Chromatography Types | gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, HPLC, paper chromatography

Summary

This video introduces the concept of chromatography and its various types, which are classified based on the phases of the solvent (solid, liquid, or gas). The video explains the key components of chromatography, including the stationary and mobile phases, and how different molecules interact with these phases to facilitate separation. It covers techniques like gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, ion exchange, exclusion chromatography, and more. The focus is on understanding how chromatography is used to separate molecules based on properties like charge and size, with examples such as HPLC, TLC, and supercritical fluid chromatography.

Takeaways

• 🔬 Chromatography is a technique used for the separation of molecules based on their properties like charge and size.
• 🧪 The process involves two phases: a stationary phase that is fixed and a mobile phase where molecules move.
• 🌐 Chromatography types are categorized based on the phase of the solvent used, which can be solid, liquid, or gas.
• 🌫 Gas chromatography separates gaseous molecules, with two subtypes: gas-liquid and gas-solid chromatography.
• 💧 Liquid chromatography involves the separation of molecules in a liquid phase, such as in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
• 🌿 Examples of liquid chromatography include thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and paper chromatography, which use an organic solvent as the mobile phase.
• 🔍 Ion exchange chromatography separates charged or polar molecules by exchanging them on a solid stationary phase.
• 🔬 Size exclusion chromatography separates molecules like proteins based on their size and hydrodynamic volume.
• 🌱 Organic solvent-related chromatography, such as partition chromatography, uses dried liquid on a solid support and an organic solvent as the mobile phase.
• 🔗 The video script provides an overview and promises more detailed explanations of individual chromatography types in future videos.
• 📚 Viewers are encouraged to watch additional videos for a better understanding, with links provided in the video description.

Q & A

What is chromatography and what is its main purpose?

Chromatography is a technique used for the separation of molecules based on their properties such as charge, size, etc. Its main purpose is to separate different molecules from a mixture.

What are the two main phases involved in chromatography?

The two main phases in chromatography are the stationary phase, which is fixed and stagnant, and the mobile phase, where molecules move in either direction depending on the process.

How does the phase of the solvent determine the type of chromatography?

The type of chromatography is determined by the phase of the solvent used, which can be solid, liquid, or gas, and also by the phase of both the separation stage and the mobile phase.

What are the three major phases based on which chromatography can be divided?

Chromatography can be divided into three major phases: gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography, based on the state of the molecules being separated.

What is the difference between gas-liquid chromatography and gas-solid chromatography?

In gas-liquid chromatography, the mobile phase consists of gaseous molecules and the stationary phase is liquid, whereas in gas-solid chromatography, the mobile phase is gas and the stationary phase is solid.

What is HPLC and how does it differ from other liquid chromatography techniques?

HPLC stands for High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. It is a technique where the molecules are present in an aqueous solution, and it differs from other liquid chromatography techniques by the use of high pressure to facilitate the separation process.

What is the role of the stationary phase in ion exchange chromatography?

In ion exchange chromatography, the stationary phase is solid and is used to separate charged or polar molecules by exchanging them.

How does size exclusion chromatography differ from ion exchange chromatography?

Size exclusion chromatography separates molecules based on their size and hydrodynamic volume, whereas ion exchange chromatography separates molecules based on their charge.

What is the difference between partition chromatography and liquid-liquid absorption chromatography?

In partition chromatography, the separation is based on the partitioning of molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase, while in liquid-liquid absorption chromatography, the separation is based on the absorption of molecules onto a solid stationary phase from a liquid mobile phase.

What is the significance of using dried liquid in partition chromatography and thin layer chromatography?

Using dried liquid in partition chromatography and thin layer chromatography allows for the separation of different fractions of molecules present in the dried liquid by applying an organic solvent.

Why are supercritical fluids mentioned in the script, and how do they differ from other phases in chromatography?

Supercritical fluids are mentioned because they represent a unique phase that cannot be easily classified as liquid or gas. They carry a mixture of different types of molecules, and their separation requires a different approach than that used for gas or liquid chromatography.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Chromatography Techniques

This paragraph introduces the concept of chromatography, a technique used for the separation of molecules based on their properties such as charge and size. It explains the fundamental phases involved in chromatography: the stationary phase, which is fixed, and the mobile phase, where molecules move. The paragraph outlines the basis for different types of chromatography, which are categorized by the phase of the solvent used—solid, liquid, or gas. It also mentions future videos that will delve into each type of chromatography in more detail, setting the stage for an educational series on the subject.

05:01

🌟 Detailed Exploration of Chromatography Types

The second paragraph delves deeper into the various types of chromatography, focusing on the phase of the solvent and the separation process. It discusses gas chromatography, which separates gaseous molecules, and liquid chromatography, which can involve molecules in either aqueous or organic solutions. Specific techniques such as High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) are highlighted, with explanations of their application in separating molecules based on size, charge, or using organic solvents. The paragraph also touches on the use of dried liquid in certain chromatographic methods and the importance of understanding the specific mechanisms of ion exchange and exclusion chromatography for comprehensive knowledge on the topic.

Keywords

💡Chromatography

Chromatography is a laboratory technique used for the separation of a mixture into its individual components. In the video, chromatography is discussed as a method that separates molecules based on their properties, such as size and charge, through the use of different phases, like stationary and mobile phases. The video introduces various types of chromatography, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography.

💡Stationary Phase

The stationary phase is the phase in chromatography that remains fixed and does not move. It interacts with the molecules to be separated. In the video, the stationary phase can be either solid or liquid, depending on the type of chromatography, and plays a key role in determining how molecules interact during separation.

💡Mobile Phase

The mobile phase is the phase in chromatography that moves, carrying the mixture of molecules through the stationary phase. The video explains that the mobile phase can be either liquid or gaseous, depending on the type of chromatography being performed. Its role is crucial for transporting molecules through the stationary phase, allowing for their separation.

💡Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a gas. The video highlights gas chromatography as a technique for separating gaseous molecules, with further subdivisions such as gas-liquid chromatography and gas-solid chromatography, based on the interaction between the mobile gas phase and the stationary phase.

💡Liquid Chromatography

Liquid chromatography is a type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid. In the video, liquid chromatography is discussed as a method to separate liquid molecules, and it can be further categorized into different types like high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and paper chromatography, depending on the nature of the stationary phase and mobile phase.

💡Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography involves the use of supercritical fluids, which are substances at conditions above their critical temperature and pressure, where they exhibit both liquid- and gas-like properties. The video briefly mentions this as a distinct method for separating complex mixtures that cannot be easily separated by either liquid or gas chromatography.

💡Ion Exchange Chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography is a technique used to separate charged molecules based on their interaction with a charged stationary phase. The video explains that this method is particularly useful for separating hydrophilic or polar molecules, as the stationary phase facilitates the exchange of charged particles between the molecules being separated.

💡Exclusion Chromatography

Exclusion chromatography, also known as size-exclusion chromatography, separates molecules based on their size and hydrodynamic volume. The video describes how this technique is commonly used to separate proteins and other molecules, relying on a solid stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase to exclude larger molecules from interacting with the stationary phase.

💡Partition Chromatography

Partition chromatography is a technique where the separation is based on the partitioning of molecules between two liquid phases. In the video, partition chromatography is mentioned in the context of liquid-liquid interactions, where one phase is stationary and the other is mobile, allowing for the separation of molecules based on their differing solubilities.

💡Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a form of chromatography that uses a thin layer of solid material, such as silica, as the stationary phase, and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase. The video describes TLC as a technique used for separating organic molecules from dried liquid samples. It is an example of an organic solvent-based chromatography method.

Highlights

Introduction to chromatography and the plan to discuss different types in future videos.

Chromatography techniques can be categorized based on the phase of the solvent, which could be solid, liquid, or gas.

The basic concept of chromatography involves phase separation, with two phases: stationary (fixed) and mobile (where molecules move).

Chromatography is used to separate molecules based on properties like charge, size, and their interaction with different phases.

Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography are the three major types of chromatography.

In gas chromatography, the molecules to be separated are in a gaseous form.

Liquid chromatography involves separating molecules that are in a liquid form, which could be either aqueous or organic solutions.

HPLC (High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography) is an example of aqueous solution-based liquid chromatography.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and paper chromatography are examples of organic solvent-based liquid chromatography.

Supercritical fluid chromatography deals with separating molecules that are neither purely liquid nor gas.

Gas-liquid chromatography involves a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase.

Gas-solid chromatography uses a gaseous mobile phase and a solid stationary phase.

Ion exchange chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography are types of liquid chromatography, with solid stationary phases and liquid mobile phases.

Ion exchange chromatography separates hydrophilic or polar molecules based on charge.

Molecular exclusion chromatography separates molecules like proteins based on size and hydrodynamic volume.

Partition chromatography and adsorption chromatography are organic solvent-related liquid chromatography methods.

Paper chromatography and TLC involve separating dried liquid samples using an organic solvent as the mobile phase.

Conclusion with a prompt to subscribe for more videos on chromatography.

Transcripts

hello and welcome back friends welcome

to another video from somos biology and

in this quick short video I will be

talking about the different types of

chromatography that we know of and in

future videos we'll be talking about

each of the individual type of

chromatography in more details

so this chromatography techniques can be

divided based on many different

parameters and stuff okay but majorly

here we divide them based on the type of

solvent that we use the phase of the

solvent because the phase could be solid

or it could be liquid or it could be gas

so depending upon the phase of the

solvent that we use and also the phase

of both our separation stage as well as

the mobile phase we determine the

different types of chromatography now in

any type of chromatography the idea is

very simple it depends on the phase

separation the phase separation works in

the way say there are two different

phases always present one is called the

stationary phase which is kind of

stagnant which is fixed it's known as

the stationary phase another phase is

known as the mobile phase where the

molecules move in either direction it

depends on how you run the you run the

process so this is known as the mobile

phase so two different phases are

present and these are the two phases but

in among both these phases the molecule

that we want to separate because the

chromatographic technique is all about

separation of molecules based on their

multiple properties like charge their

size and stuff and we can separate

molecules using this phase variance

because as these are the two different

phases and they have changed a

difference between the phase and

different molecules are present

different molecules will interact with

these phase separations in different

manner and that will allow the molecules

to be separated from each other so in

this case the stationary phase could be

solid or liquid

well the mobile phase can be either

liquid or gaseous so it depends on what

kind of combination we have among them

and that will ultimately give us the

name of different types of

chromatographic techniques for example

if you can divide the chromatography

based on the three different major

phases like gas chromatography liquid

chromatography and supercritical fluid

chromatography now

gas chromatography means the molecules

that we want to separate will be in the

gaseous form while liquid chromatography

means the molecules we want to separate

will be in the liquid form now the

liquid form of the molecules could be

either a cura solution or organic

solution either those molecules can be

present in the water as a quest solution

or they can be produced

I mean present in the organic solutions

for the liquid type now for the aqueous

type the example is HPLC high pressure

liquid chromatography now in HPLC

technique the molecules are present in

the aqueous solution while in the

organic solvent type the example is thin

layer chromatography TLC or paper

chromatography right these are the

organic solvent type and finally the

supercritical fluid in certain kinds of

fluids are present which we cannot deal

with either liquid or in the gaseous

stage because they carry a to many

different types of molecules as a

mixture because in supercritical fluid

and for the separation of supercritical

fluid we have different approach

completely that we don't want to talk

about much here majorly we'll talk about

gas and liquid chromatography so in gas

chromatography you is separating gaseous

molecules from each other

mixture of gases will separate from each

other and there are two different types

here is a gas liquid chromatography and

a gas solid chromatography now

gas-liquid chromatography means the gas

we separate gas molecules a mixture of

gases and you put them in the mobile

phase so mobile phase is consisting of

gaseous molecules this is the mobile

phase and the stationary phase will be

liquid okay the gas solid chromatography

in gas solid chromatography the mobile

phase will be gases because that's what

we need to separate from each other and

the solid and the stationary phase will

be the solid molecules okay

solid interacting with the gases now in

the liquid

ah graffiti bring there are different

types like ion exchange chromatography

exclusion chromatography and another

type is known as a partition

chromatography or absorption

chromatography which is also known as

organic solvent related chromatography

now in this case of ion exchange

chromatography and molecule exclusion

chromatography ion exchange

chromatography in this case what we use

we use the stationary phase solid and

the mobile phase liquid in exclusion

chromatography also same thing

solid stationary phase mobile phase

liquid okay but the separation technique

is different in case of ion exchange

chromatography we separate hydrophilic

molecules or polar molecules and we

separate charged molecules we exchange

charged molecules between each other

while in the molecule exclusion

chromatography we separate proteins or

other molecules based on their size and

hydrodynamic volume what is hydrodynamic

volume and how this exclusion

chromatography works how an exchange

tramatic Rafi works you definitely need

to know them and please know them by

watching my videos the links are

provided in the description as well as

you can find those videos in my channel

you can search it you can get the

playlist of the chromatography videos

the link is provided again in the

description so watch all the videos for

better understanding while in the other

hand the organic salt solution or

solvent type of chromatography two

different examples partition

chromatography and l liquid solvent

absorption chromatography liquid solid

absorbent so in this case of both of the

chromatography we use certain molecules

in both this case we use dried molecules

we dried liquid now normally nyeon

exchange chromatography or exclusion

chromatography we use raw liquid

solutions in the mixture let's say

protein mixture it contains in the

liquid solution completely liquid

solution filled with different types of

proteins we separate them both in ion

exchange as well as in the exclusion

chromatography

while in these two types we use dry

liquid okay drag liquid means we take

the drop of liquid we put it in a paper

or in either silica plate or something

and we allow that liquid to get dried

and that is dried liquid so once that

liquid is dried then we apply some some

organic solvent to take up that

different fractions of the molecules

that are present in the liquid in the

dried liquid and to be separated the

examples are paper chromatography and

thin layer chromatography or TLC in both

the cases we use drag liquid as a

solvent as an aleut --nt and then we

separate them using the chromatography

so it is not pure to liquid a dry liquid

still we put them in the liquid phase of

chromatography and we talked about the

supercritical fluid so this in a sense

is all the different types of

chromatography that we know of so for

any type of chromatography you should

know about what is the Aleut n type

whether it's gas or liquid

normally the Lutins that we use are can

be the mobile phase most of the time in

some cases it's not in some cases we

need to use something different for

example in case of partition

chromatography and the l is absorbing

chromatography like TLC in these two

cases we cannot use those the dried

liquid that we use is the Aleut --nt but

the mobile phase is different here is

the mobile phase or the organic solvent

that we use okay so that is the idea in

this case so that in a sense is a type

of chromatography and I hope you liked

the video if you liked the video please

hit the like button and definitely click

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my channel to get more videos like that

thank you