Kolonialisme Inggris di Indonesia 1811-1816 [Thomas Stamford Raffles]

GeEmGe History Channel

24 Jun 202004:46

Summary

TLDRThe script recounts the British colonial era in Indonesia, beginning with the appointment of Thomas Stamford Raffles by Lord Minto on September 18, 1811. Raffles implemented reforms including the abolition of forced labor and the introduction of land rent, aiming to strengthen British rule and develop the economy. He also sought good relations with local princes and divided Java into 16 residencies. Despite these measures, the 1814 London Convention required Britain to return its colonial territories to the Dutch, leading to the end of Raffles' administration in 1816.

Takeaways

🏛️ On September 18, 1811, British rule in Indonesia officially began with Lord Minto appointing Thomas Stamford Raffles as the new ruler until 1816.
📜 The Treaty of Batavia was signed on September 18, 1811, which included the surrender of Java and its territories to the British, with Dutch troops becoming prisoners of the British.
👥 Raffles implemented three principles in governance: the abolition of forced labor and compulsory delivery, the inclusion of local bupati (regents) in the colonial government, and the recognition of land as a government asset with the people as tenants.
🌾 Raffles divided the island of Java into 16 residencies and aimed to build good relations with local princes and rulers who were against the Dutch.
💼 The bupati were made government officials with salaries instead of owning land and its produce, which was a significant shift in the economic policy.
💼 Raffles introduced an economic system based on land rent or land tax, laying the foundation for a monetary economy and abolishing monopolies.
🌾 Farmers were given the freedom to plant crops that had a higher market demand, such as coffee, sugar, and indigo.
🏦 Raffles established a tax system where taxes were paid in money, but if necessary, could also be paid in kind, such as rice.
🏡 Villages were made the unit of administration to make them more open and conducive to development.
📊 The tax system was adjusted to the type and production of the land, with the aim of collecting taxes in money, but allowing for flexibility.
🔚 In 1816, Raffles ended his rule in the East Indies, and following the London Convention of 1814, the British returned the colonial territories to the Dutch.

Q & A

On what date did Lord Minto officially appoint Stamford Raffles as the new ruler of Java?
-Lord Minto officially appointed Stamford Raffles as the new ruler of Java on September 18, 1811.
Who replaced Stamford Raffles' position in May 1811 before his official appointment?
-Willem Janssens replaced Stamford Raffles' position in May 1811 before his official appointment.
What significant event took place near Salatiga on September 18, 1811?
-On September 18, 1811, Willem Janssens surrendered to the British near Salatiga, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Batavia.
What was the content of the Treaty of Batavia signed in 1811?
-The Treaty of Batavia in 1811 contained the terms under which the island of Java and its territories, which should have been under Dutch control, were handed over to the British.
What were the three principles that Raffles adhered to during his administration in Indonesia?
-Raffles adhered to three principles: 1) The abolition of all forms of forced labor, 2) The role of bupati (district chiefs) as tax collectors was abolished and they were integrated into the colonial government, and 3) Government-owned land was considered an integral part of the colonial administration.
How did Raffles' policies affect the bupati and their role in the government?
-Raffles' policies transformed the bupati from tax collectors to government officials with salaries, eliminating their ownership of land and its produce.
What economic system did Raffles implement in Java?
-Raffles implemented a land rent system, also known as land revenue, which laid the foundation for the development of a cash-based economy.
What were the key components of Raffles' economic policies?
-The key components of Raffles' economic policies included the implementation of a land rent system, the abolition of taxes and forced deliveries, the abolition of forced labor and slavery, and the abolition of monopolies.
How did Raffles' policies impact the agricultural practices of the Javanese people?
-Raffles' policies gave farmers the freedom to plant crops that were more marketable, such as coffee, sugar, and indigo.
What administrative changes did Raffles make to the structure of Java's governance?
-Raffles divided the island of Java into 16 residencies and placed villages as administrative units to make them more open and conducive to development.
What was the outcome of the London Convention of 1814 concerning British territories in India?
-The London Convention of 1814 stipulated that the British must return their colonial territories in India to the Dutch, leading to the Dutch regaining control of the Indonesian archipelago in 1816.
Who is the speaker providing the historical account in the transcript?
-The speaker providing the historical account in the transcript is Gun Gun Misbah Gunawan.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Establishment of British Rule in Indonesia

In September 1811, the British officially began their rule in Indonesia with Lord Minto, the Governor-General, appointing Thomas Stamford Raffles as the new ruler until 1816. The Dutch control was surrendered to the British near Salatiga, and the agreement known as the 'Tuntang Treaty of 1811' was signed, which included the island of Java and its surrounding areas. The Dutch troops became British prisoners, and Dutch officials were allowed to serve in the British administration. Raffles established his administration center in Batavia and took steps to strengthen the British position in the colony.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Lord Minto

Lord Minto refers to Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto, who was the Governor-General of India from 1807 to 1813. In the context of the video, he is significant as he officially appointed Thomas Stamford Raffles as the new ruler of Java, marking the beginning of British colonialism in Indonesia. His actions set the stage for the changes that Raffles would implement during his rule.

💡Thomas Stamford Raffles

Thomas Stamford Raffles was a British statesman who founded Singapore and was appointed as the new ruler of Java by Lord Minto. He is a central figure in the video, as his policies and governance from 1811 to 1816 had a profound impact on the colonial development of Indonesia. His name is repeatedly mentioned in the script, highlighting his role in shaping the region's history.

💡Colonialism

Colonialism is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. In the video, colonialism is the overarching theme, with the British Empire's expansion into Indonesia being a key focus. The script discusses the establishment of British rule under Raffles and the subsequent changes in governance and economy.

💡Pangeran

Pangeran is an Indonesian term for a prince or nobleman, often used in historical contexts to refer to local rulers or leaders. In the script, Raffles' strategy to build good relations with the 'pangeran' and other rulers who were against the Dutch is mentioned, indicating a diplomatic approach to consolidating British influence in the region.

💡Bupati

Bupati is an Indonesian term for a regent or local governor. The script mentions that Raffles made the bupati part of the colonial government, transforming their role from landowners to salaried officials, which was a significant change in the administrative structure of the time.

💡Land Rent

Land Rent, or 'sewa tanah' in Indonesian, refers to a system where land is rented out, and the tenant pays a fee to the landowner. In the video, Raffles' policy of implementing a land rent system is highlighted as a key economic reform, which transformed the way land was managed and how revenue was collected from it.

💡Monopoly

A monopoly is a situation in which a single entity controls the market or a specific product or service. The script refers to the abolition of monopolies as part of Raffles' economic policies, which aimed to create a more open and competitive market environment in the colony.

💡Perkenalan

Perkenalan is an Indonesian term that translates to 'introduction' or 'acquaintance'. In the context of the video, it is related to Raffles' strategy of building relationships with local rulers and authorities, which was crucial for the establishment and maintenance of British colonial rule.

💡Pajak Tanah

Pajak Tanah, or 'land tax', is a tax levied on the ownership or use of land. The script discusses Raffles' implementation of a land tax system as part of his economic reforms, which replaced the previous forced labor and delivery systems with a monetary tax system.

💡Desa

Desa is an Indonesian term for a village or rural community. The script mentions placing the village as a unit of administration, which was intended to make the village more open and conducive to development, reflecting Raffles' policies aimed at improving local governance and economic opportunities.

💡Konvensi London

Konvensi London refers to the Treaty of London, signed in 1814, which had significant implications for colonial territories. The script notes that one of the terms of the Treaty was the return of British colonial territories in India to the Dutch, leading to the end of Raffles' rule and the re-establishment of Dutch control in 1816.

Highlights

On September 18, 1811, Lord Minto officially appointed Thomas Stamford Raffles as the new ruler of British India until 1816.

In May 1811, Willem Janssens was replaced by Raffles, who then surrendered to the British near Salatiga.

The Treaty of Batavia was signed in 1811, which included the island of Java and areas that should have been Dutch-controlled but were handed over to the British.

Under Raffles' administration, all Dutch soldiers became British prisoners.

Three Dutch individuals were allowed to work in the British administration.

Raffles established his administration center in Batavia and took steps to strengthen the British position in the colony.

Raffles adhered to three principles in his governance: the abolition of forced labor, the inclusion of local rulers in the colonial government, and the recognition of land ownership by the government.

Raffles divided the island of Java into 16 residencies and adopted a strategy of building good relations with local princes and rulers who were against the Dutch.

Local rulers were made government officials, receiving salaries instead of owning land with all its proceeds.

Raffles implemented an economic policy that included the introduction of a land rent system, the abolition of taxes and forced deliveries, and the abolition of forced labor and slavery.

Raffles abolished monopolies and established the village as an administrative unit to make it more open for development.

Farmers were given the freedom to plant crops that were in demand in the world market, such as coffee, sugar, and indigo.

Raffles' policies included the collection of land rent taxes, adjusted according to the type and production of the land.

The taxes paid by the people were expected to be in money, but if necessary, could also be paid with other goods such as rice.

In 1814, the London Convention took place, which stipulated that the British must return the colonial territories in India to the Dutch.

In 1816, the Nusantara Islands were returned to Dutch control.

The speaker, Gun Gun Misbah Gunawan, hopes that the information provided will be beneficial.