Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders (Intro Psych Tutorial #230)
Summary
TLDRIn this video, Michael Corayer explores obsessive-compulsive and related disorders as outlined in the DSM-5. He discusses OCD's hallmark symptoms: obsessions and compulsions, affecting roughly 2% of the population equally across genders and often linked with depression. The video also covers hoarding disorder, characterized by an inability to discard possessions and leading to cluttered, potentially unsafe environments, with a prevalence of 2-6% and a strong association with mood disorders. Lastly, body dysmorphic disorder is introduced, featuring a preoccupation with imagined physical flaws, impacting approximately 2.4% of individuals, more commonly in females, and frequently comorbid with depression.
Takeaways
- 🧠 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and compulsions, with obsessions being recurrent, unwanted thoughts and compulsions being repetitive behaviors.
- 🌐 Common obsessions in OCD include fears of contamination, harm to others, and the need for symmetry and balance.
- 🧼 OCD's prevalence is estimated at about 2%, affecting males and females equally, and often co-occurs with depression.
- 🤔 Patients with OCD are aware that their compulsions are irrational but feel compelled to perform them to reduce anxiety.
- 🔁 The cycle of OCD involves intrusive thoughts leading to anxiety, which is temporarily relieved by performing compulsions, only for the anxiety to return.
- 🏚 Hoarding disorder, previously a subtype of OCD, is now recognized as a separate disorder in DSM-5, characterized by difficulty parting with possessions, even if they are worthless.
- 🐭 Animal hoarding is a specific type of hoarding disorder where individuals take in pets they cannot properly care for, leading to poor living conditions for the animals.
- 📈 The prevalence of hoarding disorder is about 2 to 6%, with a higher incidence in older populations and often co-occurring with mood or anxiety disorders.
- 🪞 Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) involves a preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's appearance that are often minor or unnoticeable to others.
- 🪞 Individuals with BDD may exhibit behaviors such as constant mirror-checking, excessive grooming, or seeking reassurance about their perceived flaws.
- 🏥 Only a small percentage (7-8%) of those seeking cosmetic surgery meet the criteria for BDD, suggesting that most people undergoing such procedures do not have this disorder.
Q & A
What are the two main characteristic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
-The two main characteristic symptoms of OCD are obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions refer to recurrent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, while compulsions refer to repetitive behaviors that the patient engages in.
What is the estimated prevalence of OCD according to the DSM-5?
-The estimated prevalence of OCD in the DSM-5 is about 2%, and it is roughly equal for males and females.
How do individuals with OCD typically perceive their compulsions?
-Individuals with OCD often know that their compulsions are irrational. They may rationally understand that their behaviors are not necessary, but they engage in them because it reduces their anxiety.
What is the relationship between OCD and depression?
-OCD is often comorbid with depression, meaning that individuals with OCD may also experience symptoms of depression.
What is the difference between normal anxiety and the intrusive thoughts in OCD?
-Normal anxiety, such as feeling the need to wash hands after touching something dirty, is a temporary response to a specific event. In OCD, the intrusive thoughts persist and recur even after the individual has taken action to alleviate the anxiety, leading to repetitive behaviors.
What is hoarding disorder, and how is it different from OCD?
-Hoarding disorder is characterized by a difficulty in parting with personal possessions, even if they are worthless, and it can lead to clutter that impairs social and occupational functioning. It is different from OCD as it was given its own disorder label in the DSM-5 and is not considered a type of OCD.
What is excessive acquisition, and how is it related to hoarding disorder?
-Excessive acquisition is a behavior where individuals with hoarding disorder acquire items that they do not have space for, leading to clutter and an inability to part with possessions. It is often seen in about 80 to 90% of people with hoarding disorder.
What is the estimated prevalence of hoarding disorder, and is it more common in any specific age group?
-The estimated prevalence of hoarding disorder is about 2 to 6%, and it is more common in older populations, being three times more common in people aged 55 to 94.
What is body dysmorphic disorder, and how does it manifest?
-Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived flaws or defects in one's physical appearance that are often slight or not noticeable to others. It can manifest as intrusive thoughts about the perceived flaw, repetitive behaviors such as constant mirror checking, and distorted thoughts that exaggerate the flaw.
How common is body dysmorphic disorder among individuals seeking cosmetic surgery?
-Only about 7-8% of people who undergo cosmetic surgery actually meet the diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder, suggesting that the majority of those seeking cosmetic surgery do not have this disorder.
What is the estimated prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States, and is there a gender difference?
-The estimated prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States is about 2.4%, and it is slightly more common in females than males.
Outlines
🤔 Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Michael Corayer introduces the topic of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the DSM-5, focusing on OCD. He explains that OCD is characterized by obsessions, which are unwanted intrusive thoughts, and compulsions, which are repetitive behaviors. Common obsessions include fears of contamination, harm to loved ones, and the need for symmetry. The prevalence is about 2%, equally affecting males and females, and often co-occurs with depression. Patients with OCD recognize their compulsions as irrational but feel compelled to perform them due to anxiety reduction. The video uses relatable examples to illustrate the intrusive nature of OCD thoughts and the cycle of compulsive behaviors.
🏚️ Hoarding Disorder: From OCD to a Distinct Diagnosis
The script discusses hoarding disorder, which was reclassified in the DSM-5 as a separate disorder from OCD. It involves difficulty parting with possessions, leading to clutter that can impair social and occupational functioning and create unsafe living conditions. The disorder is characterized by excessive acquisition and, in some cases, animal hoarding. The prevalence ranges from 2 to 6%, with a higher incidence in older adults and a tendency to co-occur with mood or anxiety disorders. The video emphasizes that hoarding disorder is not simply a result of lack of energy or other external factors but is a distinct condition with specific diagnostic criteria.
🤦♂️ Body Dysmorphic Disorder: The Preoccupation with Imaginary Flaws
The final paragraph covers body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), previously known as dysmorphophobia. BDD is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's appearance that are often minor or unnoticeable to others. Symptoms include intrusive thoughts about the perceived flaw, repetitive behaviors such as constant mirror checking, and seeking reassurance. Patients may have distorted thoughts, exaggerating the flaw's impact. The prevalence of BDD is about 2.4% in the United States, slightly more common in females. Interestingly, only a small percentage of those seeking cosmetic surgery meet the criteria for BDD, suggesting that most people undergoing such procedures do not have this disorder, which often co-occurs with major depressive disorder.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
💡Obsessions
💡Compulsions
💡Hoarding Disorder
💡Excessive Acquisition
💡Animal Hoarding
💡Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
💡Perceived Flaws
💡Cosmetic Surgery
💡Comorbidity
💡Anxiety
Highlights
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and compulsions.
Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts; compulsions are repetitive behaviors.
Common OCD obsessions include contamination fears, harm to loved ones, and the need for symmetry.
OCD prevalence is about 2%, with equal rates among males and females.
OCD is often comorbid with depression.
Patients with OCD recognize their compulsions as irrational.
Compulsive behaviors in OCD temporarily reduce anxiety.
Hoarding disorder involves difficulty parting with possessions, even if worthless.
Hoarding disorder was reclassified from a type of OCD to its own disorder in DSM-5.
Hoarding disorder can create unsafe living environments and impair social and occupational functioning.
Excessive acquisition is common in hoarding disorder, with 80-90% of cases showing this behavior.
Animal hoarding is a type of hoarding disorder where individuals take in pets they cannot care for.
Hoarding disorder prevalence is 2-6%, more common in older populations.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is preoccupation with perceived physical flaws.
BDD flaws are often minor and not noticeable to others.
BDD symptoms include intrusive thoughts, repetitive behaviors, and distorted thoughts about perceived flaws.
BDD prevalence is about 2.4% in the United States, slightly more common in females.
Only 7-8% of cosmetic surgery patients meet BDD diagnostic criteria.
BDD is often comorbid with major depressive disorder.
Transcripts
Hi, I'm Michael Corayer and this is Psych Exam Review. In this video we're going to look at
the category of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the DSM-5 and so
we'll start with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD has two main
characteristic symptoms and these are obsessions and compulsions. So obsessions refers to recurrent
unwanted and intrusive thoughts that the patient keeps having and compulsions refers to repetitive
behaviors that the patient keeps engaging in. So the obsessions that are common in OCD are thoughts
related to contamination, like feeling that one's hands are contaminated and need to be cleaned,
or fears about harming others that if, if the person doesn't do something then loved ones will
be harmed or even killed, or thoughts related to the need for symmetry and balance. The estimated
prevalence in the DSM-5 for OCD is about 2% and it's roughly equal for males and females and it's
often comorbid with depression. Now another part of OCD is that the patients who suffer from this
often know that their compulsions are irrational. So they know that they've just washed their hands
recently and rationally they shouldn't need to wash their hands again or they know that
turning a light switch on you know a set number of times, like maybe they always turn the switch
four or five times, they may rationally know that of course that shouldn't do anything,
that shouldn't matter, that might not protect their loved ones from harm or something,
but they still engage in this behavior, right? They feel that they don't have full control over
this. And so one way we could think about this is to imagine a thought that you may have had
before that your hands are contaminated. This is something we've all experienced before;
you touched something that you know is dirty or that might have something on it that you don't
want on your hands and so you have this little bit of anxiety that comes along with that, that you
need to wash your hands. You've touched something disgusting or maybe you've been handling raw meat
or something, you think "I really need to wash my hands" and so there's a little bit of anxiety
until you wash your hands. And that's normal, we all experience that. But then could imagine that
you wash your hands and very soon after you've washed your hands that thought comes back;
that your hands are still contaminated, that maybe you didn't do a good job cleaning them or maybe,
maybe they're actually contaminated again. And you might rationally know that that's not the case
but you might still feel some anxiety related to that. Maybe, you know what, maybe if I if I wash
my hands again, I'll feel better, right? It will reduce the anxiety and this is sort of what it's
like for somebody who's suffering from OCD. They might rationally know that this behavior isn't
needed but it reduces their anxiety when they engage in the compulsive behavior and so they'll
wash their hands again or they'll maybe wash their hands with, with hotter water or use more soap or
or maybe use a stronger sort of cleansing material to wash their hands. And what happens is they keep
having this anxiety come back. Similarly we all have some experience of, you know,
wondering whether we left the iron on or the oven on when we're out, you know? We think "did
I leave that on?" and this causes a little bit of anxiety. And you know maybe we check, you know,
you're on your way out the door and you think "I should probably check the oven", maybe "I need to
unplug the curling iron" or something that might be dangerous and you check and then you could
imagine just as you left if that thought came back. You know, "well I know I just checked but
did I turn it off or maybe I accidentally turned it back on" right? And that might cause even more
anxiety and so you could see how it's possible for somebody to get stuck in these sort of loops where
they're feeling anxiety related to this obsessive thought and they're not really feeling in control
of the thought, it's intrusive right? It keeps coming back to them even though they actually
know that they just did something that should take care of it. And I hope that gives you a little bit
more insight into what it's like to suffer from this disorder. Okay, so let's look at another
disorder in this category and this is hoarding disorder. This is another disorder like OCD
that did get some exposure in popular media you may have heard of this or seen TV shows showing
people with hoarding disorder. And this used to be considered a type of obsessive compulsive disorder
in the DSM-IV, but in the DSM-5 it was now given its own disorder of label. So it's not considered
to be a type of OCD anymore and this refers to a difficulty parting with personal possessions, even
if they're worthless. So somebody is hoarding lots of items they experienced a great deal of anxiety
or stress in trying to part with those items. Now it's important to note that this difficulty in
parting with possessions is not due to obsessive thoughts, it's not due to brain injury, or autism,
or a lack of energy. So if somebody feels they just don't have the energy to, you know,
clean out the attic or something or or clean out their living space then that wouldn't necessarily
be considered to be a hoarding disorder. Okay so often this accumulation of things, this clutter,
impairs the person's ability to function socially or even occupationally and it also can create an
unsafe living environment. And so it represents a bit of danger to the patient in some cases.
Now in most cases about 80 to 90% of people who have hoarding disorder show what's called
excessive acquisition, that means that they will acquire things that they do not have space for
that they cannot possibly fit into their home. So often there will be a very little space where
they're living and just, you know, packed to the ceiling with with piles of things that they just
can't bring themselves to give away. It causes a great deal of anxiety to them try to part
with these possessions. Another type of hoarding disorder that is seen is animal hoarding and this
is where people will take in pets that they cannot possibly care for, that they can't provide minimal
standards of nutrition and care and grooming for these animals and yet they take them in. They try
to take these animals as pets. Now the estimated prevalence for hoarding disorder is about 2 to
6% and it's also roughly equal between males and females, although it's much more common in older
populations. So it's 3 times more common and people in the age range of 55 to 94 and in 75%
of cases of hoarding disorder we see that it's comorbid with a mood disorder like depression
or an anxiety disorder. Ok so the last disorder that we'll look at in the obsessive-compulsive
and related disorders category is called body dysmorphic disorder and this was formerly known
as dysmorphophobia but now it has this new label bought body dysmorphic disorder and this refers
to a preoccupation with perceived flaws or defects in one's physical appearance. And it's important
that these flaws or defects are things that are very slight; they're often not noticeable
to others. So this is not the case where somebody actually has some disfigurement or some terrible
scarring or something but they have some minor flaw. But they are preoccupied with this,
they can't stop thinking about it and so often this is in the form of skin issues
like scars or wrinkles, but it can apply to other aspects of physical appearance; hair,
teeth, facial features, or areas of the body, and some of these symptoms of body dysmorphic
disorder include intrusive thoughts related to this perceived flaw. The person keeps thinking
about this right? They have these unwanted and recurrent thoughts about this flaw and they also
might have some repetitive behaviors and so these could include things like constantly checking a
mirror to look at this perceived flaw and see how it looks, or repetitive grooming behaviors that
are designed to maybe hide this flaw or conceal it, or constant reassurance seeking where they
might repeatedly be asking friends or family or loved ones about this flaw and how it looks and,
you know, is it noticeable in this condition or is it noticeable in this lighting or something like
that. And patients who receive this diagnosis also often have distorted thoughts about this
perceived flaw so they might have this tendency to exaggerate or catastrophize this perceived flaw by
saying that they feel that they're deformed or, you know, in the extreme cases that you know "I'm
a monster" right? "I'm hideous to look at" because of this minor flaw. Now the estimated prevalence
of body dysmorphic disorder is about 2.4% in the United States and it's slightly more common in
females than males. Now you might expect that this body dysmorphic disorder would be very common in
people who are seeking cosmetic surgery but the estimate in the DSM-5 is that only about 7-8% of
people who undergo cosmetic surgery actually meet the diagnostic criteria for this body dysmorphic
disorder. So that suggests that many people who are seeking or have had cosmetic surgery
are not going to meet the diagnosis for this body dysmorphic disorder and it's often comorbid with
major depressive disorder. Okay so those are a few disorders in the obsessive-compulsive
and related disorders category of the DSM-5. I hope you found this helpful,
if so, please like the video and subscribe to the channel for more. Thanks for watching!
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