Ming China 2017
Summary
TLDRThe Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was a significant period in Chinese history, marked by a reaction against the Mongol rule and a return to traditional Chinese values. It saw advancements in technology, such as the creation of the world's largest naval fleet, and cultural developments like increased literacy and patronage of the arts. Despite its initial success, the dynasty faced challenges including overpopulation, economic issues, and moral decay, which contributed to its eventual fall. The Ming era also witnessed significant cultural exchanges with Europe, influencing both Chinese and global perspectives.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was a period of Chinese history marked by a reaction to the Mongol rule, aiming to reestablish traditional Chinese values and governance.
- 🌊 Despite initial modern elements, such as building a large and high-tech naval fleet, the Ming Dynasty ultimately favored isolationism and limited contact with continental Asia.
- 👑 The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, rose from humble beginnings and led a rebellion to overthrow the Mongols, establishing a new Chinese-led dynasty.
- 🛡️ The Ming Dynasty is known for its military advancements, including the use of advanced weaponry and the construction of the Great Wall to protect against Mongol invasions.
- 🌳 The dynasty focused on agriculture and limited trade, implementing policies to encourage farming and the planting of trees for economic and defensive purposes.
- 🏗️ The Ming Dynasty saw significant construction projects, including the Forbidden City, which showcased the empire's wealth and organizational capabilities.
- 🚢 The Ming naval fleet undertook seven great voyages, utilizing advanced navigational tools like the magnetic compass and astrolabe, demonstrating China's maritime prowess.
- 📚 The Ming period was marked by a cultural revolution, with increased literacy and patronage of arts, leading to advancements in painting, ceramics, and printing.
- 📉 Economic challenges, including overpopulation, heavy taxation, and inflation, contributed to the decline of the Ming Dynasty.
- 🏰 The fall of the Ming Dynasty was influenced by internal strife, such as secret societies and moral bankruptcy, as well as external pressures from the Jurchen, who later established the Qing Dynasty.
Q & A
What was the Ming Dynasty's reaction to the previous Mongol rule in China?
-The Ming Dynasty was a reaction to the Mongol rule, characterized by a return to traditional Chinese ideas and values. It was anti-foreign and limited trade with the rest of Eurasia.
How did the Ming Dynasty's approach to governance differ from the Mongols?
-The Ming Dynasty focused on rebuilding the Chinese state based on agrarian trade and Confucian values, in contrast to the Mongols who developed a security system along the Silk Road and employed international banking systems.
What was the significance of the Ming Dynasty's naval fleet?
-The Ming Dynasty built the world's most high-tech and largest naval fleet, capable of navigating the Indian Ocean for diplomatic and trade purposes, showcasing a modern motivation in contrast to their traditional policies.
Who was the founder of the Ming Dynasty and how did he rise to power?
-The founder of the Ming Dynasty was Zhu Yuanzhang, who was born into chaos and learned to support himself as a beggar. He eventually gathered followers and managed to take control of China, proclaiming the new dynasty in 1368.
What were the key policies of the Ming Dynasty in terms of agriculture and taxation?
-The Ming Dynasty's key policies included limiting trade with the rest of Eurasia, restoring the Confucian most important society, basing the taxation system on agriculture, and instituting a census system to ensure farmers paid their taxes.
How did the Ming Dynasty's approach to trade and economy differ from the Mongols?
-While the Mongols focused on trade and developed a profitable trade network along the Silk Road, the Ming Dynasty limited trade and focused on rebuilding the economy based on agriculture.
What was the Ming Dynasty's stance on international relations and trade?
-The Ming Dynasty was characterized by a conservative approach to international relations and trade, limiting contact with continental Asia and focusing on internal development.
How did the Ming Dynasty's policies affect the Chinese population and economy?
-The Ming Dynasty's policies led to a reorganization of government, a refocus on agriculture, and a reestablishment of Confucian scholars in society, which helped to rebuild the economy and stabilize the population.
What technological advancements did the Ming Dynasty make in terms of naval exploration?
-The Ming Dynasty made significant technological advancements in naval exploration, including the use of the magnetic compass, the astrolabe, and the ability to measure distance traveled, which allowed for extensive voyages into unknown territories.
What were the factors that led to the decline of the Ming Dynasty?
-The decline of the Ming Dynasty was due to overpopulation, heavy taxation, a loss of land for agriculture, secret societies undermining government policies, and a sense of moral bankruptcy among Confucian scholars.
How did the Ming Dynasty's policies and cultural shifts influence China's position in the world?
-The Ming Dynasty's policies and cultural shifts led to increased literacy, a thriving market system, and a cultural revolution that increased interest in Chinese culture and ideas abroad, despite the conservative approach to international trade.
Outlines
🏛 Ming Dynasty: A Return to Traditional Chinese Values
The Ming Dynasty, spanning from 1368 to 1644, was a period of reaction to the Mongol rule in China. It sought to reestablish Chinese traditions and values, distancing itself from the Mongols' focus on trade. The Ming rejected foreign contact and built the world's largest and most technologically advanced naval fleet, capable of navigating the Indian Ocean for diplomatic and trade purposes. The dynasty aimed to reorganize government and society based on Confucian ideals, with a focus on agriculture and a census system to ensure tax collection. Despite these modern motivations, the Ming Dynasty's policies were rooted in traditional Chinese views, including the rejection of foreign influence and a return to agrarian society.
🌳 Agricultural and Cultural Developments During the Ming Era
The Ming Dynasty's policies were characterized by a focus on agriculture and a return to traditional Chinese values. The government promoted the planting of mulberry trees to support the silk industry and other trees for shipbuilding and construction. To protect against Mongol invasions, the Great Wall was rebuilt and extended. The Ming Dynasty was known for its large and well-organized bureaucracy, which was ahead of its time, managing a population of nearly 400 million by the 17th century. The emperors of the Ming Dynasty expanded China's territory, including northern Vietnam, and implemented Confucian examinations for civil service. They also built the Forbidden City and sponsored the construction of large ships for the famous seven voyages, which utilized advanced technology like the magnetic compass and astrolabe, showcasing China's maritime prowess.
📉 The Decline of the Ming Dynasty: Overpopulation and Economic Struggles
The decline of the Ming Dynasty was largely due to overpopulation, which led to increased land taxes and a loss of available land for taxation. This, coupled with secret societies and gentry undermining government policies, contributed to a sense of moral bankruptcy. Economic issues such as inflation and heavy taxation further exacerbated the situation. By 1644, external pressures like the Jurchen, who later became the Manchu and established the Qing Dynasty, along with internal strife, led to the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The dynasty's conservative approach to politics and business created a stable but inflexible system that could not adapt to the changing economic and social conditions.
📚 Cultural and Economic Progress in the Ming Dynasty
Despite its conservative political stance, the Ming Dynasty saw significant cultural and economic progress. The era was marked by increased literacy, which in turn led to a flourishing of arts, including painting, ceramics, and printing. The Ming Dynasty's bureaucracy was well-organized and based on traditional laws and provisions, which contributed to a stable and predictable tax system. This stability created a positive business environment. The Ming Dynasty also saw the rise of a thriving market system and cultural expressions, indicating a dynamic and evolving society. However, the lack of industrialization and the reliance on traditional methods limited the economic growth and technological advancements compared to the emerging economies in Europe.
🌐 Global Impact and the Legacy of the Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty's influence extended beyond China, as its products and culture became popular in Europe, leading to an increased interest in Chinese goods and ideas. The economic downturn in China, caused by issues such as currency devaluation and recession, had global implications, affecting trade and cultural exchange. The Ming Dynasty's market system and cultural advancements laid the groundwork for future developments, even as the dynasty faced internal and external challenges. The legacy of the Ming Dynasty is seen in its contributions to art, culture, and the early signs of industrial organization, despite the ultimate decline due to economic and social pressures.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Ming Dynasty
💡Confucianism
💡Mongol Empire
💡Zheng He
💡Great Wall
💡Overpopulation
💡Forbidden City
💡Civil Service Examination
💡Agriculture
💡Traditionalism
💡Technological Advancements
Highlights
The Ming Dynasty was a reaction to the Mongol conquest of China, aiming to return to traditional Chinese values.
The Ming Dynasty saw some modern elements in Chinese development, including a high-tech naval fleet and reorganization of government.
The Ming Dynasty rejected contact with continental Asia and focused on a Chinese view of the world.
The Ming Dynasty's naval fleet was capable of navigating and participating in the Indian Ocean trade.
The Ming Dynasty's growth was influenced by a growing population pushing against historical limits.
The Mongol Empire, under Genghis Khan, was a significant influence on the Ming Dynasty, focusing on trade and developing a security system along the Silk Road.
The Ming Dynasty's founder, Zhu Yuanzhang, rose from poverty to lead a rebellion against the Mongols and establish the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang implemented policies that were anti-Mongol and focused on rebuilding China's economy on an agrarian basis.
The Ming Dynasty limited trade with Eurasia and restored the Confucian system as the basis of society.
The Ming Dynasty introduced a census system to manage taxation and rebuild the economy.
The Ming Dynasty's naval fleet was a symbol of China's technological advances, including the use of the magnetic compass and astrolabe.
The Ming Dynasty's seven great voyages showcased their ability to sail long distances and engage in diplomacy and trade.
The Forbidden City, built during the Ming Dynasty, was a symbol of the empire's wealth and power.
The Ming Dynasty's bureaucracy was organized by tradition and statutory laws, which influenced its governance.
The Ming Dynasty's fall was influenced by overpopulation, heavy taxation, and a sense of moral bankruptcy among Confucian scholars.
The Ming Dynasty's cultural revolution led to increased literacy and interest in arts, painting, ceramics, and printing.
The Ming Dynasty's market system was thriving, with a focus on traditional practices and cultural expressions.
The Ming Dynasty's decline was marked by internal strife, external pressures, and the rise of the Qing Dynasty.
Transcripts
we might also call Ming China which
existed from 1368 to 1644 early month
but for very different reasons than for
japan roberto cavalli the ming dynasty
was in many ways reaction this reaction
was to the night of conquest of China in
the immediate past Chinese developments
did involve some modern elements but in
many ways the Ming Dynasty spurred
Chinese development toward the water
after the Ming by returning consciously
in Chinese ideas during the Ming Dynasty
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rejection of create contact with
continental Asia and the building of the
indicators that the new dynasty was
making an attempt to return itself clear
Chinese view of the world based on the
biological old regime save time however
the building of the world's most
high-tech and largest naval fleet but
the capability of navigating an
organized participation both of
diplomatic focuses in the Indian Ocean
trade and a reorganization of government
were based on modern motivations not
least of it was that the growing
population of China was pushing it up
against the limits
being history begins with the Mongols
led by Temujin with dschinghis khan'
born in 1162 cheapest rent from up past
to leader and by 1206 unified most
of the horse riding nomads in the steppe
region but today we plan on building
since he was leader of the tribe of the
Mongols as he conquered other tribes
they took off his tribal name and became
moments to Ginga saw himself as conquer
the world and said his armies on that
path to begin the beginning in 1206 he
was working on creating a classic Empire
but what his tribute base is trade
rather than agriculture by the time of
Kublai Khan in 1250 the Mongol Empire
covered most of Eurasia it remains the
largest land Empire in history even
today the horse pointing the ability of
chingus armies their high-tech weaponry
and the reputation in the process the
Mongols conquered China as well their
focus was trade the Mongols developed a
security system along the circle and
employed international banking systems
paper money and low taxes along with
protection of merchants intolerance of
all religions to create a profitable
trade network along the Silk Road and
the process they also forced many
Chinese manufacturers of the world's
most coveted goods so cloth and Chinese
drug Forsman jade and pepper to
manufacture and sell below the cost of
production that's impoverished in many
Chinese it was to say they were less
than popular in China
Qun turn son soon to be China's second
paper as an emperor was born into this
chaos he was the second son in his
family and so not able to inherit
anything eventually learned to support
himself as a beggar then agree to smile
in the monastery he taught himself to
read and write and began gathering
followers he was a charismatic pragmatic
man who is deeply aunty mom eventually
he was able to gain enough followers to
create a ragtag ancient southern capital
of China
Manji have been taken control of
managing to take all of China back from
the mongols and proclaimed the existence
of a new dynasty than me with himself as
its first emperor in 1368 the Mongols in
the midst of a civil war with food from
China
and Bing homeboy was able to reunite
China under Chinese rule he had some
very specific beliefs he was anti gently
he believed that the Confucian scholars
that have assisted improved since the
Han Dynasty could not be trusted he was
angry that some of them had sword the
Mongols still he also believed Chinese
tradition as well held the state today
so he connected reactionary plan to
rebuild the Chinese state as the base of
Chinese morality he then went about
rebuilding China's economy on an
agrarian trade places he limited trade
with the rest of Eurasia he then
restored the Confucian most important
society he based his taxation system on
agriculture I went to great lengths to
make sure the farmers paid their taxes
it's Institute of a census system to be
at least about Confucian scholars who
worked as County magistrate's they had
to keep the roles of people who own how
much time and how much tax they pay to
rebuild the economy and gave five years
of tax-free status to people who began
to pardon it
he calls five hundred thousand mulberry
trees to be planted between build
China's soap industry and planted
hundreds of thousands of other trees for
wood to use in building ships and
administrative offices to prevent the
Mongol invasion from North he rebuilt
the Great Wall and extended making their
advocacy today here's a map of China
under the Ming Dynasty and its success
is a picture of one section of a big
long as it was we built them
one of the ways in which here you can
see a basic organizational activity and
the modern idea that the people have a
stake in governing the Ming Dynasty was
carefully organized and began an agency
stood next train to each other's
territories few Imperial governments for
sale at eleven hours before the 19th
century this is impressive especially
when they take into account the Ming
Dynasty had a population nearly 400
million people by the time event within
64
the Emperor he extended the size of
China to include northern Vietnam
routinely Confucian examinations for
people who wanted to join the civil
service and he built the Forbidden City
he's also bamboo the pause the great
ships to be built that would eventually
sail the seven voyages
this map shows one of China's great
modern advances in technology the seven
great voyages that will put together by
the young and they they included use of
the magnetic compass the astrolabe which
was borrowed from Arab technology
car engine chugs the basic ability to
measure distance traveled and proudly
he's allowed to sail out of sight of
land and into territories that he did
not know without getting lost
Chinese fleets with Japanese and Korean
merchant ships although eventually the
Chinese stopped sending these large
tribute boots into the Indian Ocean
something for for as far as so now they
probably stopped because their missions
diplomatic some critics claim that they
look like trading sites who made the
Emperor with local merchants this was
considerably more than several voyages
were stopped in
the vessels allowed to laugh at their
backs Emperor Yongle added to the
prestige of the Ming Dynasty by building
the Forbidden City
inside the Mongol invasion this became
the largest and most opulent palace in
the world signifying the ability of the
main temple is to combine huge revenues
through tax in their subjects in this
way we could see that the Ming Dynasty
still saw itself in terms of the
biological old regime relying on
prestige and the organization with an
empire nonetheless
an empire the Ming Emperor's control
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also the Ming began to fall heavy
taxation was growing in fact we also see
a defining status by 1750 they have
eighty six hundred suicides of widows
when their husbands died which is only
fifty suicides
the Ming Dynasty was as characterized by
on flexibility circuit ISM and tended to
react to the Mongols international and
trade orientation by in fact pays enough
China and reverting to traditional in
this way Dynasty was essentially in
terms of business the Ming Dynasty
business
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conservatism politically made a positive
business atmosphere because it tended to
make taxes over time very predictable
the Confucian focus of the Ming Dynasty
did also attend to the under taxation of
the Chinese
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young
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the Ming Dynasty began to fall apart in
large part because of overpopulation
which is ironically undercounted which
as I mentioned before led to rising the
land taxes and a loss of land that was
available for abusive taxation also
secret societies of gentry and these
scholars tended to undercut government
policies and then there was large
amounts of inflation under taxation and
a kind of a sense of moral bankruptcy
among Confucius fathers
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in 1644 there was also an empire this
had to do with criminal gang we're going
to band together and eventually we're
even able to take Beijing at the same
time the Jurchen began to call
themselves men shoes had organized
themselves in a Chinese way and adopted
the Chinese language and created a new
military organization and established
the Ching dynasty
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so civilization provided these to Seoul
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as well as China's
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but China's massive bureaucracy is
already full moon is organized by
tradition of statutory laws and
provisions
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specifically in Europe in general one of
the things that we have the Morrissey is
a centralized and efficient government
Fairfax's and supported the economy of
subjects with a clear recognition what
their enterprise was big for the
national economy which increased the tax
base which was good for the ruler as
well as the people but as Spence notes
China already have them and that means
we happen to be okay
2,300 X 2 years of history because the
question once they arrived in China
industrialized the answer comes at least
in part in amending the spoon Dynasty
China 1362 16
[Laughter]
organization you can spin it and then
take it
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and príncipe contracted out to each of
these different skill workers and these
different skilled worker organizations
didn't use machines but they used all
set power and skills that they have
developed themselves so it is a pretty
industrialization that is it doesn't
involve machines and new systems in
energy but it is a well-organized system
of setting up labor to mass-produce
reports
China also underwent a cultural
revolution here in the Ming Dynasty and
we see increased literacy which led to
his interest in patron expressions and
ideas painting ceramics and printing
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Spanish
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back to Spain they actually increased
our certainty and fellow the single
thing in America also flooded the
Chinese market in this passive
devaluation of currency and recession
putting the Ming Dynasty and adaptable
uses for Chinese integration overseas as
well as problems with taxation and
prices Chinese this also reduced the
prices of Chinese foods in Europe and
increased interest in Chinese culture
and ideas in the Ming Dynasty this
organization is stopped using them for
uses of tradition the UFOs were the
participants in something that any
monastic does China in the Ming Dynasty
at a thriving market system they avoided
big publishing and cultural system it
was also an interesting tree finally the
Ming Dynasty saw major steps
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yeah this was probably because the
savings on laboring was not enough to
make the movie industry profitable or
attempting to business people paid all
of these senses then main channel is
really mine is both free water so as I
was receiving the textbook was the Ching
dynasty
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