Review Buku #7 - "Alat Musik Dawai" (Irwansyah Harahap)

Seni Budaya Smanthree
5 Jan 202310:09

Summary

TLDRIn this book review, the focus is on 'Alat Musik Dawai' by Irwansyah Harahap, a comprehensive guide to string instruments in Indonesian music. The book explains the classification of string instruments as chordophones, highlighting their origin from string vibrations. It covers various instruments like guitar, viola, and mandolin, which have been adapted into local Indonesian music. The script delves into the acoustics of string vibration, the importance of frequency in sound production, and the cultural significance of these instruments in rituals and traditions. It also discusses the influence of trade, colonization, and religious missions on the evolution of string instruments across cultures.

Takeaways

  • 🎼 The book 'Alat Musik Dawai' by Irwansyah Harahap is a comprehensive guide to string instruments in Indonesian music.
  • 🌐 String instruments are classified as chordophones because they produce sound from the vibration of strings.
  • 🎸 Examples of string instruments discussed include the guitar, viola, Lira, and mandolin, which have spread globally through trade, colonization, and religious missions.
  • 🌟 The book highlights the rich diversity in the naming of string instruments across different cultures and regions, such as 'duta' in Uzbekistan and 'sitar' in North India.
  • 📚 The author points out that knowledge about string instruments in Indonesia is still limited due to insufficient references and limited exposure to performances.
  • 🎶 Acoustics of string instruments are explained through the vibration of strings, which affects the pitch and volume of the sound produced.
  • 🎵 The concept of musical notes and frequencies is introduced, explaining how regular vibrations create musical sounds.
  • 🎵 Different playing techniques for string instruments are mentioned, such as plucking, bowing, striking, and using a plectrum.
  • 🎵 The book discusses various types of string instruments based on the number of strings, materials used, and whether the strings are fixed or moveable.
  • 🌐 The cultural context of string instruments is explored, showing their importance in rituals, religious practices, and as cultural expressions across civilizations.
  • 📖 The book encourages readers to delve deeper into the subject by reading 'Alat Musik Dawai' to gain a more comprehensive understanding of string instruments.

Q & A

  • What is the title of the book discussed in the review?

    -The title of the book discussed is 'Alat Musik Dawai'.

  • Who is the author of the book 'Alat Musik Dawai'?

    -The author of the book 'Alat Musik Dawai' is Irwansyah Harahap.

  • What type of musical instrument is the dawai?

    -The dawai is a type of chordophone, which is a stringed musical instrument that produces sound from the vibration of strings.

  • What are some examples of dawai musical instruments mentioned in the script?

    -Some examples of dawai musical instruments mentioned are guitar, viola, lira, mandolin, and various regional instruments like pertikaian, sape, konyapi, kanzapi, kacapi, kacaping, katapi, capek, and gapi.

  • How did the dawai musical instruments spread to the regions of Nusantara?

    -The dawai musical instruments spread to the regions of Nusantara through trade routes, colonization, and religious missions in the past.

  • What is the significance of the term 'cordofon' in the context of the dawai?

    -The term 'cordofon' refers to the category of stringed instruments, which includes the dawai, and is significant as it classifies the dawai based on the source of its sound production.

  • How does the acoustics of a dawai work?

    -The acoustics of a dawai works by the vibration of its strings, which are stretched between two fixed points, creating sound waves that resonate and produce musical tones.

  • What is the relationship between the vibration of the strings and the pitch of the sound produced by a dawai?

    -The pitch of the sound produced by a dawai is directly related to the frequency of the string's vibration; the faster the vibration, the higher the pitch, and vice versa.

  • How are musical sounds different from non-musical sounds according to the script?

    -Musical sounds are different from non-musical sounds as they are organized and intentional frequencies that are used in relation to other sounds to create music.

  • What is the role of the human ear in the context of music and sound?

    -The human ear is the organ that allows us to hear sounds, including music, by receiving vibrations from the air or other mediums and transmitting them to the brain as auditory signals.

  • How does the script describe the classification of musical instruments based on their sound source?

    -The script describes the classification of musical instruments into five categories: membranophone, idiophone, aerophone, chordophone, and electrophone, based on the source of their sound production.

  • What is the cultural significance of dawai musical instruments as discussed in the script?

    -Dawai musical instruments hold cultural significance as they are integral to the expression of human culture and have been found in various parts of the world, indicating their importance in the cultural heritage of different societies.

Outlines

00:00

🎼 Introduction to String Instruments

This paragraph introduces the topic of string instruments, particularly those native to Southeast Asia. It explains that string instruments are classified as chordophones because they produce sound from the vibration of strings. The paragraph lists various string instruments such as the guitar, which is commonly used in Indonesian music, the viola, which is familiar in orchestras and traditional music forms like Keroncong and Ronggeng, and the Lira, which is often depicted as held by angels. It also mentions the mandolin, which is used in music performances such as Dangdut. The instruments mentioned have origins in Europe and spread to Southeast Asia through trade, colonization, and religious missions. Despite not being originally from the region, these instruments have become part of local musical expressions in Indonesia. The knowledge about these string instruments is still limited due to insufficient references and opportunities to witness their performances. The paragraph also discusses the diversity in naming these instruments across different cultures and regions, including variations within Indonesia itself.

05:02

🎶 The Acoustics and Classification of String Instruments

This paragraph delves into the acoustics of string instruments, explaining how the vibration of strings between two fixed points produces sound. It discusses the fundamental frequency and amplitude of sound, and how the speed of vibration affects the pitch of the sound produced. The paragraph also covers the role of the human ear and air as a medium for sound transmission. Furthermore, it touches on the classification of string instruments based on their sound source, such as membrane, idiophone, aerophone, and electrophone. The characteristics of string instruments are also discussed, including the number of strings, materials, and the presence of a bridge or fretboard. The paragraph highlights the cultural context of string instruments, mentioning their significance in various civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia, and their representation in ancient Chinese art and Indonesian culture, such as in the reliefs of Borobudur. It also discusses the different ways string instruments are played, such as plucking, striking, or bowing, and the different types of sounds they can produce, from single notes to complex harmonies. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding the cultural context and the variety of string instruments' roles in human life, from rituals to entertainment, and how cultural exchanges have influenced the diversity of string instruments worldwide.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Alat Musik Dawai

Alat Musik Dawai refers to chordophones, a category of musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings. In the video, this term is central as it discusses various string instruments like the guitar and biola, highlighting their cultural significance and diversity in Indonesia and beyond.

💡Kordofon

Kordofon is an Indonesian term for chordophones, which are stringed instruments. The video emphasizes how these instruments, like the guitar and biola, are integral to both Western and Indonesian music, showcasing their adaptability and cultural integration.

💡Gitar

Gitar, or guitar, is a widely recognized stringed instrument. The script mentions its prevalence in various Indonesian music genres, indicating its familiarity and importance in the local music scene.

💡Biola

Biola, known as the viola in English, is a stringed instrument used in orchestras and traditional music like keroncong and Ronggeng. The video script uses it as an example to illustrate the diversity of string instruments and their roles in different musical contexts.

💡Lira

Lira is a type of lyre, an ancient stringed instrument. The script mentions it as an instrument often depicted being held by angels, indicating its symbolic and illustrative role in art and culture.

💡Mandolin

Mandolin is a stringed instrument associated with music genres like dangdut. The video uses it to demonstrate the European origins of certain string instruments and their subsequent spread to Indonesia and other regions.

💡Frekuensi

Frekuensi, or frequency, is a key concept in the script that explains how the vibration of strings produces sound at specific rates, measured in Hertz (Hz). It is crucial for understanding the acoustics of string instruments and how they produce musical notes.

💡Amplitus

Amplitus, or amplitude, refers to the strength or weakness of sound, which is determined by the size of the string's vibration. The video uses this term to explain how the loudness of sound is produced by the amplitude of string vibrations.

💡Nada

Nada means 'tone' or 'note' and is used in the context of musical sounds produced by string instruments. The script discusses how these notes can be musical if their frequencies are arranged in a deliberate and orderly fashion.

💡Klasifikasi Musik

Klasifikasi Musik, or musical classification, is discussed in the script in relation to the categorization of string instruments based on their sound sources, resonating bodies, and playing techniques. This includes the classification systems from different cultures, such as the Indian tradition mentioned in the script.

💡Konteks Budaya

Konteks Budaya, or cultural context, is important in the video as it explores how string instruments are not just musical tools but also cultural artifacts that express human culture and history. The script gives examples of how these instruments are integrated into rituals and religious practices across various cultures.

Highlights

Introduction to the book 'Alat Musik Dawai' by Irwansyah Harahap, focusing on string instruments in Indonesian music.

Explanation of the string instrument category, known as 'kordofon', due to sound production from string vibrations.

Description of various string instruments like guitar, biola, Lira, and mandolin, and their origins in Europe.

Historical spread of string instruments to the Indonesian archipelago through trade, colonization, and religious missions.

Limited knowledge and exposure to string instruments in Indonesia due to insufficient references and performance opportunities.

Diverse naming conventions for string instruments across different cultures and regions in Indonesia.

Acoustics of string instruments, including the vibration of strings and the resulting pitch and amplitude of sound.

The concept of musical notes and how they are produced by regular vibrations, distinguishing music from other sounds.

The role of the human ear and other mediums in transmitting sound from vibrating objects to the auditory system.

Harmonic resonance and how it contributes to the rich sound produced by string instruments.

Classification of musical instruments in Indian tradition as described in the Natya Shastra.

Different types of musical instruments based on their sound source, including membranophone, idiophone, aerophone, and electrophone.

Characteristics of string instruments, such as the number of strings, materials, and playing techniques.

Cultural context and the significance of string instruments in various civilizations, including Egypt and Mesopotamia.

The role of string instruments in rituals and religious practices across different cultures.

Influence of cultural exchanges, trade, colonization, and missionary activities on the diversity of string instruments worldwide.

Encouragement for readers to explore the book for a more comprehensive understanding of string instruments.

Transcripts

play00:00

halo semuanya balik lagi di review buku

play00:02

episode kali ini kita akan membahas

play00:04

sebuah buku yang berjudul alat musik

play00:07

dawai ini merupakan buku pelajaran

play00:09

kesenian nusantara yang ditulis oleh

play00:11

Irwansyah Harahap

play00:15

[Musik]

play00:20

di bagian awal ada penjelasan tentang

play00:22

alat musik dawai yang disebut juga

play00:24

dengan istilah alat musik senar alat

play00:27

musik ini tergolong jenis alat musik

play00:28

kordofon karena bunyi yang dihasilkan

play00:30

bersumber dari getaran dawai banyak

play00:32

sekali alat musik dawai yang kita kenal

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selama ini di dunia ada beberapa alat

play00:38

musik dawai yang dijabarkan dan mungkin

play00:41

ada pengklasifikasiannya yang pertama

play00:43

Seperti contohnya gitar yang banyak

play00:46

sekali digunakan dalam berbagai musik di

play00:49

Indonesia dan rasanya sudah cukup

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familiar kemudian ada biola yang Selain

play00:52

digunakan dalam orkestra juga digunakan

play00:54

dalam example musik lain seperti

play00:56

keroncong Ronggeng Melayu ansambel

play00:59

lagu-lagu naratif di Minangkabau

play01:01

kemudian Lira mungkin kita belum pernah

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mendengar bunyinya alat musik ini sering

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dipakai sebagai ilustrasi seorang

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malaikat yang memegang Lira kemudian

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mendolin digunakan dalam berbagai

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pertunjukan musik dangdut nah alat-alat

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musik yang disebutkan barusan gitar

play01:15

biola kemudian Lira kemudian mandolin

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ini merupakan alat-alat musik yang

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berkembang di Eropa Inggris Portugis

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Belanda Jerman dan menyebar yang pada

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akhirnya menyebar pada suku-suku

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Nusantara melalui jalur perdagangan

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penjajahan maupun misi-misi agama di

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masa lampau meskipun bukan berasal dari

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budaya Nusantara alat-alat tadi

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dijadikan sebagai bagian dari ekspresi

play01:38

musik masyarakat lokal di Indonesia

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pengetahuan kita mengenai alat-alat

play01:43

dawai belakangan ini bisa dikatakan

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masih sangat terbatas alasan

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keterbatasan ini disebabkan referensi

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atau bacaan yang tidak cukup memadai

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juga minimnya kesempatan untuk dapat

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menyaksikan pertunjukan pertunjukan

play01:55

musik dawai penamaan alat musik dawai

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ini sangat beragam salah satunya yaitu

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di Uzbekistan disebut dengan duta di

play02:02

Iran disebut dengan setan di India Utara

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disebut dengan sitar perbedaan istilah

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penamaan alat musik dawai juga terjadi

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di Indonesia seperti halnya di Batak

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Toba karo Simalungun Sumatera Utara

play02:14

disebut

play02:19

pertikaian dan dikenyah Kalimantan ada

play02:21

Sape dan sampai di ot Danum Melawi kalau

play02:25

Kalimantan Tengah disebut dengan konyapi

play02:27

kanzapi dan kecapi di Sulawesi Selatan

play02:31

ada kacapi di daerah Kajang Mandar dan

play02:34

Bugis kemudian di daerah Makassar

play02:36

disebut dengan kacaping dan di daerah

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Toraja disebut katapi di Kamboja dan di

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Thailand disebut dengan capek di

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Filipina disebut good gapi kemiripan

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nama dari sebuah alat musik di berbagai

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kebudayaan musik dapat saja terjadi

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namun tidak semua istilah yang mirip ini

play02:52

menuju kepada alat musik yang sama atau

play02:55

serupa karena seperti yang tadi

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disebutkan alat musik dawai yang berada

play03:00

di daerah Sumatera dan di daerah

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Kalimantan bahkan di Thailand dan

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Filipina ada sedikit kemiripan dalam

play03:06

penyebutan istirahat musik meskipun

play03:08

kemiripannya hampir sedikit namun itu

play03:11

merujuk pada alat musik yang sangat

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berbeda kemudian akustik

play03:17

bersumber dari Geta pegawai yang

play03:20

diregangkan diantara dua buah titik

play03:22

permanen perpindahan gerak dawai dari

play03:25

posisi atas Tengah bawah dan kembali ke

play03:28

tengah disebut satu getaran waktu yang

play03:31

dibutuhkan satu getaran yaitu periode

play03:34

besar kecilnya getaran dan Kuat lemahnya

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bunyi disebut amplitude makin besar

play03:39

simpangan dari setiap ujung maka makin

play03:41

keras suaranya kecepatan getar

play03:44

mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya bunyi

play03:45

jumlah getar diukur dengan satuan detik

play03:49

disebut dengan frekuensi bunyi juga

play03:51

dikatakan frekuensinya seperti yang kita

play03:53

tahu dalam sistem standar Nanda Musik

play03:57

Barat yaitu menggunakan 440 Hz maka

play04:01

dawai tersebut bergetar sebanyak

play04:03

440 kali dalam satu detik bunyi yang

play04:07

dihasilkan oleh getaran frekuensi

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teratur disebut nada banyak benda yang

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menghasilkan suara tertentu misalkan

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tiang listrik yang dipukul memang

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menghasilkan sebuah frekuensi nada tapi

play04:18

bunyi tiang listrik tersebut tidak dapat

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disebut bunyi musik karena sebuah nada

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akan disebut musikal apabila frekuensi

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bunyi tersebut diatur sedemikian rupa

play04:27

jadi kata kuncinya teratur disengaja

play04:30

dipakai dalam hubungannya dengan

play04:31

nada-nada lainnya bunyi dan musik juga

play04:34

tidak dapat didengar jika tidak ada alat

play04:36

pendengarnya manusia dan binatang punya

play04:39

alat pendengaran yaitu telinga yang bisa

play04:42

digunakan mendengarkan bunyi melalui

play04:44

alat penghantarnya ini udara benda padat

play04:46

dan benda cair jadi alurnya itu getaran

play04:48

dari benda yang kemudian jadi frekuensi

play04:51

dan kemudian jadi merambat melalui udara

play04:53

sampai ke telinga menggetarkan selaput

play04:57

gendang telinga merangsang saraf

play04:59

pendengaran dan mengirimnya ke otak nada

play05:01

yang dihasilkan oleh getaran benda

play05:02

selalu menghasilkan nada fundamental dan

play05:05

anak atau dalam istilah musik yaitu

play05:07

harmonik resonansi merupakan peristiwa

play05:09

getaran transmisi atau pemindahan

play05:12

getaran dari satu benda ke sumber atau

play05:14

ke benda lainnya dalam tradisi musik

play05:16

India pengelompokan alat musik juga

play05:18

telah tertuang dalam Kitab Natya sastra

play05:21

yang tertulis sekitar 2 abad sebelum

play05:22

masehi yang pertama ada Tata Fadia

play05:25

lentur yang merujuk kepada alat dawai

play05:29

kemudian anada atau avananda yang

play05:33

artinya tertutupi ini berkaitan tentang

play05:36

jenis-jenis gendang kemudian Susira

play05:39

Fadia memiliki rongga merujuk pada alat

play05:42

tiup dan yang terakhir Ghana Fadia yang

play05:44

artinya padat seperti lonceng atau

play05:47

simbal di sini juga ditulis teori

play05:49

tentang klasifikasi alat musik oleh sah

play05:52

Horn Booster yaitu ada membran font di

play05:55

mana sumber suaranya itu berasal dari

play05:57

membran atau kulit yang kedua ada

play05:59

idiofon berasal dari badan atau tubuh

play06:02

seperti Gong simbal dan perkusi kemudian

play06:04

ada aerofon

play06:06

yang sumber suaranya melalui udara

play06:07

seperti suling dan saxophone yang

play06:10

keempat ada cordofon melalui dawai

play06:12

seperti gitar dan biola dan yang

play06:14

terakhir ada elektrofon yang bersumber

play06:16

dari tenaga elektrik seperti keyboard

play06:18

dan drum elektrik menggolongkan jenis

play06:21

alat musik dapat berdasarkan pada

play06:23

pengidentifikasian terhadap sumber

play06:25

utamanya bunyi Bagaimana posisi dawai

play06:28

terhadap otak resonansi suaranya

play06:30

Bagaimana hubungan antara bentuk

play06:32

resonansi dan apakah memiliki leher atau

play06:35

papan jari atau mungkin fredboard

play06:37

karakteristik alat dawai itu tergantung

play06:39

berdasarkan dari jumlah dawainya

play06:41

kombinasi dawai materi dawai ada

play06:44

tidaknya pembatas nada Bridge dawai

play06:47

berpindah atau permanen penggunaan dawai

play06:50

simpatetis ini juga mempengaruhi

play06:51

bagaimana klasifikasi tersebut tentang

play06:54

alat dawai sangat berbeda dalam istilah

play06:56

penyebutannya ada juga hal khusus antara

play06:58

satu kebudayaan dengan kebudayaan

play07:00

lainnya yang memiliki kecenderungan umum

play07:02

bagaimana cara memainkan alat dawai yang

play07:05

pertama dipetik dengan pelajari atau

play07:07

dipetik dengan pemetik atau mungkin

play07:10

digesek ditarik atau dicabik kemudian

play07:13

dipukul kemudian menggunakan tuts gitu

play07:16

Itu juga sangat mempengaruhi ada

play07:18

beberapa alat musik dawai yang

play07:19

menggunakan nada tunggal kemudian multi

play07:22

nada-nada dawai simpatetis nada Drone

play07:25

dan nada harmonik yang menggunakan nada

play07:28

tunggal salah satunya adalah dan bau

play07:29

yang berasal dari Vietnam dan kayagum

play07:31

dari Korea alat dawai lainnya yang

play07:34

menggunakan nada tunggal tapi terkadang

play07:35

bisa melakukan permainan dengan

play07:37

membunyikan dua senar sekaligus seperti

play07:39

hasappn dan di Flores atau mungkin

play07:41

stembas di Irian selanjutnya yang

play07:43

menggunakan kombinasi nada tunggal dan

play07:46

multi nada seperti ada ajaib di Korea

play07:48

saat di Turki biwang di Tibet rebab di

play07:52

Pariaman biola di Lombok rebab di Sunda

play07:56

dan rebab Jawa yang menggunakan multi

play07:59

nada seperti sistem chord yaitu Sasando

play08:01

di Kupang selanjutnya alat musik Jawa

play08:03

yang menggunakan nada dawai si gratis

play08:06

tujuannya memperkaya warna bunyi melalui

play08:08

resonansi bunyi yang ditimbulkan dari

play08:10

dawai utama saat dipetik Contohnya yaitu

play08:13

sitar di India dan biola hard Danger di

play08:17

Skandinavia kemudian nada Drone

play08:19

merupakan nada yang berbunyi secara

play08:21

terus-menerus yang dipertahankan lama

play08:23

bisa tunggal bisa juga multi nada

play08:25

penggunaan nada Drone tidak mutlak harus

play08:28

berbunyi kecuali pada alat lutut tampura

play08:32

dari India contoh lainnya yaitu buang

play08:34

dari Tibet samisen dari Jepang dan

play08:37

sampai dari Kalimantan berikutnya yaitu

play08:40

tentang konteks budaya banyak artefak

play08:43

yang ditemukan di berbagai belahan dunia

play08:45

menunjukkan pentingnya alat dawai

play08:47

sebagai bagian dari ekspresi kebudayaan

play08:48

manusia salah satunya di peradaban Mesir

play08:52

di zaman Mesopotamia ditemukan alat

play08:54

dawai seperti harpa dan Lira pada

play08:56

pahatan lukisan kuno di dinding bebatuan

play08:59

di China ditemukan gambar seorang Dewa

play09:01

yang sedang memainkan alat petik Pak

play09:04

pada kebudayaan nusantara salah satu

play09:06

dinding candi Borobudur terdapat relief

play09:08

seorang yang sedang memainkan Luth

play09:10

diantara beberapa pemain alat musik

play09:11

lainnya peran serta kegunaan alat musik

play09:14

dawai di dalam konteks kehidupan manusia

play09:16

memiliki fungsi yang beragam salah

play09:18

satunya sebagai sarana dalam ritual atau

play09:20

peribadatan keagamaan berbagai persamaan

play09:23

maupun perbedaan yang terjadi dalam

play09:25

kebudayaan tradisi alat musik dawai di

play09:27

dunia

play09:28

dapat disebabkan oleh banyak hal Salah

play09:32

satu faktor penyebabnya adalah

play09:33

terjadinya kontak budaya yang

play09:35

berlangsung disebabkan karena ada

play09:37

hubungan perdagangan antar bangsa

play09:40

kolonialisasi dari suatu bangsa atau

play09:43

juga melalui proses misionisasi

play09:45

agama-agama yang terjadi pada masa

play09:47

lampau untuk lebih lengkapnya silahkan

play09:49

kalian baca langsung buku alat musik

play09:52

dawai oleh

play09:54

Irwansyah Harahap Terima kasih semoga

play09:57

bermanfaat Sampai ketemu di review buku

play10:00

selanjutnya

play10:03

[Musik]

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الوسوم ذات الصلة
String InstrumentsNusantara ArtCultural SignificanceMusic EducationInstrument ClassificationTraditional MusicCultural ExchangeHistorical ContextMusical HeritageArtistic Expression
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