a team of nurses to improve the deplorable conditions in military hospitals, which resulted in a significant reduction in soldier mortality rates and solidified her legacy in nursing.

💡Holistic Care

Holistic care refers to an approach that considers the whole person—body, mind, spirit, and emotions—in the process of promoting health and preventing and treating disease. The video underscores Nightingale's belief in this comprehensive form of care, which includes not just medical treatment but also environmental factors like cleanliness, hygiene, and natural light.

💡Public Health

Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and improving the quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities, and individuals. The video mentions Nightingale's influence on public health, indicating her broader impact on health care beyond the hospital setting.

💡Religious Calling

A religious calling is a strong belief that one is destined for a particular occupation or role, often linked to spiritual or religious convictions. In the context of the video, Nightingale's sense of divine calling drove her pursuit of nursing despite societal and familial opposition, illustrating how personal faith can motivate professional dedication.

💡Deaconesses

Deaconesses are women in certain Christian traditions who are dedicated to religious and charitable work. The video describes Nightingale's training with deaconesses in Germany, which contributed to her nursing philosophy. This keyword highlights the historical roots and religious inspirations behind modern nursing practices.

💡Notes on Nursing

Notes on Nursing is a foundational book written by Florence Nightingale, offering guidance and establishing principles for the nursing profession. The video mentions this work as an example of Nightingale's commitment to documenting and sharing nursing knowledge, which was a pioneering act in the field.

💡St. Thomas's Hospital

St. Thomas's Hospital is a historic hospital in London where Nightingale was involved in the rebuilding and reform of nursing practices. The video uses this hospital as an example of Nightingale's influence on healthcare infrastructure and her establishment of nursing training programs.

💡Secular Nursing

Secular nursing refers to the practice of nursing without religious affiliations or influences. The video explains that despite Nightingale's own religious beliefs, she believed nursing should be secular, emphasizing training and practice that is inclusive and based on medical and ethical principles rather than religious doctrine.

💡International Nurses Day

International Nurses Day is observed around the world on May 12 each year to commemorate the birth of Florence Nightingale. The video concludes with a reference to this day, highlighting the ongoing recognition and celebration of nursing's contributions to society, as exemplified by tributes like the one at the Houses of Parliament during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Highlights

Florence Nightingale is considered the most important person in the history of nursing.

Her influence spans across women's history, nursing, medicine, and military history.

Florence Nightingale was born into a wealthy English family and named after the city of her birth.

She received a divine calling at the age of 16, feeling a sense of vocation to work in the world.

Her parents were initially against her career in nursing due to her social standing.

Florence Nightingale's work emphasized the importance of holistic care.

She believed in the natural healing powers of the human body and the role of nursing in facilitating this.

Florence Nightingale wrote extensively about nursing, establishing it as a serious field of study.

She trained with the Sisters of Mercy in Paris and the deaconesses in Germany, drawing from both Catholic and Protestant nursing practices.

Her work during the Crimean War, where she became known as the lady with the lamp, significantly reduced mortality rates among soldiers.

Florence Nightingale's approach to nursing included attention to environmental factors like hygiene and natural light.

She was instrumental in rebuilding St. Thomas's hospital in London, incorporating her principles of nursing into the design.

Florence Nightingale developed a nursing curriculum that included both hands-on training and classroom instruction.

She emphasized that nursing training should be secular and accessible regardless of social class or background.

Florence Nightingale's influence extended to the standardization of midwifery training.

Her work is commemorated annually on International Nurses Day, which falls on her birthday.

In 2020, the Houses of Parliament in England were lit up in her honor during International Nurses Day.

Transcripts

in this lecture we're going to be

looking at the figure of Florence

Nightingale who's the single most

important person in the history of

nursing as many of you will already know

and I suspect many of you have already

studied her in the context of your

education so Florence Nightingale is

probably one of the most famous people

in the world even 200 years after her

birth and this is partly because she's

sitting at a Nexus of a number of

different

aspects of our culture right now so

women's history so she's included on a

lot of sites that do with have to do

with women's history nursing history

history of medicine military history so

she's been influential in in public

health so all of these areas uh Nursing

education and so when you go looking

she's everywhere so almost every nursing

school website I've come across has a

lot to say about her so she's clearly

just a absolutely central figure and I

will be looking at some of her ideas but

I'll also be highlighting some of her

religious ideas because I think that is

one aspect that often uh doesn't get

looked at in these other these other

forums so who was Florence night

Andale she was born into a wealthy

English family uh on her father's side

they were land owners so Gentry and on

her mother's side wealthy merchants and

so she had a typical she was born in

Florence where her family were on an

extended vacation so she was named after

the city she was born in she born in

Italy and then when they returned she

was given a typical education for a

woman at the time and so many of you

will know at this time in countries like

England and later in Canada women had

very few rights they were not permitted

to go to university they couldn't hold

degrees they couldn't practice

professions like law and so on so very

kind of even for upper class women it

would be a very limited scope and so it

as would have been typical of the time

she would have just been expected to

make a good marriage um with somebody of

a similar class to herself so so what

what becomes different here so this is

even

before that early feminist movement

starts uh starts to build in the

Victorian period and so we're told that

uh she received a Divine calling so she

has a sense that she's meant to do

something with her life to and that will

give her this sense of meaning and

purpose and we're told according to her

biography and this is completely

believable that her parents were

absolutely appalled because a woman of

her social position was not expected to

work um and so the idea of her working

they really pushed back against this for

many many years the idea of her moving

outside of a family setting and also um

this sort of social setting we're going

to see is very similar to what we see

with um sicile Saunders and it's worth

thinking about I don't pretend to know

what was why they're so similar but uh

definitely this idea of pushing against

what's expected of you as a woman what's

expected of you for your social class

and we're told also that particularly

wanting to go into nursing this would

have been seen as something unheard of

uh and I had actually I've actually

heard of this in the 1950s that families

would object because it was seen was

almost seen as being a servant so uh you

know taking care of people so so she's

sort of kicking against the traces in a

number of different ways when she starts

wanting to have a career outside of her

home

so Florence night Andale actually was

known for writing a great deal so we

have a lot of information about her

and unlike a lot of the other topics I'm

covering in this course there's a lot

written on Florence Nightingale so we

know from her letters and um her

writings that she had some kind of what

we would call I don't know if you call

it a conversion experience or kind of a

call when she was around 16 years old so

according to her own own account uh I'll

just I have the quote here I don't think

any words had a fuller possession of My

Mind through life than Christ putting

himself in the place of the sick the

infirm and the Prisoner and so at this

age she has the sense of vocation so of

being called by the Divine to do this

work in the world and it's often been

said in religious studies when we look

at World cultures that that can become

one of the only ways that women can

override that cultural um limitation

right so we saw with the um nursing

orders that those women were playing

administrative roles and political roles

that they would not have been able to do

if they had been in a purely secular

setting so in a sense this overriding

idea of that this is a call from God

allows them to it also gives them the

confidence I think to to move forward on

their on what they want to do and we can

see this goes right back to the very

first lecture of about the the early

Christian communities and the idea from

uh the gospel of Matthew that you're to

to work uh with the sick the infirm and

the

Prisoner and so while Florence

Nightingale would have been Church of

England Anglican she's not Catholic uh

obviously same book so uh these are

Christian ideals and would be be very

hard for her parents if they say they're

Christian to to argue with um so it

becomes also a very effective way of

arguing for this and so apparently she

refused a proposal of marriage and her

parents eventually relented and allowed

her to go and train so one of the first

things that she does is she makes uh

visits to to Paris and to Germany so

France and Germany and um in the I find

it very interesting and and as somebody

who works in religious studies not

surprising that almost all the

biographical material just skirts this

hole they just give it one line but what

she does is she goes to France and works

with the Sisters of Mercy and so she's

developing in her own mind what this is

going to look like so she's looking at

Best Practices that exist so she goes to

work with the Sisters of Mercy in Paris

and this would have been a nursing order

so I'm not going to talk about that

because we I already did a whole lecture

on that but the other place she goes to

is Germany and she works with um what

our called the decises of Kaiser worth

and so this is a Protestant form of of a

nursing order and so uh many people have

not heard of this it was founded by uh

Theodore and Frederica flatner he he was

a Lutheran P pastor and his wife and

they developed this idea of the deacon

and so I I talked at some length about

deacons in in those first lectures so

this is a continuation and so I think

it's it's very destructive that these

practices continue over many over a

millennia essentially and in a sense the

role of the deacon has been revived

beginning in the Victorian time within

protestantism because with the

Reformation the protestan tradition does

a away of the monasteries and the

convent so there's sort of no place that

these orders are being trained so this

is one of the first uh sort of early

versions of training nurses and so it

was done in in Germany uh under the

offices of the Lutheran Church and so

Florence Nightingale goes to train with

these deaconesses in Germany so she's

drawing on both a Catholic and a

Protestant uh approach to

nursing it was actually a former student

of mine that introduced me to some of

the the intricacies of um Florence

nightingale's philosophy of Nursing and

uh so the idea of the these dimensions

of care and it's very clear that nursing

from this point um and probably from the

beginning was more open to what we would

refer to as holistic care and without a

doubt uh nurses have been I've in my

experience anyway open to various forms

of alternative healing as well and um so

we see with Florence Nightingale and

this is why she's also important uh in

the anals of of Public Health that she

was very concerned with all the the

things around healing so it wasn't just

about for instance performing a surgery

so the environment the person's living

in uh hygiene cleanliness uh natural

light all of these things are part of of

what becomes standard nursing practice

and teaching so I just want to look at

from her notes on nursing so another

thing she did was start to write about

this and so

again it's hard to overestimate how

important this is because we know that

medical doctors have been writing case

histories and writing about it since the

time of the ancient Greeks like

hypocrates and gallon but within nursing

really to my in my understanding nothing

was written down and this is partly I

would argue because it wasn't taken as

seriously so uh we see Florence

Nightingale taking it seriously writing

this down for for people to read as part

of curriculum and so this is what she

has to say in notes on nursing surgery

removes the bullet out of the limb which

is an obstruction to cure but nature

heals the wound so definitely situating

which would be very similar

to the way medicine is approached by

hypocrates that ancient Greek tradition

of recognizing the role of the natural

environment around you but also that

your body is part of Nature and that

really you're just facilitating the

natural healing of the body so it is

with medicine the function of an organ

be becomes obstructed medicine so far as

we know assists nature to remove the

obstruction but does nothing more so

there's a kind of fundamental humility

here in her approach that all of the

nursing is is around supporting what uh

the natural uh Curative powers of the

human

body and what nursing has to do in

either case is to put the patient in the

best condition for nature to act upon

him and so we find within the teaching

of Nightingale that she's very um she

talks a great deal about all of these

dimensions of the person that then

contribute to their healing including

their mental Outlook and um as well as

those more practical aspects of nursing

so even though as with all medicine in

places like Canada the technical aspects

have really come to the for in our time

period nursing has kind of stubbornly

maintained this emphasis and I think

it's it is under a lot of strain and I I

I hope we can talk about it in the

discussion boards but definitely n

Andale is clear that all of these

aspects have to be paid attention

to the turning point in Florence

nightingale's career and really a

turning point in history in a sense as

we're going to see is the creman war

which uh breaks out in

1853 and the British are fighting in an

area which is now contested between

Ukraine and Russia and so uh she it is

during the Crimean War she becomes known

as the lady with the lamp which and she

becomes a kind of icon of Nursing and I

would I would argue even to this day

she's kind of the icon of Nursing in in

a lot of people's minds and so uh in the

beginning the Army did not want her

there and so she had to push and

apparently she was referred to as

unfeminine and a nuisance by a number of

the uh military Elite that were

organizing the British forces but she

insisted on going because she had heard

of the conditions for the soldiers there

and so in one of her biographies it says

how Florence nightingale's hygiene

Crusade saved millions and so during

this period as she's dealing with what

she's the kind of the card she's dealt

this becomes a pattern uh going forward

for any form of Nursing and also uh in

in during war wartime uh which is

obviously the worst time to be a doctor

or a nurse

um

so she takes uh a group of nurses with

her she puts together this group of

nurses and some are um secular but also

she calls upon the Irish Sisters of

Mercy so again we see this coming

together as we're going to see in

hospice care of these ideals emerging

out of that pre-existing tradition and

then Florence night Andale is more

bringing in more the scientific

technical aspects of nursing so they

start to come together in the figure of

of Florence Nightingale so she goes to

Crimea and what she finds there is uh as

we now know completely horrifying and

what she finds is that the soldiers are

dying mostly of the conditions around

them not necessarily of their wounds so

they're dying of things like typhoid

they're dying of denter so things that

can be dealt with through through

hygiene and so according to the accounts

she and her nurses the first thing they

did was they went to work scrubbing

every inch of the facilities that they

were working in they established a

laundry and she was also

uh fundraising so again we see that

incredible energy so she's she's also

getting money she's getting donations to

come in to pay for all of this and so

um so we're told that as a result the

mortality rates dropped by probably

around 40% so just unbelievable

unbelievable success in this case and so

clearly she becomes she becomes famous

at this time even the Queen of England

is is paying attention to her and so uh

in the London times she's uh referred to

as a ministering Angel so this idea

of we've talked about this in the

discussion boards that she's she's

occupying a role that Society accepts

for women so it's not completely she's

not seen as completely

uh walking you know moving outside of

what's acceptable for women but without

a doubt she's called a Trailblazer and

so are the nurses that went with her and

so when we say Trailblazer that idea of

opening up a path for others to follow

and so really it's in this at this very

challenging time in the Crimean War

where she walks right into the fire that

it establishes a lot of her thinking

about what nursing is going to look like

and what nursing training is going to

look like going forward

there are many ways to approach the work

of Florence Nightingale because it's

such a vast body of work and I don't

well I kind of do know where she got the

energy she had that Zeal that Victorian

religious Zeal uh that was motivating

her but she was extremely active in a a

wide variety of areas so one one

important one was uh changes made to St

Thomas's hospital so according to their

website the hospital had existed uh from

the 12th century and um in London on the

T River but with uh with the ideas of

Florence Nightingale it gets rebuilt and

um and it starts in

1872 and so she oversees the building

the rebuilding of the premises so that

it reflects her principles of nursing uh

which is referred to on the website as

Pavilion style so seven large separate

buildings connected by walkways she

recognized the importance of design for

improving hygiene and health so so even

in terms of the design of building she's

uh she's involved in that and part of

this is that that hospital will then

become the site of training for nurses

and so she starts developing uh

curriculum for nursing and so one of a

very important person in this history is

uh Lyn McDonald who's done a lot of work

uh collecting her writings and so on

she's um a professor at uh University of

galf and uh I will be attaching this

document she's just done so much work

getting putting this all in one place so

she McDonald has also looked at um night

and Gale's faith and that the influence

that it had on her on her work and so

her argument is that there's a strain of

what of methodism in in Florence night

Andale I don't want to get too far into

this but it's a it's a stream within uh

Ang ISM that's much more activist and

social justice oriented and so this was

uh also part of what was uh was

influencing her and so in terms of

Nursing education uh we find also

that for for Florence Nightingale

despite her religious beliefs for her

nursing is secular it's it's nurses

should be coming from all backgrounds

they should be uh working with people of

all backgrounds so so it was much more

just her com providing her motivation it

wasn't necess like coloring the nursing

itself and so um so we find that uh her

approach to nursing for instance uh that

nurses would be trained regardless of

social class or educational background

or any other aspect of their background

so there we see that very clearly the

idea that uh religious background isn't

important uh so training was to be

fundamentally on the apprenticeship

model handson in the wards with other

nurses so with senior nurses which would

be also typical of uh for a medical

doctor classes given by medical doctors

augmented by training so that idea of

in-class training supplemented by uh

work work on the on the ward so the idea

of a home sister or Mistress of

probationers organizing the training

under the

matron um District nurses had to be

Hospital trained so the so there's the

idea of all the different arms of

nursing so whether there working in in

the community whether they're working in

a hospital that they all have this

standard training and they learn things

like hygiene and so on and so also the

idea of Midwifery she was very

influential in terms of getting that

into into alignment with the standard

the standard curriculum of nursing so I

think you can see very clearly why she's

so important obviously I'm just touching

on it uh but if any of you want to work

on this uh as your final essay paper

you're welcome to do that there's

there's quite a lot of information

available on her unlike with the uh

Catholic nursing orders so I wanted to

end with this image which I found very

touching actually um which is from 2020

the houses of Parliament in England were

lit up on International Nurses Day so

the day obviously was for all nurses uh

but it was on the birthday of Florence

Nightingale so that's her image also

projected onto the houses of Parliament

and so uh it would it would project her

her date of birth her date and then it

would projected this our nation thanks

those who care and so this came

obviously right at the height of the

covid pandemic when health care workers

were leaping into the fry and I'm sure

many of you know cases I I personally

know

cases there was a woman I was working

with at the uh niping Serenity hospice

who had was just about to retire when

covid hit and

basically immediately leapt into the fry

and was organizing all the different

clinics in North Bay to get shots to

people and I know there's um uh he was a

former Dean at nippa Singh who hadn't

been a practicing nurse for many years

Rick vanderly but he went in and started

giving vaccinations so it was really you

could really see this traditional uh

approach of dedication and service we

all saw it um uh doctors too of course

uh during covid and so I think it's I

think it's fantastic that um in England

they

they created this tribute both to

Florence night Andale and to nurses

everywhere