Parliament vs the Colonies (US History EOC Review - USHC 1.2)
Summary
TLDRThis video provides a detailed overview of the events leading to the American Revolution, focusing on tensions between the British Parliament and the American colonies. It covers key historical moments such as the French and Indian War, the introduction of various taxes like the Sugar, Stamp, and Townshend Acts, and colonial resistance including protests, boycotts, and violent confrontations like the Boston Massacre. The video emphasizes the growing divide over issues like taxation, economic freedom, and the right to self-defense, culminating in the colonists' decision to fight for independence.
Takeaways
- 🚂 The session focuses on the conflict between the British Parliament and the 13 American colonies, especially leading to the American Revolution.
- 💸 The French and Indian War caused significant debt for Britain, leading them to tax the colonies to help pay for it, sparking resentment.
- 🏛️ The British imposed several controversial taxes on the colonies, including the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townsend Acts, leading to resistance.
- ⚖️ Colonists were angry about the lack of jury trials in Admiralty courts for smugglers, a right previously guaranteed by the Magna Carta.
- 🛑 The Stamp Act of 1765, an internal tax on legal documents, sparked mass protests and boycotts, with colonists rejecting taxation without representation.
- 👥 Groups like the Sons of Liberty used mob violence and intimidation to protest taxes, while the Daughters of Liberty supported boycotts by producing homemade goods.
- 💀 The Boston Massacre of 1770 was a turning point, depicted in propaganda like Paul Revere's engraving, further increasing tensions.
- 🍵 The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea, leading to the Boston Tea Party, a major act of defiance against British control.
- ⚔️ The Intolerable Acts were harsh penalties on Massachusetts, leading to the organization of Minutemen and preparing for conflict with British forces.
- 🔫 The first open conflict between the colonies and Britain occurred at Lexington and Concord, marking the start of the American Revolution.
Q & A
What was the major turning point in the relationship between Britain and its 13 colonies?
-The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was the major turning point because it left Britain with a significant national debt, leading them to impose taxes on the colonies to help pay for it, which frustrated the colonists.
Why did the British impose new taxes on the colonies after the French and Indian War?
-The British imposed new taxes because they felt the war was partly fought to protect the colonies, and they believed the colonies should help cover the war's costs, especially due to Britain's rising national debt.
What were the three significant taxes imposed on the colonies in the 1760s?
-The three significant taxes were the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Townshend Acts, each of which contributed to growing tension between Britain and the colonies.
What was the Sugar Act, and why did it upset the colonists?
-The Sugar Act was a tax on imported sugar, and although the tax rate was lower than before, the British actually enforced it this time, which angered colonists, particularly smugglers, who saw it as a tax increase.
Why was the Stamp Act particularly controversial?
-The Stamp Act was controversial because it was an internal tax on legal documents, and the colonists believed that only their own legislatures had the right to impose such taxes, not Parliament.
How did the colonists react to the Stamp Act?
-The colonists reacted with mass resistance, including boycotts of British goods, mob violence, and protests. Groups like the Sons of Liberty also engaged in acts of intimidation against tax collectors.
Who were the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty?
-The Sons of Liberty were a group of colonial activists who used intimidation and mob violence to resist British taxation. The Daughters of Liberty contributed by making homespun fabrics to reduce the colonies' dependence on British textiles.
What led to the Boston Massacre, and how was it portrayed?
-The Boston Massacre occurred in 1770 when British troops clashed with a mob. It was portrayed by propagandists like Paul Revere as a cold-blooded attack on peaceful colonists, though the actual event was much more chaotic.
What was the Tea Act, and how did it contribute to the American Revolution?
-The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea in the colonies, which angered the colonists even though it lowered tea prices. It was seen as a violation of economic freedom and led to the Boston Tea Party.
What were the Intolerable Acts, and why were they significant?
-The Intolerable Acts were a series of punitive laws passed after the Boston Tea Party. They included closing the port of Boston, imposing martial law in Massachusetts, and allowing British soldiers to be tried in Britain. These acts unified the colonies against Britain and helped spark the American Revolution.
Outlines
🚂 Introduction to British-American Colonial Tensions
The presenter begins with an engaging introduction, setting the stage for an in-depth discussion on the conflict between the British Parliament and the American colonies. He humorously references a 'train of abuses and usurpations' mentioned by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, explaining how it symbolizes the growing strain between the two. The narrative starts with the French and Indian War (1754-1763), a turning point that left Britain financially strained. To pay off war debts, Britain began imposing taxes on the colonies, causing friction. The first conflict involves British standing armies in the colonies, which were seen as unnecessary but were stationed there to justify imposing taxes on the colonists.
💸 The Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Colonial Resistance
This section delves into the key taxation acts imposed by Britain, starting with the Sugar Act, which taxed imported foreign sugar. The presenter highlights how British enforcement of these taxes escalated tensions, particularly among smugglers like John Hancock. The Stamp Act of 1765, however, incited even more resistance as it introduced an internal tax on legal documents, which colonial legislatures believed should be under their control. Mass protests ensued, including boycotts of British goods, mob violence, and intimidation of tax collectors. The concept of 'no taxation without representation' became central to the colonial protest.
🧵 Sons and Daughters of Liberty Take Action
The Sons of Liberty, portrayed as a lawless mob by loyalist accounts, engaged in violent resistance, such as tarring and feathering tax collectors. Meanwhile, the Daughters of Liberty supported the boycott by producing homespun fabric to reduce reliance on British textiles. Wearing British-made clothes became socially unacceptable, and even prominent figures like George Washington adopted homespun clothing to show patriotism. The protests, combined with pressure from British merchants, led to the repeal of the Stamp Act. However, the introduction of the Townshend Acts in 1767 placed new taxes on imported goods like paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea, reigniting protests.
⚔️ The Boston Massacre and the End of the Townshend Acts
The presenter describes the Boston Massacre of 1770, a violent confrontation between British troops and a mob, which escalated tensions further. Paul Revere’s engraving of the event was used as propaganda, depicting the British as aggressors. While the Townshend Acts were mostly repealed following the massacre, the tax on tea remained, fueling future conflict. This period is characterized by a relative lull in hostilities until the Tea Act of 1773 and subsequent events, which set the stage for revolution.
🍵 The Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts
In response to the Tea Act of 1773, which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, the Boston Tea Party took place. Colonists, disguised as Mohawk Indians, dumped tea into Boston Harbor in a dramatic act of defiance. The British retaliated with the Intolerable Acts, which imposed martial law on Massachusetts, closed the Boston port, and placed the colony under strict royal control. These acts outraged the colonists and intensified preparations for conflict, with local militia groups known as Minutemen drilling regularly in anticipation of British aggression.
🔫 Lexington and Concord: The Start of Armed Conflict
The British attempt to seize colonial arms at Concord marked a significant escalation. The Minutemen, local militia groups composed of ordinary citizens, took up arms to defend their rights, leading to the first skirmishes of the American Revolution. This moment, famously referred to as the 'shot heard round the world,' symbolized the beginning of open warfare between the colonies and Britain. The presenter sets the stage for the next segment, which will explore the Declaration of Independence and the events that followed.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡French and Indian War
💡Sugar Act
💡Stamp Act
💡Sons of Liberty
💡Townshend Acts
💡Boston Massacre
💡Tea Act
💡Boston Tea Party
💡Intolerable Acts
💡Minutemen
Highlights
The French and Indian War (1754-1763) represents a major turning point in the relationship between Britain and its American colonies.
After the war, Britain expected the colonies to help pay off the national debt accumulated during the conflict.
Parliament enacted three key taxes in the 1760s: the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Townshend Acts, each contributing to growing colonial unrest.
The Sugar Act was an import tax on foreign sugar, and although it lowered previous taxes, it was now enforced, leading to increased frustration among colonists.
The Stamp Act of 1765 was controversial because it imposed an internal tax on legal documents without the colonies' consent, sparking mass protests and boycotts.
Colonists responded to the Stamp Act with the slogan 'No taxation without representation,' rooted in the traditional English rights established by the Magna Carta.
The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty played key roles in resisting British policies through protests, boycotts, and intimidation of tax collectors.
The Boston Massacre in 1770, although a violent confrontation, was portrayed by figures like Paul Revere as British troops firing on an innocent crowd, fueling anti-British sentiment.
Despite repealing most Townshend Acts, Parliament retained the tax on tea, which would later contribute to the Boston Tea Party in 1773.
The Boston Tea Party was an act of protest against the Tea Act, where colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, dumped British tea into the harbor.
In retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, Britain imposed the Intolerable Acts, which included the Boston Port Act and the Massachusetts Government Act, putting the colony under military rule.
The Quartering Act and Administration of Justice Act further angered colonists by allowing British soldiers to be housed in private buildings and sent back to Britain for trial.
The Minutemen, a militia made up of regular colonists, began preparing for battle, leading to the conflict at Lexington and Concord, the first battle of the American Revolution.
The Intolerable Acts escalated tensions and convinced many colonists that armed resistance against British rule was necessary.
The conflict at Concord, where British troops attempted to seize colonial arms, marked the beginning of open rebellion with the 'shot heard round the world.'
Transcripts
hey there students welcome back to
intensive review all aboard all right
because we are about to hop on to a long
train of abuses and usurpations never
mind trains didn't exist back then I
just like to blow this whistle so anyway
let's begin we're going to look at US HC
1.2 which is going to focus on the
conflict between parliament in the
colonies I'll keep in mind that I've
already done a segment on this standard
because we still got we've got a lot to
cover here so I've done a previous
segment and then I'm going to finish up
in this segment and we're going to look
specifically at this point at this long
train of abuses and usurpations that
Jefferson talks about in the Declaration
of Independence and we're going to look
at this process that leads to the
ultimate separation of the British and
their 13 American colonies so first of
all the French and Indian War happened
from 1754 to 1763 and this represents a
major turning point in the relationship
between the mother country and the 13
colonies now why is that the case first
of all that Wars cost money alright we
know that from all of these wars in Iraq
and Afghanistan that have added a good
vet to our deficit and subsequently the
national debt that keeps on piling
higher and higher well the British were
no different when you look at the French
and Indian War you see the British
national debt that is climbing and the
British are really kind of frustrated
here because the way that they see it
that they fought this war partly to
protect their colonies and they want the
colonies to help pay for it and the
other thing is that the British
citizenry they don't like standing
armies remember we were talking about
the English Bill of Rights and one of
the things was a prohibition on standing
armies well the British are thinking you
know what we could keep a standing army
but we can hide it in the colonies and
then we can get them to pay for it and
we'll get them to pay for it with taxes
because after all
they need some they need protection
right from these troops they're somehow
necessary even though the French have
been defeated or something like that but
Parliament is going to enter into this
conflict of the colonies and it's gonna
start off with three taxes now keep in
mind I'll try to keep this in groups of
three whenever I can so the three taxes
in the 1760s now what's important is not
so much the exact year but that you know
that this starts in the 1760s that
you've got these different conflicts
here alright now keep in mind that
you've got the Sugar Act the Stamp Act
and the Townsend acts each of which I'm
going to talk about briefly individually
alright now keep in mind that you've
already had the proclamation line of
1763 as well which limited the colonists
from going over the Appalachian
Mountains now keep in mind this is kind
of an insult to the colonists because it
says really that it was your fault that
this war started if you all hadn't been
going west then you wouldn't gotten into
it with the French and the Indians all
right so you've got that proclamation
line but then you've got these three
taxes now first of all smuggling it's a
serious problem now we've got a new Star
Wars movie coming out I think Christmas
and you're gonna see Han Solo famous
smuggler on the Millennium Falcon
now this is a serious problem John
Hancock was a smuggler a lot of people
know him for his signature they don't
realize this guy made a lot of money
smuggling because what happened here was
although the colonists were not supposed
to trade with other colonies they did it
anyway
because it was cheaper and they could
make money so the Sugar Act was an
import tax on foreign sugar and what
happened here was this tax was actually
lower than the tax had been but the
difference is that they were collecting
it remember the salutary neglect that's
over so the British lower the taxes but
they say well we're going to collect it
when we didn't collect the old one and
the colonists specially the smuggling
class they're thinking well I'm paying
more taxes now than when they were hired
because you're collecting it so in
reality it's a tax increase also sets up
Admiralty courts when ships are capped
then they are brought before a British
Admiralty court and not brought before
juries so that's another thing that the
smugglers are really being thoroughly
punished here in a way that they weren't
before in and keep in mind jury trials
this is something that is guaranteed by
the Magna Carta this is set up to where
you can lose your property if you are
caught smuggling and a jury is not going
to take that property away from you
it'll be a British Admiralty Court and
then in 1765 we've got the stamp act now
the Stamp Act was especially
controversial because it was an internal
tax on legal documents the colonists
didn't really dispute Parliament's right
to tax trade but when it came to
internal taxes something like a sales
tax or size tax or something like that
then it was something that should be
decided by the colonial legislatures so
what happened here in this Stamp Act was
that if you wanted to get a legal
document let's say you're buying
property you're getting married or you
are getting a university degree or
something like that
then you would need to print this on
special paper with a stamp on and you
had to pay a tax to get that paper now
the tax wasn't all that much but it was
not consented to and this met with mass
resistance in the sense of boycotts not
buying British goods which that was kind
of the whole trade thing that the
colonists export raw materials then they
bring in finished goods but they weren't
buying the finished goods there was mob
violence where people would break stuff
they demonstrate in the streets they
would tar and feather a tax collector or
vandalizes house or something like that
you can see this stamp here that is a
protest stamp printed in a paper and
this whole rallying cry of no taxation
without representation keep in mind that
that goes back to the Magna Carta that
goes back to this idea that is enshrined
in the British system so keep in mind
that these protests are rooted in
respect for traditional English rights
and you see resistance in the form of
the Sons of Liberty who engaged in
intimidation
and mob violence mass protests you see
these guys tarring and feathering a tax
collector under the Liberty tree now of
course if you look at this document you
can see that it is from a loyalist sort
of point of view that you see that
you've got a noose there and the Sons of
Liberty are being portrayed as kind of a
lawless mob which to a certain extent
they are now then there are the
daughters of Liberty now the daughters
of Liberty are assisting in the boycott
efforts by producing homes fun fabric
and what they want to do was reduce
dependence on British textiles and what
this was was always like those people
who shop with a thrift store not because
they can't afford to buy their clothes
new but because they want to be trendy
or something like that this was where
that all kind of got started we got some
of you in here that fit that bill and
what happened here was that if you're
wearing a nice British suit that's a
no-no even if you're George Washington
or somebody rich like that you should be
wearing a suit of homespun cloth to show
your patriotism
so the daughters of Liberty are making
this possible and then we can see here
that the Sons of Liberty are assembling
in order to hear of the resignation of a
tax collector who has no doubt been
intimidated into this resignation and
the Stamp Act the following year is
repealed largely because British
merchants are saying like hey we need
this business and if this is gonna cut
in our business we need to get rid of it
but Parliament's not done they are going
to levy another tax on certain products
now keep in mind these that this will be
a trade tax it won't be an internal tax
but the Townsend acts are going to tax
paper paint lead glass and tea it's just
nice to remember those things got a ring
to it so the Townsend acts in 1767 and
other tax on imports paper paint lead
glass and tea and once again you've got
more protests and that sort of thing and
then we will see that there are British
ships and all of that kind of stuff and
leading to the
Boston Massacre all right in 1770 you
see a confrontation between British
troops and a rowdy mob you know really a
rowdy lawless mob and that's not
portrayed as such in this engraving by
Paul Revere that you see British troops
all neatly lined up firing upon a crowd
which seems calm which includes women
and children and a dog that's I don't
know a stray or something like that you
see behind the British soldiers where it
says butcher's Hall well this was Paul
Revere's propaganda all right this was
not how it actually happened how it
actually happened was that this was at
night there was mob somebody yelled fire
stuff happens all right now the Townsend
Acts are repealed in the light of the
Boston Massacre with one exception the
tax on T now keep in mind here that when
we look at these years we see the
Townsend acts in 1767 then we see the
Boston Massacre in 1770 and nothing else
really happens until 1773 so the Boston
Massacre is really kind of an isolated
incident in the midst of all this so you
can really divide this into two phases
that you've seen Parliament tax the
colonies and that's kind of over the
revolutions not really inevitable yet
but then we start to see it heat up all
right that Parliament keeps the tax on T
just to show that they can that they are
lifting taxes but they are doing it kind
of you know hey we're gonna keep one tax
there and that tax is really what's
going to kind of contribute to this the
chain of events it's going to lead to
the revolution starts with the Tea Act
continues into the Boston Tea Party the
Intolerable Acts and then Lexington and
Concord all right so the Tea Act is
passed in 1773 and what this did is it
gave the British East India Company I
believe a monopoly on tea and they were
the only people who could sell it in the
colonies now this was good tea at a good
price but keep in mind that part of the
American Revolution is about economic
freedom and if you're an American you're
thinking hey you're not doing me a favor
here selling me this tea at low prices
that's good tea speaking of teachers
recharge a little bit all right but this
is a monopoly and Parliament is telling
me cut the
colonies how they will run their economy
and this leads the Boston Tea Party
which is an act of vandalism anybody
participating in this today would be
arrested people dressed up like Mohawk
Indians the Sons of Liberty and they
threw the tea in the harbor and you know
you don't keep it you're not stealing
the T this is vandalism people but it is
a massive scale of property damage and
estimated not about ninety thousand
dollars worth
that's a lot all right and what happens
as a result is the Intolerable Acts now
the Intolerable Acts they together
Institute martial law in the
Massachusetts colony military rule
essentially and what happens here is
that you've got the Minutemen who
rallied together all right now of course
the Intolerable Acts just in case now I
don't have those listed because you may
not run into those specifically on the
EOC but it's good to know what they are
okay the Intolerable Acts first of all
you've got the Boston port act which
closes the port of Boston all right so
the Boston port will be closed until it
is paid for and then the Massachusetts
Government Act which puts the colony
under the direction of a royal governor
and this royal governor is a member of
the militaries of general all right so
you've got that and then you've got a
quartering act now this is another
quartering act on top of one that
already been passed and what this does
is this allows the governor to find
private buildings to put troops because
Massachusetts was not building quarters
for the soldiers they were not providing
quarters for the soldiers like they were
supposed to all right and I'm having a
little bit of a Rick Perry moment I know
the Quebec Act oh the administration of
Justice Act and this is where British
soldiers are going to be sent then
British officials are going to be sent
back to the mother country for trial
which this especially insulting to the
colonists who had given the soldiers
involved in the Boston Massacre a not
guilty verdict so British officials and
soldiers are going to go back to Britain
for trial and then finally there's the
cool
back act which is just kind of like
icing on the cake in which québec's
territory is expanded and Catholicism
has made the official religion and this
was a nod to the people of Quebec so
Quebec gets a little thumbs up meanwhile
Massachusetts gets a thumbs down now of
course Quebec is not going to secede
from the British Empire with the rest of
the colonies and then you've got these
Minutemen now the Minutemen called this
because they're just shopkeepers and
teachers and lawyers and farmers and
bankers and regular people who are
drilling these are militia troops and
they are drilling regularly and they are
preparing for battle now these people
were typically engaged in defending
against like you know frontier Indian
attacks and that sort of thing if they
were needed but you start to get the
picture that these Minutemen are
drilling for another reason that they're
drilling because they want to fight the
British and the British get intimidated
and they send an army to go and
confiscate the Arsenal at Concord
alright that the colonists had put
together a store of arms and the British
are sent there to seize the Arsenal and
take it away so that the colonists can't
defend themselves and this is where the
line is drawn because this is an attack
on the basic right of self-defense and
the colonists decide now it is the time
to use violence and this is the old
North Bridge where you had this you know
this battle you know the shot heard
round the world and that sort of thing
and then there is Massachusetts all
right which still you know takes pride
in this Minuteman heritage even though
they call the base state not the
Minuteman state but anyway that's what
leads us to the American Revolution and
in the next segment which I hope you'll
watch with us we are going to get into
the Declaration of Independence and all
of the ends now to that see you in a bit
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