LEARNER CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

Summary

The video script advocates for a learner-centered approach to education reform, emphasizing 14 psychological principles that enhance learning effectiveness. It discusses the importance of intentional learning, goal setting, knowledge construction, strategic thinking, metacognition, contextual influences, motivation, intrinsic motivation, developmental and social influences, individual differences, and effective assessment. These principles aim to improve educational practices and foster a positive learning environment for all stakeholders.

Takeaways

• 📚 Psychology has historically provided crucial insights into the design of schooling, emphasizing the importance of understanding human learning, development, and motivation.
• 🌟 Advances in psychology over the past decade have significantly contributed to the understanding of cognitive and motivational processes, which are vital for improving teaching and learning.
• 🎓 There is a growing call for learner-centered models of schooling that recognize and utilize the diversity among students to enrich the learning experience.
• 🔧 Learner-centered psychological principles are widely shared and recognized in many excellent educational programs, integrating research from various areas of psychology.
• 🧠 The 14 psychological principles outlined in the script focus on the learner and the learning process, addressing cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, developmental, social, and individual difference factors.
• 🏛 The principles are designed to be holistic, considering learners in the context of real-world learning situations, and should not be viewed in isolation.
• 📈 Learning is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience, with successful learners being active, self-regulating, and goal-directed.
• 🎯 Successful learners create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge and pursue personally relevant goals, which are refined over time with guidance and support.
• 🔗 Knowledge construction involves linking new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways, with educators assisting learners in integrating new knowledge effectively.
• 🤔 Strategic thinking and metacognitive strategies are essential for learners to achieve complex learning goals, with educators playing a role in developing these higher-order skills.
• 🌐 The context of learning, including environmental factors like culture and technology, influences the learning process, necessitating an interactive role between teachers and the learning environment.
• 💡 Motivation and emotional influences are key determinants of what and how much is learned, with intrinsic motivation being particularly stimulated by tasks that are novel, relevant, and provide a sense of control.

Q & A

What role has psychology played in the design of schooling throughout history?

Psychology has provided vital information for the design of schooling, based on theory and research on human learning, development, and motivation, contributing directly to improvements in teaching, learning, and the overall enterprise of schooling.

Why are educators advocating for more learner-centered models of schooling?

Educators are advocating for learner-centered models to address growing problems such as school dropout, low academic achievement, and other indicators of school failure. These models attend to the diversity among students and use this diversity to enrich learning.

How do learner-centered psychological principles integrate research and practice in various areas of psychology?

These principles integrate research and practice in developmental, educational, experimental, social, clinical, organizational, community, and school psychology, reflecting both conventional and scientific wisdom.

What does the first psychological principle regarding the nature of the learning process emphasize?

The first principle emphasizes that learning complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience, with successful learners being active, goal-directed, and self-regulating.

What is the importance of setting meaningful learning goals according to the second principle?

Meaningful learning goals are important as they help students to construct useful representations of knowledge and acquire thinking and learning strategies necessary for continued learning success across the lifespan.

How does the construction of knowledge, as mentioned in the third principle, contribute to learning?

The construction of knowledge involves linking new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways, which allows knowledge to widen and deepen, and helps in integrating new information for effective use in new tasks and situations.

What is strategic thinking and why is it important for successful learning according to the fourth principle?

Strategic thinking involves creating and using a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals. It is important because it helps learners to reach their learning and performance goals and apply their knowledge in novel situations.

How do higher order strategies, such as metacognitive strategies, facilitate creative and critical thinking according to the fifth principle?

Higher order strategies facilitate creative and critical thinking by allowing learners to reflect on their thinking processes, set learning goals, select appropriate strategies, and monitor their progress towards these goals.

What impact do environmental factors have on learning as per the sixth principle?

Environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices, influence learning by interacting with the learner and the learning process. An appropriate learning environment can significantly impact student learning.

How do motivational and emotional influences affect learning according to the seventh principle?

Motivational and emotional influences affect what and how much is learned. Positive emotions like curiosity can enhance motivation and facilitate learning, while intense negative emotions can detract from motivation and interfere with learning.

What is the significance of intrinsic motivation in learning as described in the eighth principle?

Intrinsic motivation, stimulated by tasks that are novel, difficult, and relevant to personal interests, contributes to the learner's creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity. It is largely a function of meeting basic needs to be competent and to exercise personal control.

Why is extended learner effort important for the acquisition of complex knowledge and skills as mentioned in the ninth principle?

Extended learner effort is important because the acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires guided practice and persistence over time. Motivation to exert this effort is a major indicator of the learner's commitment to learning.

How do developmental influences affect learning according to the tenth principle?

Developmental influences affect learning as individuals develop differently within physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains. Learning is most effective when material is appropriate to their developmental level and presented in an enjoyable way.

What is the role of social interactions in learning as per the eleventh principle?

Social interactions play a crucial role in learning as they provide opportunities for perspective-taking, reflective thinking, and higher levels of cognitive, social, and moral development. Positive interpersonal support and instruction can also offset factors that interfere with optimal learning.

How do individual differences in learning impact the learning process according to the twelfth principle?

Individual differences in learning strategies, approaches, and capabilities impact the learning process as they are influenced by prior experiences and heredity. Educators need to help students understand and adapt their learning preferences to reach their goals.

Why is it important to consider learner diversity in the learning process as mentioned in the thirteenth principle?

Considering learner diversity is important because language, ethnicity, race, beliefs, and socioeconomic status can all influence learning. When learners perceive that their individual differences are valued and respected, motivation and achievement levels are enhanced.

What role do standards and assessment play in the learning process according to the fourteenth principle?

Standards and assessment are integral parts of the learning process. They provide important information for both the learner and teacher at all stages, helping to set high and challenging goals, and offering feedback on progress towards learning objectives.

Outlines

00:00

🎓 Learner-Centered Schooling Reform

The script emphasizes the importance of psychology in shaping educational frameworks, advocating for a learner-centered approach to schooling that considers individual differences and enhances learning through diversity. It discusses the integration of psychological research with educational practice to address issues like dropout rates and low academic achievement. The principles outlined are rooted in over a century of educational research and are applicable across various psychological disciplines, aiming to improve not only educational outcomes but also the mental health and productivity of all stakeholders involved in education.

05:00

🧠 Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies in Learning

This paragraph delves into the nature of learning as an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience. It highlights the significance of goal-directed learning, the construction of knowledge through meaningful links with existing understanding, and the use of strategic thinking and reasoning to achieve complex learning goals. The role of metacognitive strategies, such as reflection on one's own thinking processes, setting learning goals, and monitoring progress, is underscored as crucial for enhancing learning outcomes and fostering personal responsibility for learning.

10:02

🌐 Contextual and Motivational Factors in Learning

The script explores how learning is influenced by environmental factors, including cultural, technological, and instructional practices, as well as motivational and emotional influences. It discusses the impact of intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and the importance of aligning tasks with personal interests and abilities to foster a sense of competence and control. The role of educators in facilitating motivation through guided practice and creating a positive learning environment is highlighted, emphasizing the need for strategies that enhance learner effort and commitment.

15:03

👶 Developmental and Social Influences on Learning

This section acknowledges the importance of considering developmental stages in learning, where material should be presented in a manner appropriate to the learner's level and interests. It addresses the influence of social interactions and interpersonal relations on learning, suggesting that collaborative and interactive learning environments can lead to higher levels of cognitive, social, and moral development. The role of family and community in supporting learning is also discussed, with an emphasis on the creation of positive learning climates that respect diversity and encourage social competence.

20:06

🌟 Individual Differences and the Importance of Assessment

The final paragraph discusses the significance of recognizing individual differences in learning preferences, capabilities, and backgrounds. It stresses the need for educators to adapt instructional methods to accommodate these differences and to create learning environments that value and respect diversity. The paragraph concludes with the importance of setting high standards and using assessment as a tool for both learners and teachers to gauge progress and adjust instructional strategies accordingly, promoting self-appraisal skills and self-directed learning.

Keywords

💡Learner Centered

The term 'learner centered' refers to an educational approach that prioritizes the needs, interests, and learning styles of students. It is central to the video's theme, emphasizing the importance of tailoring educational practices to the diversity among students to enrich learning experiences. The script mentions that 'learner centered models of schooling' are advocated by educators to address issues like low academic achievement and dropout rates.

💡Cognitive Processes

Cognitive processes encompass the mental operations involved in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and learning. The video highlights advances in understanding these processes as vital for improving teaching and learning. For instance, the script discusses how 'advances in our understanding of thinking, memory and cognitive processes' can directly contribute to enhancements in education.

💡Metacognitive

Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. The video emphasizes its importance in learning, where successful learners reflect on their thinking strategies and set learning goals. The script illustrates this with the point that learners can 'reflect on how they think and learn' and 'monitor their progress toward these goals'.

💡Motivation

Motivation is the driving force behind a learner's engagement and effort in education. The video discusses its influence on learning outcomes, stating that 'what and how much is learned is influenced by the motivation.' It also differentiates between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, noting that intrinsic motivation is linked to personal interests and perceived competence.

💡Developmental Influences

Developmental influences pertain to how an individual's growth and maturation impact learning. The script notes that learning is most effective when it considers the differential development across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains. An example from the script is the need to present material that is appropriate to a learner's developmental level.

💡Social Influences

Social influences refer to the impact of interpersonal relations and communication on learning. The video suggests that learning can be enhanced through social interactions and collaboration, as illustrated by the statement that 'learning can be enhanced when the learner has an opportunity to interact and to collaborate with others on instructional tasks'.

💡Individual Differences

Individual differences recognize that each learner has unique strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning. The video script points out the need for educators to be sensitive to these differences and to adapt instructional methods accordingly, as in 'Learners have different strategies approaches and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity'.

💡Constructivism

Constructivism is a learning theory that posits learners construct knowledge through active engagement with information and experiences. The video supports this theory, stating that 'the learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience'.

💡Strategic Thinking

Strategic thinking involves the use of various cognitive strategies to achieve learning goals. The video emphasizes its role in successful learning, where learners employ a 'repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies' to solve problems and learn concepts, as mentioned in the script.

💡Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is the internal drive to learn for the sake of the activity itself, rather than for external rewards. The video discusses its significance, stating that 'intrinsic motivation is stimulated by task of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests' and that it is a key factor in learner engagement and creativity.

💡Standards and Assessment

Standards and assessment refer to the benchmarks and methods used to measure learning progress and outcomes. The video argues for the importance of setting high standards and using assessments to inform both learners and teachers, as indicated by 'setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning progress are integral parts of the learning process'.

Highlights

Psychology has historically provided vital information for the design of schooling based on theory and research on human learning, development, and motivation.

Advances in understanding thinking, memory, and cognitive processes can directly improve teaching, learning, and schooling.

Educators advocate for learner-centered models of schooling to address problems like school dropout and low academic achievement.

Learner-centered psychological principles integrate various areas of psychology and reflect both conventional and scientific wisdom.

These principles aim to improve schooling by focusing on the active and reflective nature of learning and learners.

The 14 psychological principles pertain to the learner and the learning process, emphasizing internal factors over external conditioning.

Learning is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.

Successful learners create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge over time with support and guidance.

Knowledge construction involves linking new information with existing knowledge in various forms.

Strategic thinking and the use of various learning strategies are key to achieving complex learning goals.

Metacognitive strategies, such as reflecting on one's thinking process, facilitate creative and critical thinking.

Learning is influenced by environmental factors including culture, technology, and instructional practices.

Motivation and emotional influences significantly affect what and how much is learned.

Intrinsic motivation, stimulated by task novelty and personal interest, contributes to the learner's creativity and higher-order thinking.

Acquisition of complex knowledge requires extended learner effort and guided practice, facilitated by motivation.

Developmental influences on learning must consider physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains.

Social influences, such as interpersonal relations and communication, can enhance learning through collaboration.

Individual differences in learning strategies and capabilities are shaped by prior experience and heredity.

Learning is most effective when differences in linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are considered.

Standards and assessments are integral to the learning process, providing feedback and challenging learners to high goals.

Transcripts

learner centered psychological

principles a framework for school reform

and

redesign throughout its history

psychology has provided Vital

Information for the design of schooling

based on Theory and research on human

learning development and motivation

research in Psychology relevant to

education has been particularly

informative during the past decade Advan

es in our understanding of thinking

memory and cognitive and motivational

processes can contribute directly to

improvements in teaching learning and

the whole Enterprise of schooling at the

same time Educators concerned with the

growing problems of school dropout low

levels of academic achievement and other

indicators of school failure are arguing

for more learner centered models of

schooling

such models attend to the diversity

among students and use of this diversity

to enrich learning and to produce

results within the context of current

School Reform the learner centered

psychological principles which are

consistent with more than a century of

research on teaching and learning are

widely shared and implicitly recognized

in many excellent programs found in

today's schools they are also integrate

research and practice in various areas

of psychology including developmental

educational experimental social clinical

organizational community and school

psychology in addition these principles

reflect conventional and scientific

wisdom they comprise not only systematic

research and evolving learner centered

principles that can lead to

effective schooling but also principles

that can lead to positive mental health

and productivity of our nation's

children their teachers and the system

that serve them the learner Center

psychological principles provide a

framework for developing and

incorporating the components of new

designs for schooling these principles

emphasize the active and reflective

nature of learning and Learners from

this perspective educational practice

will be most likely to improve when the

educational system is redesigned with

the primary focus on the learner

psychologist in collaboration with

Educators can help decide how best to

apply sound psychological principles in

the r of Americans and Philippine

schools a new and exciting vision of

schooling and psychologist role in this

Vision can then

emerge the 14 psychological principles

pertain to the learner and the learning

process they focus on psychological

factors that are primarily internal to

and under the control of the learner

rather than conditioned habits or

physiological factors however the

principles also attempt to acknowledge

external environment or contextual

factors that interact with these

internal factors the principles are

intended to deal holistically with

Learners in the context of real world

learning situations thus they are are

best understood as an organized set of

principles no principle should be viewed

in isolation the 14 principles are

divided into those referring to

cognitive and metacognitive motivational

and effective Developmental and social

and individual difference factors

influencing Learners and learning

finally the principles are intended to

apply to all Learners from children to

teachers to administ rators to parents

and to community members involved in our

educational

system number one nature of the learning

process the learning of complex subject

matter is most effective when it is an

intentional process of constructing

meaning from information and experience

there are different types of learning

processes for example habit formation in

motor learning and learning that

involves the generation of knowledge or

cognitive skills and learning strategies

learning in schools emphasizes the use

of intentional processes that students

can use to construct meaning from

information experiences and their own

thoughts and beliefs successful Learners

are active goal directed self-regulating

and assume personal resp responsibility

for contributing to their own learning

the principles set forth in this video

focus on this type of

learning number two goals of the

learning process the successful learner

over time and with support and

instructional guidance can create

meaningful coherent representations of

knowledge the Strategic nature of

learning requires students to be goal

directed to construct useful

representations of knowledge and to

acquire the thinking and learning

strategies necessary for continued

learning success across the lifespan

students must generate and pursue

personally relevant goals initially

student short-term goals and learning

may be sketchy in an area but over time

their understanding can be refined by

filling gaps resolving inconsistencies

and deepening their understanding of the

subject matter so that they can reach

longer term goals Educators can assist

Learners in creating meaningful learning

goals that are consistent with both

personal and educational aspirations and

interests number three construction of

knowledge the successful learner can

link new information with existing

knowledge in meaningful ways knowledge

widens and deepens as students continue

to build links between new information

experiences and their existing knowledge

base the nature of these links can take

a variety of forms such as adding to

modifying or re organizing existing

knowledge or skills how these links are

made or developed may vary in different

subject areas and among students with

varying talents interests and abilities

however unless new knowledge becomes

integrated with the learner prior

knowledge and understanding this new

knowledge remains isolated cannot be

used most effectively in new tasks and

does not transfer readily to new

situations Educators can assist Learners

in acquiring and integrating knowledge

by a number of strategies that have been

shown to be effective with Learners and

varying abilities such as concept

mapping and thematic organization and

categorizing

number four strategic thinking the

successful learner can create and use a

repertoire of thinking and reasoning

strategies to achieve complex learning

goals successful Learners use strategic

thinking in their approach to learning

reasoning problem solving and concept

learning they understand and can use a

variety of strategies to help them Reach

learning and performance goals and to

apply their knowledge in Noble situ

situations they also continue to expand

their repertoire of strategies by

reflecting on the methods they use to

see which work well for them by

receiving guided instruction and

feedback and by observing or interacting

with appropriate models learning

outcomes can be enhanced if Educators

assist Learners in developing applying

and assessing their Strategic Learning

skills number five thank about thinking

higher order strategies for selecting

and monitoring mental operations

facilitate creative and critical

thinking successful Learners can reflect

on how they think and learn set

reasonable learning or performance goals

select potentially appropriate learning

strategies or methods and monitor their

progress toward these goals in addition

successful Learners know what to do if a

problem occurs or if they are not making

sufficient or timely progress toward a

goal they can generate alternative

methods to reach out their goals or

reassess the appropriateness and utility

of the goal instructional methods that

focus on helping Learners develop this

higher order or metacognitive strategies

can enhance student learning and

personal responsibility for

learning number six cont context of

learning learning is influenced by

environmental factors including culture

technology and instructional practices

learning does not occur in a vacuum

teachers a major interactive role with

both the learner and the learning

environment cultural or group influences

on students can impact many

educationally relevant variables such as

motivation orientation toward learning

and ways of thinking Technologies and

instructional practices must be

appropriate for learner level of prior

knowledge cognitive abilities and their

learning and thinking strategies the

classroom environment particularly the

degree to which it is nurturing or not

can also have significant impacts on

student

learning number seven motivational and

emotional influences on learning what

and how much is learned is influenced by

the motivation motivation to learn in

turn is influenced by the individual's

emotional states beliefs interests and

goals and habits of thinking the rich

internal world of thoughts beliefs goals

and expectations for success or failure

can enhance or interfere the learner's

quality of thinking and information

processing students believes about

themselves as Learners and the nature of

learning have a marked influence on

motivation motivational and emotional

factors also influence both the quality

of thinking and information processing

as well as an individual's motivation to

learn positive emotions such as

curiosity generally enhance motivation

and facilitate learning and performance

mild anxiety can also enhance learning

and performance by focusing on learner's

attention on a particular task however

intense negative emotions example

anxiety Panic rage insecurity and

related thoughts example worrying about

competence ruminating about failure

fearing punishment ridicule or

stigmatizing labels generally detract

from motivation interfere with learning

and contribute to low performance

number eight intrinsic motivation to

learn the learner's creativity higher

order thinking and Natural Curiosity all

contribute to motivation to learn

intrinsic motivation is stimulated by

task of optimal novelty and difficulty

relevant to personal interests and

providing for personal choice and

control curiosity flexible and insight

ful thinking and creativity are major

indicators of the learner's intrinsic

motivation to learn which is in large

part a function of meeting basic needs

to be competent and to exercise personal

control intrinsic motivation is

facilitated on tasks that Learners

perceive as interesting and personally

relevant and meaningful appropriate in a

complexity and difficulty to the

learner's abilities and on which they

believe they can succeed intrinsic

motivation is also facilitated on tasks

that are comparable to real world

simulations and meet needs for choice

and control Educators can encourage and

support Learners Natural Curiosity and

motivation to learn by attending to

individual differences in Learners

perceptions of optimal novelty and

difficulty relevance and personal choice

and control

number nine effects of motivation and

effort acquisition of complex Knowledge

and Skills requires extended learner

effort and guided practice without

learner motivation to learn the

willingness to exert this effort is

unlikely without cerion effort is

another major indicator of motivation to

learn the acquisition of complex

Knowledge and Skills demands the

investment of considerable learner

energy and strategic effort along with

persistence over time Educators need to

be concerned with facilitating

Motivation by strategies that enhance

learner effort and commitment to

learning and to achieving high standards

of comprehension and understanding

effective strategies include purposeful

learning activities Guided by practices

that enhance positive emotions and

intrinsic motivation to learn and

methods that increase Learners

perceptions that a task is interesting

and personally

relevant number 10 developmental

influences on learning as individuals

develop there are different

opportunities and constraints for

learning learning is most effective when

differential development within and

across physical intellectual emotional

and social domains is taken into account

individuals learn best when material is

appropriate to their developmental level

and is presented in an enjoyable and

interesting way because individual

development varies across intellectual

social emotional and physical domains

achievements in different instructional

domains may also so vary over emphasis

on one type of Developmental Readiness

such as Reading Readiness for example

May preclude Learners from demonstrating

that they are more capable in other

areas of performance in cognitive

emotional and Social Development of

individual Learners and how they

interpret life experiences are affected

by prior schooling home culture and

Community factors early and continuing

parental involvement in schooling and

the quality of language interactions and

two-way Communications between adults

and children can influence these

developmental areas awareness and

understanding of Developmental

differences among children with and

without emotional physical or

intellectual disabilities can facilitate

the creation of optimal learning

context number 11 social influences on

learning learning learning is influenced

by social interactions interpersonal

relations and communication with others

learning can be enhanced when the

learner has an opportunity to interact

and to collaborate with others on

instructional tasks learning settings

that allow for social interactions and

that respect diversity encourage

flexible thinking and social competence

in interactive and collaborative

instructional contexts individuals have

an opport Unity for perspective taking

and reflective thinking and may lead to

higher levels of cognitive social and

moral development as well as self-esteem

quality personal relationships that

provide stability trust and caring can

increase learner sense of belonging

self-respect and self-acceptance and

provide a positive climate for learning

family influences positive interpersonal

support and instruction in self

motivation strategies can offset factors

that interfere with optimal learning

such as negative beliefs about

competence in a particular subject high

levels of test anxiety negative sex role

expectations and an UE

pressure to perform well positive

learning climates can also help to

establish the context for healthier

levels of thinking feeling and behaving

such contexts help Learners feel safe to

share ideas actively participate in the

learning process and create a learning

community number 12 individual

differences in learning Learners have

different strategies approaches and

capabilities for learning that are a

function of Prior experience and

heredity individuals are born with and

develop their own capabilities and

talents in addition through learning and

social acculturation they have acquired

their own preferences for how they like

to learn and the pace at which they

learn however these preferences are not

always useful in helping Learners reach

their learning goals Educators need to

help students examine their learning

preferences and expand or modify them if

necessary the interaction between

learner differences in curricular and

environmental conditions is another key

factor affecting learning outcomes

Educators need to be sensitive to

individual differences in general they

also need to attend to learner

perceptions of the degree to which these

differences are accepted and adapted to

by varying instructional methods and

materials number 13 learning and

diversity learning is most effective

when differences in learner linguistic

cultural and social background are taken

into account the same basic principles

of learning motivation and effective

instruction apply to all Learners

however language ethnicity race beliefs

and socioeconomic status all can

influence learning careful attention to

these factors in the instructional

setting enhances the possibilities for

Designing and implementing appropriate

learning environments when Learners

perceive that they individual

differences in abilities backgrounds

cultures and experiences are valued

respected and accommodated in learning

task and context levels of motivation

and achievement are

enhanced and lastly number 14 standards

and assessment setting appropriately

high and challenging standards and

assessing the learner as well as

learning progress including

diagnostic process and outcome

assessment are integral parts of the

learning process assessment provides

important information for both the

learner and teacher at all stages of the

learning process effective learning

takes place when the Learners feel

challenged to work towards appropriately

high goals therefore appraisal of the

Learners cognitive strengths and

weaknesses as well as current Knowledge

and Skills is important for the

selection of instructional materials of

an optimal degree of difficulty ongoing

assessment of the learner's

understanding of the curricular material

can provide valuable feedback to both

Learners and teachers about the progress

towards the learning goals standardized

assessment of learner progress and

outcomes assessment provides one type of

information about achievement levels

both within and across in individuals

that can inform various types of

programmatic decisions performance

assessments can provide other source of

information about the attainment of

learning outcomes self assessments of

learning progress can also improve

students self appraisal skills and

enhance motivation and self-directed

learning that's all guys and thank you

for listening until then