The Nestle Baby Formula Scandal: The Darkest Chapter in Corporate History

Summary

This video explores the controversial marketing practices of Nestlé in the 1970s and beyond, focusing on their aggressive promotion of infant formula in low-income countries. It details how Nestlé's tactics, including misleading advertising, provision of free samples, and hospital infiltration, contributed to a significant increase in infant mortality rates due to improper formula preparation and use. Despite the introduction of the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes, the video suggests that Nestlé has not fully adhered to these guidelines, with ongoing reports of unethical marketing strategies.

Takeaways

• 🎮 War Thunder is a free-to-play military vehicle combat game available on multiple platforms.
• 🔍 The game features over 2,000 historically accurate tanks, helicopters, ships, and other vehicles from the 20th century.
• 🎯 It offers a realistic physics engine and immersive gaming experience with historical campaigns.
• 🎧 For a casual experience, quick arcade games are available without the need for deep engagement.
• 🎁 New players get a free premium tank, aircraft, or ship and three days of premium play through a sponsored link.
• 🤱 Nestlé has been linked to infant formula marketing practices that may have contributed to infant mortality in low-income countries.
• 📉 A study estimated that Nestlé's marketing in 1981 alone resulted in 66,000 deaths due to infant formula use.
• 🌐 Nestlé's aggressive marketing in Africa, Asia, and South America involved creating a need for their product where it wasn't necessarily required.
• 🏥 They used tactics like fearmongering, providing free samples, and influencing hospital practices to promote their formula.
• 👩‍⚕️ 'Milk nurses' dressed as medical staff were used to distribute free samples and influence new mothers against breastfeeding.
• 🚫 Despite the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes, Nestlé has been accused of continuing unethical marketing practices.

Q & A

What is War Thunder and on which platforms is it available?

War Thunder is a realistic free-to-play military vehicle combat game available on PC, PS5, Xbox Series X, and previous generations of consoles.

How many historically accurate vehicles are featured in War Thunder?

War Thunder features more than 2,000 historically accurate tanks, helicopters, ships, and other vehicles.

What kind of gaming experiences does War Thunder offer?

War Thunder offers immersive gaming experiences with real historical campaigns, quick arcade games for casual play, realistic and tactical gameplay for more challenging scenarios, and simulator mode for hardcore players.

What is the estimated mortality resulting from Nestle's marketing of infant formula in low-income countries in 1981 alone?

The mortality resulting from Nestle's marketing of infant formula in low-income countries in 1981 alone was estimated to be 66,000.

What was the impact of Nestle's marketing strategy on breastfeeding rates post-World War II?

The post-World War II baby boom led to a significant drop in breastfeeding rates by half, with sales of infant formula peaking in 1957.

What strategies did Nestle employ to create a need for infant formula in low-income countries?

Nestle employed strategies such as creating fear through misleading advertisements, providing free samples, targeting doctors and hospitals, and manipulating hospital designs to make breastfeeding more difficult.

What was the role of 'milk nurses' in Nestle's marketing strategy?

Milk nurses, who were often untrained sales team members dressed in medical uniforms, were used to give free samples and gifts to new mothers in hospitals, aiming to prevent early breastfeeding and create dependency on formula.

What health risks did the use of infant formula pose to babies in low-income countries?

The use of infant formula posed significant health risks, including bacterial contamination, malnourishment, increased vulnerability to infections, and higher mortality rates, especially when mixed with unclean water or diluted to stretch supplies.

What international response was there to the unethical marketing practices of infant formula companies like Nestle?

The World Health Organization and UNICEF created the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes in 1981 to regulate the marketing practices of infant formula companies.

What was the outcome of Nestle's lawsuit against the group that published 'Nestle Kills Babies'?

Nestle initially sued for 5 million in damages but later withdrew all complaints except for the title 'Nestle Kills Babies'. The judge sided with Nestle on the title claim, but warned them to modify their publicity methods.

How has Nestle's adherence to the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes been reported in recent years?

Despite agreeing to follow the code, Nestle has been reported to have failed to meet its standards in multiple instances, with ongoing issues such as misleading labels, inappropriate ingredients, and continued advertising for products designed for babies under six months old.

Outlines

00:00

🎮 War Thunder Sponsorship and Gameplay Overview

The video is sponsored by War Thunder, a free-to-play military vehicle combat game available on multiple platforms. It features over 2,000 historically accurate vehicles, including tanks, helicopters, and ships, from the 20th century. These operate within a realistic physics engine, offering immersive gaming experiences. Players can engage in quick arcade games for casual play or delve into more challenging realistic and simulator modes. The sponsor offers a free premium tank, aircraft, or ship, along with three days of premium play for new players who sign up through the provided link.

05:00

🤱 The Dark History of Nestle's Infant Formula Marketing

The script discusses the negative impact of Nestle's marketing practices for infant formula in low-income countries. It details how Nestle's aggressive marketing, which included providing free samples and misleading advertisements, contributed to a significant number of infant deaths due to improper use of formula under unsuitable conditions. The company's tactics involved creating a need for their product where it was not required, using fear-based advertising, and targeting hospitals to distribute free samples. These practices led to a decrease in breastfeeding rates and an increase in infant mortality, with estimates ranging from 800,000 to 1.5 million child deaths per year.

10:01

👶 Unethical Marketing and Its Deadly Consequences

This paragraph delves deeper into Nestle's unethical marketing strategies, which included creating a need for infant formula by instilling fear in new mothers, interrupting the natural breastfeeding process, and manipulating hospital practices to favor formula feeding. It also discusses the company's use of 'milk nurses' dressed in medical uniforms to deceive mothers into believing their advice was medically sound. The consequences of these actions were tragic, with many babies suffering from malnourishment and diseases like marasmus and kwashiorkor, leading to increased infant mortality rates.

15:02

🛑 The Fight Against Nestle's Unethical Practices

The final paragraph covers the public and political response to Nestle's marketing practices, including the launch of a boycott and the creation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes by the WHO and UNICEF. Despite these efforts, Nestle has been accused of only partially complying with the code, with ongoing issues such as misleading labeling and continued promotion of unnecessary follow-on milks. The narrative highlights the ongoing struggle to hold Nestle accountable for its impact on infant health and the importance of breastfeeding.

Keywords

💡War Thunder

War Thunder is a free-to-play, realistic military vehicle combat game mentioned at the start of the video as the sponsor. It offers over 2,000 historically accurate military vehicles from the 20th century, such as tanks, helicopters, and ships. The game provides various play modes like arcade, realistic, and simulator, making it appealing to both casual and hardcore players.

💡Infant Formula

Infant formula is a manufactured food designed for feeding babies and infants. The video heavily critiques the unethical marketing of infant formula by companies like Nestlé in low-income countries. The narrative explains how these companies created artificial demand by exploiting mothers' fears and offering free samples, leading to formula dependence and contributing to child malnutrition and death.

💡Nestlé

Nestlé is a multinational food and beverage company criticized in the video for its unethical marketing of infant formula. The company aggressively promoted formula in low-income countries, even though it was unsuitable for many mothers who lacked access to clean water and proper sterilization equipment. Nestlé's practices allegedly resulted in hundreds of thousands of infant deaths due to malnutrition and unsafe bottle-feeding.

💡Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding refers to feeding infants with milk directly from the mother's breast. The video emphasizes how Nestlé and other companies sabotaged breastfeeding efforts by promoting formula with misleading ads, fear tactics, and free samples. Breastfeeding is portrayed as a natural, sterile, and safe method that was undermined by aggressive formula marketing.

💡Milk Nurses

Milk Nurses were saleswomen hired by companies like Nestlé to pose as medical professionals and promote infant formula to new mothers in hospitals. These 'nurses' would distribute free samples and convince mothers to switch to formula, which reduced their ability to breastfeed and led to formula dependence. The video highlights this as one of the most unethical marketing tactics used in low-income countries.

💡Baby Bottle Disease

Baby Bottle Disease refers to the malnutrition and infections caused by unsafe bottle-feeding practices in unsanitary conditions. The video explains how formula-fed babies in low-income countries, where clean water and sterilization were unavailable, suffered from bacterial infections and diarrhea, leading to high infant mortality rates. This term emphasizes the dangers of improper bottle-feeding.

💡Merasmus

Merasmus is a severe form of malnutrition resulting from a lack of sufficient calories, often due to the dilution of formula with water to stretch its supply. The video explains how mothers in low-income countries, unable to afford enough formula, diluted it, leading to their babies' extreme malnourishment and, in many cases, death. Merasmus serves as an example of the consequences of aggressive formula marketing.

💡International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes

The International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes, established in 1981 by the WHO and UNICEF, sets ethical guidelines for promoting breast milk substitutes like infant formula. It bans practices such as giving free samples and misleading advertising. The video discusses how Nestlé initially agreed to follow the code but continued violating it by advertising formula in deceptive ways, particularly in low-income regions.

💡Senator Edward Kennedy

Senator Edward Kennedy was a U.S. politician who played a role in bringing attention to the unethical marketing practices of infant formula companies like Nestlé. In 1978, Kennedy held a Senate hearing on the issue, prompting international organizations like WHO and UNICEF to create the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. His involvement was crucial in pushing for global regulations to protect infant health.

💡Tigers (2014 film)

Tigers is a 2014 film mentioned in the video that tells the story of Syed Aamir Raza Hussain, a Nestlé salesman who became a whistleblower after witnessing the death of a baby due to unsafe bottle-feeding. The video uses the film to illustrate how Nestlé's unethical practices continued even after the implementation of the marketing code, highlighting the personal and systemic struggles of those trying to expose such wrongdoings.

Highlights

War Thunder is a realistic free-to-play military vehicle combat game available on multiple platforms.

The game features over 2,000 historically accurate tanks, helicopters, ships, and other vehicles.

Vehicles operate in a realistic physics engine for an immersive gaming experience.

Players can enjoy historical campaigns or quick arcade games depending on their time availability.

For those with more time, the game offers realistic and simulator modes for a challenging tactical experience.

War Thunder has 50 million worldwide players, offering a community for various playstyles.

Sponsored link provides a free premium tank, aircraft, or ship, plus three days of premium play for new players.

Nestle's marketing of infant formula in low-income countries has been linked to an estimated 66,000 deaths in 1981 alone.

Nestle's practices have been accused of contributing to up to 1.5 million child deaths per year due to bottle feeding in unsuitable conditions.

The company targeted low-income countries with aggressive marketing campaigns in the 1970s.

Nestle used fear-based advertising to discourage breastfeeding and promote their infant formula.

The company provided free samples and gifts to medical professionals to endorse their product.

Nestle's marketing strategies included creating a need for their product where it was not required.

The company's practices led to a boycott against Nestle and all of its products, which continues to this day.

Despite the international code of marketing of breast milk substitutes, Nestle has been accused of not fully complying with its standards.

Investigations have revealed that Nestle's practices still fall short in many areas, including misleading advertising and improper product labeling.

The company has been criticized for continuing to use unethical marketing practices even after being exposed.

Nestle's actions have had a significant impact on infant mortality rates and public health in low-income countries.

Transcripts

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thank you for watching how many babies

would you say a company would have to

kill before people would stop buying

their products if your answer is

anything over one i'm concerned for you

but you're not wrong now i can't say

nestle has directly killed hundreds or

thousands of babies what i can say is

that a study by the national bureau of

economic research estimates that in 1981

alone the mortality resulting from

nestle's marketing of infant formula in

low-income countries was 66

000 and they've been pricing it non-stop

since the 1970s today estimates range

from 800 000 to 1.5 million child deaths

a year as a result of bottle feeding in

unsuitable conditions otherwise known as

the locations where nestle and were

thrown and allegedly here has pushed

their formula with fake nurses

misleading adds and slogans like

lactogen is the very best milk for your

baby you know unlike the sterile

convenient and free breast milk that

mothers were already using

the post world war ii baby boom was a

dream for infant formula companies more

babies meant more customers

breastfeeding rates had dropped by half

and sales peaked in 1957. however this

kind of growth couldn't last forever in

the 1960s saw a falling birth rate and a

return to breastfeeding with record

profits to maintain and shareholders to

satisfy formula companies needed more

babies and more mothers who needed

formula the obvious answer was to look

for new customers in lower income

countries but there was a problem only

between one and five percent of women

were unable to breastfeed so very few

required infant formula this was made

even trickier by the fact that low wages

meant bottle-feeding their babies would

use up around 40 of their income when

presented with these issues it'd be nice

to think that most companies would just

simply give up not only was there no

need for the product convincing mothers

to buy it for their babies would

probably mean there'd be no money left

to feed themselves

this pesky moral dilemma though didn't

stand in the way of nestle where a new

market could be found profit could be

made so in the 1970s formula and ad

campaigns flooded into africa asia and

south america

[Music]

breaking into the markets was easy all

nestle had to do was follow these simple

steps create a need convince customers

that their product is required to

achieve the good life link their product

to desirable and unobtainable concepts

and most importantly

provide a free sample creating a

positive image of infant formula was

easy billboards were erected ads were

run in papers and posters were plastered

around hospitals with images of a

healthy chubby baby sitting next to a

tub of powdered formula racism played a

huge part in the strategy the babies

were almost always white with the

implication being that all the

fashionable western women were

bottle-feeding their babies so

you should too the real challenge lay in

creating the need though how could they

as an infant milk company sabotage the

breast-feeding efforts of millions of

women in multiple countries the answer

was fear nestle knew that stress and

anxiety could reduce if not stop

lactation altogether and if they could

do that they'd have their customers

locked in so how do you scare a bunch of

new mothers enough to prevent them from

being able to feed their babies some

tips were subtle implying breastfeeding

would lead to your breasts sagging

prevent you from working and make you

look poor and uncivilized others ditched

all attempts at subtlety nestle

advertised lactogen in africa for use

when breast milk fails and one of their

most famous ads featured the claim don't

wait too long to wean your baby if you

do the little one is likely to be weak

and anemic borden klim produced a radio

jignal that went the child is going to

die because the mother's breast is given

out mama oh mama the child cries if you

want your child to get well

give it klim milk this fear acted as a

confidence trick inhibiting the let down

reflex and causing women's milk supplies

to dry up

[Music]

while this ability to manipulate demand

for their product was a neat ploy nestle

went one step further and decided to

mess with the physiology directly you

see another handy feature of breast milk

is that it stops being produced pretty

quickly when it's no longer needed

nestle realized that if you could

interrupt the first days of a newborn

mother breast feeding their baby they'd

find it incredibly difficult to restart

their milk supply and essentially be

hooked on the product all nestle needed

was to get them to try a free sample to

do this they had to get into hospitals

and delivery centers and capture their

customers in the first few hours after

birth doctors and physicians were

targeted nestle sent gifts notepads and

pens anything the doctor would use in

front of the patients that would

indicate their endorsement of the

product doctors with newborns were

supplied with a year's supplier-free

formula so other mothers would be

convinced of its superiority hospitals

too were flooded with free samples so

that formula could be used straight away

in the event of any issues captive

physicians were also quick to recommend

it even in the absence of breastfeeding

problems one stubborn doctor who refused

to recommend formula to his patients was

even sent a cake on new year i'm not

sure why anyone essay thought a cake

would be a sufficient indictment to

convince a doctor to recommend a product

that would triple the mortality rate of

his patients but

well they tried it anyway another less

obvious and more insidious strategy is

the role formula companies took in

hospital design by providing free

architectural services the companies

could manipulate the layout of maternity

units to physically separate newborns

from their mothers and make

breastfeeding more difficult infant

mortality company abbe laboratories

helped design 200 maternity departments

in a year in the u.s alone if you've

ever wondered why the nursery seemed

such a long walk from the mother's room

check you designed it and you might get

an answer

[Music]

if all of this wasn't enough nestle had

one more trick up their sleeve milk

nurses they'd dress their sales team up

in medical uniforms and send them into

hospitals to ambush new mothers there

these were largely untrained women and

that set up shop on maternity wards to

give free samples and gifts to the new

mums at one time nestle had 5000 of

these so-called mothercraft advisors

distributed around hospitals in

low-income countries the mothers they

advised had no clue they weren't medical

professionals and so they accepted their

recommendations in the same way they

would adopt her their goal was to get

free samples into the babies this would

prevent early breastfeeding and

therefore cause milk supplies to dry up

when mothers left the hospitals the

formula was no longer free breastfeeding

was no longer an option and they'd be

hooked into spending nearly half the

family income to feed their baby it was

such an effective strategy the competing

companies started using it too and they

didn't even stop after it was banned

milk nurses who were often paid

commission on top of their wage found

ways around it in singapore dumex nurses

would wait outside hospitals and give

mothers free samples on the way home in

jamaica bristol meyer's nurses would

sneak into maternity centers copy the

names and addresses of new parents and

visit them at home and in the

philippines that walk around the public

housing projects looking for baby

clothes on the washing lines and then

just knock on the door

[Music]

while directing shady advertising

practices at new mums is already pretty

morally bad it's the impact of the

strategy where the real tragedy lies

it's true

that there was nothing technically wrong

with the formula and millions of babies

living in high-income countries thrived

on it the women being targeted by nestle

in the 70s however were not in a

position to benefit from the product in

fact they were in a position where the

use of the product carried a significant

risk of death to their baby through what

the doctors who witnessed it would call

baby bottle disease you see formula

works great when it's prepared with

clean boiled water and given in a

sterilized bottle the west african

mothers being sent home with a formula

dependent baby were cooking in a

three-sided stone kitchen that's a

campfire which uses three stones to

support a cooking pot there's no way

there'd be lighting a fire boiling a pot

and sterilizing a bottle every time

their baby needed a feed one study found

that 80 of the bottles they examined had

high levels of bacterial contamination

there was also the added issue of lack

of access to clean water many of the

communities targeted by nestle relied on

dirty surface water that housed harmful

bacteria mixing it with the milk carter

did nothing to make it any safer another

issue was price nestle had no business

hooking mothers who couldn't afford to

buy formula the obvious consequence is

that mothers wouldn't be able to afford

enough tins to get through the month so

they'd try to stretch the powder by

diluting it with extra water one 1969

study in barbados found that 82 percent

of mothers were stretching a four-day

supply formula to last anywhere from

five days to three weeks

babies drinking the diluted bottles

often fell into a chronic malnourished

state known as merasmus in some african

hospitals it was nicknamed lactogen

syndrome after nestle's lactogen powered

an infant formula in other cases mothers

would add cornstarch or sugar water to

make the formula last longer this led to

another form of malnourishment known as

quashiorkor this is a nutritional

disease resulting from a combination of

protein deficiency and excess

consumption of carbohydrates this is the

condition responsible for the shockingly

bloated stomach seen in many cases of

hunger and famine a study in sao paulo

found that 32 of bottle-fed babies ended

up suffering from malnourishment and had

to be hospitalized unfortunately

malnourishment isn't an easy thing to

reverse those who recover often suffer

permanent effects as they've been

starved during a crucial period of brain

growth many never recover once a baby

becomes underweight they become more

vulnerable to infections and diarrhoea

this in turn reduces a baby's ability to

absorb nutrients and could ultimately

result in death a bottle-fed baby living

in unhygienic conditions is 25 times

more likely to die of diarrhea and four

times more likely to die of pneumonia

than a breast-fed baby and a baby dies

every 30 seconds as a result of unsafe

bottle feeding of course nestle argued

that it was misuse of their product and

not the product itself that was causing

the deaths but they made it very

difficult for mothers to use it

correctly labels and instructions were

nearly always written in english and

very rarely in the language of the

country where they were being sold plus

many of their customers were illiterate

and the small line drawings on the din

were rarely detailed enough they

couldn't get across the very real

consequences of skipping sterilization

or stretching the powder when you

consider that they were marketing their

formula in jamaica where the average

income was only seven dollars a week

malawi where even in the capital city

only 34 percent had access to

hand-washing facilities and that unicef

estimated the cost of formula to feed a

baby in africa at 50 to 140 of the

average income it seems obvious that

profits were being put before people

profits were soaring but so was the

infant mortality rate new

internationalists were the first to shed

light on nestles and moral practices in

their august 1973 issue the baby food

tragedy and a war on want investigation

entitled the baby killer which was

published a year later in 1974. each of

these pieces highlighted the tragedies

that were taking place as a result of

nestle forcing its way into low-income

markets the company felt wrongfully

attacked and in 1975 two representatives

were sent to the pediatric ward at

university hospital in nairobi kenya

they were looking for a clear defense

against what they believed to be

unsubstantiated defamations however as

they entered the ward full of infants

who were exclusively nestle fed since

birth one of the babies collapsed the

doctor they'd come to see tried

desperately to save the child but it

died right in front of the two nestle

representatives they left without a word

sadly so did the mother who still

carried a tin of nestle formula in a bag

despite this harrowing event nestle

still felt they had a leg to stand on

when the baby killer article emerged

again this time translated by the third

world action group based in switzerland

who'd changed the title to nestle kills

babies as with the original the article

claimed that nestle staff were posing as

medical personnel and that their

marketing practices were leading to

infant deaths nestle originally

attempted to sue for 5 million in

damages but as the case progressed they

realized that the group was uncovering a

large amount of damaging evidence so at

the last minute they withdrew all

complaints except for the title of

nestle kills babies the judge sided with

a formula company as the group couldn't

prove that nestle had intentionally

killed any babies fortunately it was

clear to the judge that the marketing

practices were unethical so the group

were only fined a token sum of 400

instead of 5 million pounds

nestle was warned that the result wasn't

an acquittal of them and they must

modify their publicity methods

[Music]

by 1977 public disapproval had grown to

the point of protests and in fact infant

formula action coalition launched a

boycott against nestle and all of its

products a boycott that continues to

this day by the way unfortunately this

wasn't enough to make nestle change

their way so in 1978 senator edward

kennedy took the marketing of baby

formula to the senate this prompted the

who and the united nations children's

fund to step up and create what would

become the international code of

marketing of breast milk substitutes in

1981 also known as the code the code

prohibits formula companies from

promoting products in hospitals giving

free samples giving gifts to medical

professionals giving misleading

information promoting products designed

for babies under six months old and

using misleading images or text the

label must also be written in a language

that could be understood by the parents

and must include a prominent health

warning

the code while comprehensive was

ultimately voluntary so did nestle

choose to meet it well initially they

agreed and even stated on their website

that they would follow both the letter

and the spirit of the code unfortunately

they still haven't managed it the 2014

film tigers tells the story of syed amir

raza hussain a former pharmaceutical

salesman who worked for nestle visiting

hospitals in pakistan between 1994 and

1997. he resigned when he saw a baby die

of diarrhea and dehydration as a result

of bottle feeding with the product that

he was there to sell unfortunately his

attempt to blow the whistle and end

their practices with his report milking

profits resulted in bribes and threats

and he ended up having to flee the

country and leave his young family

behind several other investigations have

since taken place and exposed multiple

instances where nestle's practices were

failing to meet the standards they

claimed to follow multiple products were

discovered with labels written in a

non-native language and some labels had

instructions in an appropriate language

but warning's only written in english

other countries found issues with the

ingredients themselves for example

nestle's product labels in brazil and

hong kong advise against giving sucrose

to babies but their south african milks

contain it other nestle formulas came to

be healthy as they don't contain vanilla

flavoring but then the milk powders in

china and south africa contain vanillin

compounds nestle has also gotten around

the ban on advertising for under six

months old by introducing stage two and

follow-on milks these are milks designed

for older children but have been deemed

unnecessary by medical professionals

instead of providing a vital supplement

to a child's diet what they actually do

is allow nestle to advertise their

products with almost identical packaging

to their first infant formulas worldwide

private doctors in bangladesh have also

claimed to still be receiving monthly

visits from nestle representatives this

is a country where according to save the

children 314 infant deaths could be

prevented every day if breastfeeding

rates improved that's a cut in infant

mortality of almost a third overall they

now stick to approximately 57 of the

code picking and choosing the bits they

like of course the wording on their

website has now been changed to raising

awareness throughout our value chain on

the importance of the international code

of marketing of breast milk substitutes

to well to cover their backs

allegedly 57 might not sound too bad

until you realize about the other 43 and

where you could draw your own

conclusions there