2. Berpikir kritis dimulai dari bertanya

Summary

In this video, Gesa continues the 'Latih Logika' series by exploring the importance of critical thinking and how to strengthen it. The video contrasts two types of thinking: System 1, which is quick and emotional, and System 2, which is slow and rational. Gesa emphasizes the need to train System 2 by questioning the definitions and context of information before responding. By doing so, we can avoid misunderstandings and make better judgments. The video concludes with a teaser for the next lesson on arguments and reasoning.

Takeaways

• 📚 The video introduces the concept of critical thinking and its importance in processing information.
• 🤔 Human brains have a default way of thinking called System 1, which is instant, shallow, and emotion-driven.
• 🧠 System 2 is a more deliberate, systematic, and rational way of thinking that requires effort.
• ❓ To strengthen System 2, it is important to develop the habit of asking questions when encountering new information.
• 🔍 First, ensure a clear understanding of the meaning and definition of each word in the information received.
• ⚠️ Be cautious of ambiguous words that might have multiple meanings, which can lead to misunderstandings.
• 🌍 Understanding the context behind the information is crucial for accurate interpretation.
• 🗣️ Definitions relate to the meaning of words, while context relates to the background behind a statement.
• 💡 Knowing the context helps in understanding why a statement was made and can lead to different interpretations.
• 🚀 Practicing these habits can reduce reliance on System 1 and improve the use of System 2, making critical thinking more efficient over time.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the second video in the 'Latih Logika' series?

The second video focuses on the steps to take when receiving information before responding to it, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and understanding context and definitions.

What are the two types of thinking systems mentioned in the video?

The video mentions System 1, which is fast, instinctive, and emotional thinking, and System 2, which is slow, deliberate, and rational thinking.

Why is it important to ask questions after receiving information?

Asking questions helps ensure that we fully understand the meaning and context of the information, allowing us to respond more critically and avoid misunderstandings.

What is the role of System 1 in our thinking process?

System 1 is responsible for making instant judgments about any information without deep thought, often influenced by emotions.

How can we strengthen System 2 thinking, according to the video?

We can strengthen System 2 thinking by developing the habit of questioning the information we receive, particularly focusing on definitions and context.

What should we do before responding to a statement or tweet?

Before responding, we should identify the key words in the statement or tweet and ensure that our understanding of those words matches the intention of the author.

What could happen if we misunderstand the key words in a statement?

Misunderstanding key words can lead to a response based on incorrect assumptions, resulting in miscommunication and potentially flawed arguments.

Why is understanding the context behind a statement important?

Understanding the context helps us grasp the reasons behind a statement, which can influence our interpretation and the appropriateness of our response.

Can you give an example of how context might change the interpretation of a statement?

For example, the statement 'mandatory military service should be enforced for all Indonesian citizens of age' might be interpreted differently depending on whether the context is a concern about rising conflicts or a desire to instill nationalism in youth.

How does repeated use of System 2 thinking impact our thought process?

Repeated use of System 2 thinking can initially slow down our thought process, but over time, it increases the speed and efficiency of our deep, systematic thinking.

Outlines

00:00

🤔 Understanding Critical Thinking: System 1 vs. System 2

In this segment, the speaker introduces the second video of the 'Train Your Logic' series, focusing on the importance of critical thinking. The video explains the difference between two types of thinking: System 1, which is fast, emotional, and often shallow, and System 2, which is slow, deliberate, and rational. The speaker emphasizes the need to engage System 2 by asking critical questions before responding to any information. Examples include analyzing key terms and ensuring mutual understanding of definitions to avoid misinterpretations. The importance of context is also highlighted as crucial to fully grasping and responding to a statement.

05:01

💡 Building the Habit of Critical Thinking

The speaker discusses the importance of questioning definitions and context before forming an opinion on a statement. By developing the habit of engaging System 2 thinking—characterized by deeper, more systematic analysis—viewers can reduce reliance on the quicker, more instinctive System 1. Although initially this method may slow down the thought process, it ultimately leads to better decision-making and more thoughtful responses. The video concludes by encouraging viewers to continue their journey in understanding argument and reasoning in the next video of the series.

Keywords

💡Critical Thinking

Critical thinking refers to the ability to analyze information objectively and make a reasoned judgment. In the video, it is emphasized as a skill necessary for processing information accurately and making better decisions. The importance of mastering critical thinking is underscored as it allows individuals to respond more appropriately to the information they encounter.

💡System 1 Thinking

System 1 thinking is described as the brain's default mode of thinking, characterized by quick, instinctual, and emotional responses. The video highlights how this type of thinking leads to shallow judgments and poor decision-making, as it doesn't involve deep analysis or rational consideration of information.

💡System 2 Thinking

System 2 thinking is a mode of thinking that is slow, deliberate, and logical. Unlike System 1, System 2 requires effort and is used for deep analysis and rational evaluation of information. The video encourages strengthening System 2 thinking through habits like asking questions to critically assess information before responding.

💡Key Terms

Key terms refer to specific words or phrases in a statement that are crucial to understanding its meaning. The video advises identifying and clarifying the definitions of these terms before responding to ensure that there is no misunderstanding. Examples from the script include words like 'bully,' 'hoax,' and 'noise.'

💡Ambiguous Words

Ambiguous words are those that can have multiple meanings depending on the context. The video warns that failing to clarify the meaning of ambiguous words can lead to misunderstandings in discussions. For example, the term 'extraordinary crime' could refer to different types of crimes, leading to different interpretations.

💡Context

Context refers to the background or circumstances surrounding a statement or piece of information. The video stresses the importance of understanding the context to accurately interpret and respond to information. For example, the statement about 'mandatory military service' might have different implications based on the current socio-political situation.

💡Definition

Definition involves the precise meaning of a word or phrase. The video highlights the importance of ensuring that both the speaker and the listener have the same understanding of key definitions to avoid miscommunication. This is particularly important when dealing with complex or frequently misunderstood terms.

💡Rational Evaluation

Rational evaluation is the process of analyzing information logically and objectively. In the video, this concept is associated with System 2 thinking and is presented as a necessary practice to improve the quality of one's responses and decisions. It involves questioning, verifying, and thoroughly understanding information before forming a judgment.

💡Tweet Example

The tweet example in the video illustrates the importance of understanding key terms and context before responding to information. It shows how a seemingly simple message can be misunderstood if the key terms like 'bully,' 'hoax,' and 'noise' are not clearly defined or if the context is not considered.

💡Habit of Questioning

The habit of questioning is presented as a crucial practice for strengthening System 2 thinking. The video suggests that after receiving information, one should ask questions about definitions, context, and the accuracy of the information. This habit helps reduce reliance on System 1 thinking and promotes deeper, more rational evaluation.

Highlights

Introduction to critical thinking and its importance for better decision-making.

Explanation of two modes of thinking: System 1 (instant, emotional, and shallow) and System 2 (deep, systematic, and rational).

System 1 thinking leads to instant judgments without deep consideration.

System 2 thinking requires extra effort to analyze information rationally.

The importance of training System 2 thinking through the habit of asking questions.

First key question: Understanding the definitions of key terms in the information received.

Potential misunderstanding when assuming the meaning of common terms without clarification.

Example of a tweet illustrating the importance of clarifying key terms before responding.

The necessity of aligning understanding of key terms with the original intent of the speaker or writer.

Second key question: Understanding the context behind the information received.

Context helps to comprehend why a statement was made and the background of the information.

Example of understanding context through a statement on compulsory military service.

Misinterpretation can arise when context is not considered, leading to different reactions to the same statement.

The value of reducing reliance on System 1 thinking by questioning definitions and context.

The benefits of strengthening System 2 thinking, despite the initial slower thought process.

Transcripts

Selamat datang di video kedua Latih Logika.

Perkenalkan, saya Gesa yang akan memandu video kali ini.

Di video sebelumnya, kita sudah membahas pengertian berpikir kritis

dan kenapa kita perlu menguasai keterampilan itu.

Seperti yang telah disampaikan dalam video tersebut,

manfaatnya adalah kita jadi lebih lihai untuk mengolah informasi yang kita terima,

sehingga kita mampu untuk membuat keputusan yang lebih baik atau tanggapan yang sesuai.

Nah, di video kedua ini,

kita akan mempelajari langkah-langkah yang harus kita lakukan saat menerima sebuah informasi,

sebelum menanggapinya.

Cara kerja default atau bawaan otak manusia adalah berpikir instan,

dangkal, dan umumnya sangat dipengaruhi oleh emosi.

Cara ini disebut pemikiran Sistem 1.

Sistem 1 membuat penilaian instan terhadap informasi apa pun tanpa pemikiran mendalam.

Jika tanggapan kita terhadap sebuah informasi dibentuk Sistem 1, maka kualitas tanggapan kita patut diragukan.

Tapi, otak kita juga mampu berpikir mendalam, sistematis, dan perlahan.

Ini disebut pemikiran Sistem 2.

Saat menggunakan Sistem 2,

kita melakukan usaha ekstra untuk menyerap dan menilai informasi secara rasional.

Dalam video ini, kita akan mempelajari kebiasaan yang dapat dilatih untuk memperkuat Sistem 2,

yaitu kebiasaan untuk bertanya.

Setelah membaca atau mendengar sebuah pernyataan,

kita harus menanyakan beberapa hal agar dapat menyikapi atau menanggapinya dengan kritis.

Pertama, apa kita sudah betul-betul paham arti atau definisi setiap kata di dalam informasi yang kita terima?

Kadang kita merasa sudah paham perkataan seseorang

karena istilah yang dipakainya sering muncul dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Tapi bisa saja ternyata maksudnya sangat berbeda dari yang kita kira.

Mari kita lihat tweet ini:

“Mereka yang punya gagasan politik di kedua kubu pasti sebal dengan bully dan hoax.

Di tengah noise, siapa yang dengar suara mereka?”

Sebelum menanggapi twit itu, kita harus benar-benar paham maksudnya.

Pertama-tama dengan cara menemukan kata-kata kunci di dalam twit tersebut,

seperti “mereka”, “kedua kubu”, “bully”, “hoax”, dan “noise”.

Kemudian, kita pastikan bahwa pemahaman kita dan si pemilik tweet tentang kata-kata tadi sudah sama.

Caranya, dengan bertanya apa yang ia maksud.

Dengan memahami arti masing-masing kata kunci,

kita dapat memahami maksud si pemilik tweet secara keseluruhan.

Setelah itu barulah kita bisa menyikapinya dengan sesuai.

Kita juga harus mewaspadai kata-kata ambigu, yaitu yang mungkin punya lebih dari satu arti.

Misalnya, teman kita berkata,

“Hanya kejahatan luar biasa yang layak diganjar hukuman mati.”

Sebelum kita menyetujui atau menyanggah pernyataan tersebut,

apakah kita yakin, kita sudah tahu apa yang dimaksud kejahatan luar biasa?

Kita bisa mengira yang dimaksudnya adalah kejahatan kemanusiaan yang sangat keji seperti perbudakan.

Tapi bisa saja maksud sebenarnya adalah kejahatan seperti korupsi berskala besar.

Jika kita menanggapi pernyataan tadi sebelum memastikan bahwa pemahaman kita sama,

diskusi sesudahnya akan penuh kesalahpahaman.

Yang kedua, apa konteks di balik informasi yang kita terima?

Jika definisi berhubungan dengan arti kata,

konteks berhubungan dengan latar belakang di balik sebuah informasi.

Mengetahui konteks membuat kita paham kenapa sebuah pernyataan bisa muncul.

Misalnya kita membaca kalimat,

“wajib militer harus diberlakukan bagi seluruh warga Indonesia yang sudah cukup umur”.

Bukan hanya definisi kata-kata kunci seperti ‘wajib militer’ dan ‘cukup umur’ yang perlu kita ketahui,

namun juga keadaan apa yang memicu munculnya kalimat itu.

Mungkinkah ada isu tentang meningkatnya jumlah konflik bersenjata di Asia,

sehingga si penulis kalimat cemas akan terjadi perang?

Atau mungkin menurutnya wajib militer bisa mengembalikan nasionalisme anak muda?

Kesimpulannya, kalimat yang sama dapat menimbulkan tanggapan berbeda jika latar belakangnya juga berbeda.

Jadi, mengetahui konteks sebelum bersikap itu penting.

Nah, itu tadi dua hal yang sebaiknya kita pertanyakan terlebih dahulu,

sebelum kita mengambil sikap akan sebuah pernyataan.

Jika kita membiasakan diri untuk mempertanyakan definisi dan konteks,

ketergantungan kita kepada Sistem 1

pemikiran yang instan, dangkal, dan emosional akan semakin berkurang,

dan lambat laun Sistem 2 — pemikiran yang mendalam dan sistematis — akan lebih sering kita gunakan.

Walaupun awalnya proses berpikir kita jadi terasa lambat,

namun jika dibiasakan, kecepatan Sistem 2 akan meningkat.

Terima kasih karena telah menyimak video kedua di seri Latih Logika.

Selanjutnya, kita akan mempelajari pengertian argumen dan penalaran.

Klik tombol “lanjut” di bawah video ini untuk langsung menonton video berikutnya.