Framing Qualitative Research

Summary

In this lecture, Assistant Professor Sampriti Dance from Christo's Anti College Bengaluru delves into the training of qualitative research, emphasizing the framing process. She discusses the importance of paradigms, theories, methodologies, and evaluations in planning research. Key concepts like ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology are explored, highlighting the researcher's role as a tool in qualitative research. The lecture also touches on the iterative process of reflection and reflexivity, the significance of the problem statement, and the evaluation of qualitative data through criteria like trustworthiness and credibility.

Takeaways

• 📚 Framing is a comprehensive process in research that involves planning based on paradigms, theories, methodologies, and evaluations.
• 🔍 The researcher plays a pivotal role in framing, acting as a tool in qualitative research, and is involved in iterative and reflective processes.
• 🎯 Ontology and epistemology are the philosophical foundations that guide research, influencing how reality and knowledge are perceived and studied.
• 🧩 Axiology considers the impact of the researcher's values and beliefs on the research process, emphasizing the importance of researcher's subjectivity.
• 🛠 Methodology is the approach taken to explore knowledge, and it is crucial for the researcher to choose the appropriate methodology that aligns with the research purpose and objectives.
• 🤔 Reflection and reflexivity are essential for researchers to consider their biases and assumptions, ensuring a more objective and authentic data collection and analysis.
• 📝 The problem statement is a refined definition of the research's central theme, providing direction for the study and justifying its significance.
• 🔄 Transferability in qualitative research refers to the applicability of results to other settings with similar characteristics, as opposed to generalization in quantitative research.
• 📈 Evaluative criteria such as trustworthiness, credibility, and confirmability are used to ensure the quality of qualitative research, rather than relying on statistical measures.
• 📖 The lecture encourages researchers, especially novices, to explore various methodologies and evaluative criteria to confidently frame and conduct their research.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the lecture by Sampriti Dance?

The main focus of the lecture is on the training of qualitative research, specifically on how to frame qualitative research. It covers the general idea of framing, which is applicable to both quantitative and qualitative research, with an emphasis on the latter.

What does the term 'framing' refer to in the context of research?

In the context of research, 'framing' refers to the entire process that involves the researcher in planning the entire research before it begins. It includes deciding on paradigms, theories, methodologies, and evaluations that are appropriate for the research.

What is the role of the researcher in the framing process?

The researcher plays a crucial role in the framing process by being involved in an iterative and reflective process. They are responsible for deciding on the paradigms, theories, area of study, purpose, objectives, and methodologies. They also engage in reflection and reflexivity to ensure the research is conducted with clarity and without biases.

What are the important concepts related to framing research that a researcher should understand?

Important concepts related to framing research include ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. These philosophical backbones guide the research process and influence how the researcher approaches the study.

How does the researcher's background and values influence the research process?

The researcher's background and values, as part of axiology, can influence the research process by shaping their perceptions and interpretations of the data. It is important for researchers to be aware of their biases and how they might affect data collection and analysis.

What is the significance of the researcher being a 'tool' in qualitative research?

In qualitative research, the researcher is considered a 'tool' because the data is recorded through the researcher's medium. This means that the researcher's personal biases and attitudes can affect the data collection and interpretation, emphasizing the need for reflection and reflexivity.

What is the purpose of the 'five question method' mentioned in the lecture?

The 'five question method' is a strategy to help researchers, especially novices, choose an appropriate methodology for their qualitative research. It guides them through defining the purpose, objective, and tradition of qualitative research that best fits their study.

How does the concept of 'transferability' apply to qualitative research?

In qualitative research, 'transferability' refers to the possibility of applying the results from one study to another setting, provided that both settings share similar characteristics or features. It is a way to generalize the findings to some extent, unlike in quantitative research where generalization is broader.

What evaluative criteria are commonly used in qualitative research to ensure the trustworthiness of results?

Evaluative criteria used in qualitative research to ensure trustworthiness include trustworthiness, credibility, and confirmability. These criteria help in standardizing the analysis of data and providing clarity on how the results were obtained.

Why is it important for a researcher to decide on the evaluative criteria before starting the research?

Deciding on the evaluative criteria before starting the research is important because it helps the researcher to standardize the analysis of data and provide a clear explanation of how they arrived at their results. It also ensures the credibility and transferability of the findings.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Qualitative Research Training

Sampriti, an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Christo's Anti College Bengaluru, introduces the lecture on qualitative research training. The lecture focuses on 'framing' as a concept applicable to both quantitative and qualitative research, with an emphasis on qualitative research. Sampriti expresses gratitude to colleagues for their contributions to the lecture content. The lecture will cover framing, the role of the researcher, related concepts, and the evaluation and analysis of qualitative data. Framing is described as a process involving planning research based on paradigms, theories, methodologies, and evaluations. It involves the researcher in an iterative and reflective process, moving between steps and gaining insights. The lecture will also discuss the prerequisites for qualitative research, such as understanding research concepts, scientific evidence, philosophical foundations, and research methodologies.

05:01

🧠 Philosophical Foundations of Research

The lecture delves into the philosophical foundations of research, emphasizing the importance of understanding ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. Ontology pertains to the nature of reality and whether there is a single universal truth or multiple truths based on individual perceptions. Epistemology is about how knowledge is gained and the forces, often social and cultural, that shape our understanding. Axiology considers the influence of a researcher's values and beliefs on the study, potentially limiting or empowering the research based on their background. Methodology is presented as an approach to exploring knowledge, which is based on principles and specific methods, and can vary between qualitative and quantitative research.

10:03

🔍 The Role of the Researcher in Qualitative Research

Sampriti discusses the role of the researcher in qualitative research, highlighting that the researcher acts as a tool due to their direct involvement in data collection. The researcher's reflections and reflexivity are crucial for interpreting data and understanding their own biases. The lecture stresses the importance of being aware of personal assumptions and biases to avoid impacting the research's data collection and analysis. The researcher's values, shaped by their training and social environment, can influence the study, and it is essential to consider these influences to maintain the integrity of the research process.

15:05

🎯 Defining the Purpose and Objectives of Qualitative Research

The lecture focuses on defining the purpose and objectives of qualitative research. It is essential to justify the need for research in a particular area and to articulate the benefits and implications it may bring. Sampriti introduces the 'five question method' by Mike Gase and Scott as a tool for framing qualitative research, which helps in choosing the appropriate methodology. The problem statement, a refined version of the central theme of the study, is crucial for providing direction to the research and choosing the right methodology. The lecture also touches on the concept of transferability in qualitative research, which is about the extent to which results can be applied to other settings with similar characteristics.

20:06

📊 Evaluative Criteria and Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

Sampriti discusses the evaluative criteria for qualitative research, which are not as numerically expressed as in quantitative research but are based on language and words. Criteria such as trustworthiness, credibility, and confirmability are highlighted, referencing the work of Lincoln and Kuba from 1986. The lecture notes that different evaluative criteria may be more appropriate for certain types of qualitative research, like ethnography or participant observation. The choice of evaluative criteria is crucial for providing clarity and transferability in the research results. The lecture concludes by emphasizing the importance of framing research to give the researcher confidence in their approach and to ensure that the research questions are answered effectively.

25:08

📚 Closing Remarks and Encouragement for Further Learning

In the final part of the lecture, Sampriti provides references and suggests readings for further exploration of qualitative research. She encourages viewers to consult high-quality research methodology books and updated research articles to deepen their understanding. The lecture concludes with a reminder of the comprehensive nature of framing research, which includes deciding on the research area, purpose, methodology, data analysis standards, and the transferability or generalizability of the results.

Keywords

💡Framing

Framing in the context of the video refers to the process of planning and conceptualizing a research study, particularly in qualitative research. It involves selecting appropriate paradigms, theories, methodologies, and evaluations to guide the research. The video emphasizes that framing is not a one-time decision but an iterative and reflective process where researchers move back and forth between steps, gaining insights and making informed decisions. An example from the script is the detailed discussion on how framing begins with choosing a research area and becomes more specific as sub-areas and variables are identified.

💡Iterative Process

An iterative process in research, as mentioned in the video, is a reflective and cyclical approach where researchers revisit and revise their steps, insights, and decisions. This process is crucial in qualitative research as it allows for the dynamic adjustment of research plans based on emerging data and reflections. The script illustrates this with the idea that researchers might move back and forth between steps, such as revisiting the choice of paradigms or theories based on new insights gained during data collection.

💡Ontology

Ontology, as discussed in the video, is a philosophical concept that pertains to the nature of reality and existence. In research, it guides the understanding of whether there is a single, universal truth or multiple realities based on individual or contextual variations. The video explains that a positivist ontology assumes a singular truth, often associated with quantitative research, while a constructivist ontology acknowledges multiple truths, which is more aligned with qualitative research.

💡Epistemology

Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired, understood, and validated. In the video, it is described as a philosophical backbone of research that influences how researchers perceive and approach the generation of knowledge. The script uses epistemology to differentiate between different research approaches, such as how a researcher might understand the concept of emotion varying across cultures based on their training, observations, and experiences.

💡Axiology

Axiology in the video refers to the study of values, particularly how the values held by researchers can influence their research. It is highlighted as an important concept because researchers, being socially constructed individuals, bring their own values and beliefs that can shape their research questions, methodologies, and interpretations. The video stresses the importance of researchers being aware of their axiological stance to ensure that their values do not unduly bias their research.

💡Methodology

Methodology in the script is defined as the systematic approach to exploring knowledge and conducting research. It is based on certain principles and methods and can vary widely between qualitative and quantitative research. The video emphasizes that the choice of methodology should be justified and aligned with the research objectives. An example is the discussion on how a researcher's choice of methodology will affect the direction of the research and the subsequent analysis and interpretation of data.

💡Reflection

Reflection, as used in the video, is the act of a researcher interpreting and considering their data, methods, and decisions in light of their research objectives. It is a critical component of qualitative research where researchers are encouraged to reflect on whether a single method is sufficient or if multiple methods are required to gather comprehensive data. The script illustrates this with the idea that reflection helps researchers to make decisions about data collection and analysis methods that best suit their research questions.

💡Reflexivity

Reflexivity in the video is described as the researcher's ability to critically examine their own role, biases, and assumptions in the research process. It involves a deep understanding of oneself as a tool in research and is crucial for qualitative researchers to ensure that personal biases do not skew the research findings. The script mentions that reflexivity includes constant self-evaluation and awareness, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of the research.

💡Problem Statement

A problem statement, as discussed in the video, is a refined and specific articulation of the central theme or phenomena of study in a research project. It is essential for guiding the research direction and is based on evidence from existing literature. The video provides an example of a problem statement focusing on domestic violence among working women in a particular culture, which sets the stage for the research's focus and methodology.

💡Transferability

Transferability in the context of the video refers to the extent to which the findings from a qualitative study can be applied to other settings or contexts. Unlike generalization in quantitative research, which aims for broad applicability, transferability in qualitative research is more nuanced and context-specific. The video explains that results from a qualitative study may be transferable to other settings that share similar characteristics, and this is an important consideration in the framing and analysis of qualitative research.

💡Evaluative Criteria

Evaluative criteria in the video are the standards used to assess the quality and trustworthiness of qualitative research. These criteria, such as credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability, help ensure that the research is rigorous and that the findings are valid and reliable. The script mentions that different evaluative criteria may be more appropriate for different types of qualitative research, and researchers must choose the criteria that best fit their study's methodology and objectives.

Highlights

Introduction to the concept of framing in research, emphasizing its importance in both quantitative and qualitative research.

Definition of framing as a comprehensive process involving planning research based on paradigms, theories, methodologies, and evaluations.

The iterative and reflective nature of the framing process, requiring researchers to move back and forth between steps.

The role of the researcher in framing, including decision-making on paradigms, theories, area of study, purpose, objectives, and methodologies.

Importance of understanding the philosophical foundations of research, such as ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology.

Discussion on ontology, which concerns the nature of reality and whether there is a single universal truth or multiple truths based on perception.

Epistemology's focus on how knowledge is gained and the influence of social and cultural forces on understanding.

Axiology's examination of how a researcher's values and beliefs can impact or influence a study.

The researcher as a tool in qualitative research, emphasizing the importance of reflection and reflexivity.

The necessity of careful consideration of assumptions and biases in qualitative research to ensure data authenticity.

The process of defining the purpose and objectives of a study and the importance of providing a clear rationale.

The five-question method for framing qualitative research, aiding researchers in choosing an appropriate methodology.

The significance of a problem statement in refining the central theme and providing direction for the research.

The concept of transferability in qualitative research, which is about the applicability of results to other settings with similar characteristics.

Evaluative criteria in qualitative research, such as trustworthiness, credibility, and confirmability, which are essential for ensuring the quality of data analysis.

The framing process as a confidence-builder for researchers, helping them to proceed with research and achieve objectives.

Encouragement for researchers to explore a variety of research methodology books and articles for a comprehensive understanding.

Transcripts

awesome

greetings everyone my name is sampriti

dance and I'm an assistant professor in

the department of psychology Christo's

anti College Bengaluru this lecture is

covering the topic training of

qualitative research

through this lecture I will be talking

about framing as a general idea which is

applicable to both quantitative and

qualitative research as well

but the emphasis of this lecture in

understanding training will be how we

frame qualitative research

before we begin I would like to give my

thanks on my gratitude to my department

colleagues who have contributed in their

own ways to help me develop the content

for this particular lecture

the topics that will be covered today

would include the general idea of

framing the role of the researcher in

framing certain important related

Concepts to Framing and how evaluation

and Analysis of qualitative data as well

as understanding generalization or

transferability of resource results can

also have a strong say in the training

process of qualitative research or in

the framing process of research

so what do we understand by Framing what

is framing and resource pain involves

planning a research based on paradigms

theories methodologies and evaluations

so basically if we have to go with this

definition and its understanding the

understanding that it is implying we

would want to say that farming framing

is an entire process that involves the

researcher in planning the entire

research before it is begun so to do

that a researcher will be involved in

deciding on the paradigms that are

appropriate for a particular research

the theories that are applicable and in

light of those theories what could be

the area of study the purpose of the

study the objective and to attain to

achieve those objectives what kind of

methodologies will be required to be

employed and finally those methodologies

the evaluations that will be provided

whether they would be justifying the

objective or purpose that was already

set

so it will include the researcher being

involved in an iterative process when we

say an iterative process we mean a

reflective process of moving from one

step to the other back to the formal

step again coming back to the next steps

so it will be a shift of uh gaining

Insight of gaining reflections from one

step to another and at times moving back

and forth between the steps

hence the researcher will be engaged or

will be involved in identifying as well

as justifying giving rationale giving

reasons strong reasons for the

appropriate course of action order

appropriate designated appropriate

course of action that the researcher is

highlighting the researcher is bringing

forth to go ahead with a particular

research

framing begins from the point when a

research area is chosen because when we

chose the research area we already give

an understanding we already hold up

explanations of why research in that

particular area is required

once we chose the area we go even more

specific layer by layer to find out more

sub areas and we target certain sub

areas with specific variables that we

want to explore

so understanding ultimately or the

ultimate drawing of of a particular

research area or research domain a

phenomena of study would Engage The

researcher in considering all other

methodologies or all other ways of

exploration that were considered in

previous resources in already existing

literature

such

exploration gives the researcher an idea

of how they would like to go ahead with

their research

and to begin in the journey the first

thing will be to identify the specific

area of research and the second basic

thing is to find out to showcase the

rational the purpose the significance of

doing in that particular highlighted

area

to involve in such a sincere and

sensitive process

there are certain prerequisites and a

prerequisite that we are going to

mention here or I would like to

highlight here is

having good knowledge on the basic

concepts of research

like what is the meaning of research

what is the purpose of research in

general

what is the meaning of scientific

evidence or a scientific inquiry

what are certain philosophical

foundations that guides research

ontological stances epistemological

choices or epistemological stances

research methodology based on those

ontological and epistemological stances

and finally the course of analysis of

data because analysis of data gives us

the results that has to be reported for

the data and the report has to be in

line with the objective of the research

it should justify the aim of the

research

the important Concepts or related

Concepts that are really important to

understanding framing of research are

ontology epistemology axiology and

methodology well there can be many more

other Concepts but as a preliminary

understanding of framing it is important

that the researcher understands these

basic concepts

as we move on throughout the lecture we

will also have a look at the role of the

researcher

the problem statement Etc so coming back

to the important Concepts ontology

epistemology

are philosophical backbones of research

when we say ontology we particularly

point to the knowledge of reality

the idea of how reality exists

whether regarding a particular phenomena

there is one singular Universal reality

or truth

or there can be multiple realities or

multiple truths based on variations in

perception from person to person or

context to context

so the first idea of reality that I was

talking about were a phenomena may exist

the truth of a phenomena is one or

Universal or singular is the stance that

is taken up by something called the

positivist starts positivist ontology

usually very core to quantitative

studies and the second variation I was

talking about where we encourage We

Believe or a researcher believes or

encourages the existence of multiple

truths or multiple realities depending

upon perceptions that are prevailing

uh when we

vary from person to person or context to

context is something

ontological stance that is called to

qualitative research

likewise from the belief in how

knowledge exists we go on to

um The epistemological Stance of how

that knowledge has been existing how

that knowledge has been gained how do we

know what we know

based on the existence of a truth

whether it is existing as a singular

truth or it has multiple realities how

did all those realities come into

existence or how do we know that there

is only one particular truth

so how do what kind of forces usually

social and cultural has led the path to

understanding of whatever whatever we

understand today as however it is so

suppose for example I know that emotions

can have variations from culture to

culture and how do I get that knowledge

how did I get to know the concept of

emotion and then it varies from culture

to culture my personal experiences I

have been trained I have been taught I

have observed how did I get to know

so these understanding comes under what

we call as the epistemology

axiology can be understood by

considering that researchers because

they are also socially constructed

people

because they have also been influenced

based on their backgrounds can hold

certain values certain beliefs if not

anything

then at least the values of rightness or

wrongness good bad Etc so holding these

values as researchers how does that

impact or how that can possibly impact

or influence my study or any researcher

study the values that I hold based on a

particular background that I have

be it a background in training be it a

background in a social environment Etc

how those values will ultimately impact

my study or how it can possibly

influence my study will it limit it will

certain perceptions limit my perception

to look at the data I have while

analyzing it or

um

my background will Empower me to further

shape my perceptions based on the data I

have so how that is axiology how we

understand the influence of researchers

values

judgments on the ongoing study or the

upcoming study

then finally the idea uh the

understanding of methodology methodology

can be understood as an approach that we

tend to take to explore the knowledge to

go for what we just study and

methodology will always be based on

certain principles or specific methods

so hence indicating there can be

multiple methodologies existing for both

qualitative and quantitative research

when we are understanding these

important Concepts we also have to take

into certain roles as researchers

especially in qualitative research the

researcher himself or herself is a tool

because the data that has been recorded

has been passed through the medium or

the researcher someone is recording the

data that means there is a medium

through which the data is being passed

until finally it gets recorded and this

medium is the data it is the researcher

so the researcher in qualitative

research is considered as a tool

hence it is important that the

researcher has a tool involves oneself

into processes like reflection

reflexivity careful consideration of

assumptions and biasedness

deciding on the purpose and objective of

the study provide clarity

to other researchers or the research

community Through description analysis

and interpretation about the research

reflection involves the researcher in

interpreting the data that has been

collected or the data that will be

collected in terms of whether a

particular one particular method will be

enough or there will be a need for

multiple methods multiple sources of

information also at times

in qualitative research it can be

challenging at times to

help oneself as a researcher in

gathering data the data is gathered

through people at times so people may

have multiple versions of their story or

they might not want to give up certain

um information about a particular

context so is there only one way through

which the data will have to be gathered

leading to a part which will lead to a

particular analysis or there is a

requirement for multiple methods

multiple ways to approach data

collection in qualitative research so

this kind of reflection regarding the

data will have to be made by the

researcher

reflexivity would mean the researcher

employing oneself in reflecting on the

researcher as a tool reflection is

focused towards making interpretations

and decisions regarding the data

reflexivity is gaining an Insight it's a

skill basically of understanding oneself

as a researcher as a tool

so reflexivity would include the

researcher constantly keeping a check on

personal biases personal attitudes the

way they are understanding

13 collection of data the way they are

understanding the information that is in

front of them hence

we move on to careful consideration of

the assumptions and biases that can be

existing

so this is a very sensitive area to work

on because sometimes as researchers we

may not be aware that we hold certain

biases

sometimes as researchers we may not be

aware that the information that is

coming to us is being processed with

this existing biases so it is important

specially advised in qualitative

researches to not approach a research

with preconceived assumptions or biases

to such a level that it will impact the

entire course of data collection as well

as analysis if we have a limited

perception we may be collecting only

those information that we feel as

important based on the kind of

assumptions that we have or perceptions

or biasednesses that we have and hence

the for our final report or the ultimate

report that we are going to prepare will

be only based on

a very

biased

collection handful amount of data it

will not be a holistic perspective

and if the collection itself was not the

data collection was itself was not

holistic then the data is not

trustworthy or the data may not be

authentic it may not be considered

standardized in terms of Transportation

authenticity

we will also be proceeding in this

lecture to getting a brief idea or a

surface idea about what is

trustworthiness and authenticity of data

and how do we decide on these topics

reside on this criteria

the role of the researcher also revolves

around deciding the purpose and

objective of the study when we hold up a

particular study area a domain or a

phenomena it is important for us to

justify why why research is required in

that area what could be what what is the

purpose of research in that area what

benefits it is going to bring up and

based on those benefits ultimate

benefits and implications what should be

the objective of the study that if we

attain that objective we will be able to

answer those questions on implications

and benefits Etc

to do this we will have to hold a very

clear description very clear analysis

transparent interpretations of why we

think research is required in a

particular area

we will have to justify defend our idea

of understanding the requirement of

research in an area

hence framing of a qualitative research

or any research will indulge a

researcher in a process of questioning

this questioning is ultimately going to

help the researcher choose the

appropriate methodology out of the range

of methodologies that may prevail

choosing the appropriate methodology

will set the direction for the research

in an action based approach we are going

to work on that plan once we choose that

methodology hence choosing the

appropriate methodology is equally

important as choosing the area of

research and justifying why research is

required in that particular area

an example that I would like to mention

here is of the five question method of

framing qualitative research which was

uh given by my gasoline M Scott in 2003

so this method employs asking five

questions

usually like uh what could be the

purpose of This research what would be

the objective of This research answering

which leads us to make a good choice of

which tradition of qualitative research

we would like to choose

out of the five major tradition that has

been identified by Mike gasoline and

Scott

and these Traditions are biography

ethnography

phenomenology grounded Theory and case

study so these questions enables

especially novice researchers

to choose that one appropriate

methodology or their research

this process is not easy and something

like the five question method helps the

researchers

attain some amount of ease some amount

of clarity in finally being confident

about the methodology that they choose

when we choose the methodology the

methodology should be something that is

uh justifiable enough to explore the

problem statement

the problem statement is a refinely

defined uh version of the central theme

of the research the central theme of the

study essential to a problem statement

is the central theme of the study the

matter of study or the phenomena of

study and in whatever truth version it

exists

this will be based on available evidence

from existing literature for example if

I say that my problem statement

captures the theme domestic violence

among working women in a particular

culture

then I would have to draw evidence that

research is required or there are gaps

over there or there are you know um

areas over there where research can do

good to that Community when we research

can contribute to that community

so a problem statement would give us a

view of

um this entire scenario the domestic

violence in what ways in occur it occurs

how is it being coped with how women in

this particular society uh thinks about

domestic violence so that that will be

our area of study the problem statement

and when we arrive at the problem

statement When we arrive at

um explaining a problem or the focus of

the study the area of the study the

where why what how then the study gets a

direction or it begins to get a

direction to further proceed or to

further uh enable the researcher to

proceed to choosing the methodology and

henceforth giving an idea about

what kind of a frame the research is

getting

uh

we Define the research we defined a

problem statement we get an

understanding of what kind of a

methodology will help it

and then we will have to arrive at an

understanding of

whether a particular way of analyzing

data

will give us

such an analysis report that the data

becomes applicable to address settings

in quantitative research this

applicability to other settings is much

broader when compared to qualitative

research and because of its broadness

vitamitous generalization it can be

generalized as a

one truth or universal truth to an

extent uh to most people around the

world or to most to a larger population

around the world in the universe

while in qualitative data the

encouragement from the beginning itself

is not to find out things that can be

General liable but to find out things

that are more in-depth understanding

it is not dealing with surface

understanding it is dealing with

in-depth understanding and when we go in

depth we become more and more context

specific in the process hence results

from one particular qualitative data may

not be something that is completely

applicable to another setting

but to quite an extent it may be

applicable where

two situations are sharing similar

characteristics or similar specific

um features

so in that kind of a situation the

transferability

the idea of transferability will be

transferability will be more appropriate

to explain that results from a

qualitative study can be or can have

possibility of being through to another

setting provided both these settings are

having similar features

so we have to Target

transferability in a heightened sense in

qualitative research and to do that we

will have to apply standards while

analyzing the data because the answers

are lying there

the answers to justify our objective is

lying there

to standardize analysis of data in

quantitative research we can have

confidence in terms of quantity in terms

of numbers in terms of statistical

analysis and in qualitative data the

same confidence can be brought up by

evaluative criteria better

specific to qualitative data these

evaluative criteria if we have to talk

about in quantitative sense we can talk

about internal validity external

validity

reliability objectivity which can be

shown with numerical expressions

in qualitative data again the expression

of the same also is in terms of words or

language so the evaluative criteria will

be can be considered equivalent to but

not similar uh two concepts like

trustworthiness of the results

credibility confirmability

Etc now this criteria that I just

mentioned are taken from the evaluative

criteria that was given by Lincoln and

Kuba in 1986.

again in qualitative research there does

not exist only one evaluative criteria

there are multiple evaluative criteria

like another example could be one given

by 3C in 2010. so these evaluative

criterias some are generally applicable

to all qualitative research and some

even though generally applicable may be

more appropriate towards certain types

of qualitative research like ethnography

for example

or participant observation another

example like evaluative criteria that

are mostly appropriate for ethnography

or evaluative criteria that are mostly

appropriate for participant observation

research

hence even while choosing the standards

for analyzing data a qualitative

researcher will have to decide which is

the appropriate evaluative criteria we

are going to choose

because it will help the researcher to

provide those Clarity transference

transference uh explanations to how they

arrived at the results that they are

presenting how they arrived at the

report at the results that are reported

in the final

um written report of a particular

qualitative research

hence

all this the entire process of framing

actually gives a researcher a confidence

to go ahead with her with the research

and to frame the research to decide

before we begin with the research of

what would be the area what is the

purpose of the study rational

significance methodology employed

analysis of data choosing the standard

analysis of data choosing the evaluative

criteria and finally deciding on how

transferable or generalizable the

results will be

is

or can be termed as or can be understood

as framing of research

so this framing enables a researcher to

proceed through the research with

confidence and speak to the specific

direction that is required to finally

answer the research questions to finally

achieve the objectives that have been

made that have been decided for that

particular research

here's the references that I have

followed as well as I can also put them

up as suggested readings to the viewers

here

however the sources of information is

not limited to these references

um

uh I would really like to encourage

um all the viewers and listeners to go

through any quality uh good quality

research books research methodology

books as well as updated research

articles that are that we have an access

to constantly thank you