Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology & Nursing | Diabetes Nursing Lecture NCLEX | Type 1 & Type 2
Summary
TLDRThis educational video by a registered nurse delves into the intricacies of diabetes, covering its pathophysiology, types, complications, and nursing assessments. It aims to provide insights into the roles of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and the liver in diabetes management. The speaker promises a series of videos, including discussions on nursing interventions, education for diabetic patients, and mnemonic devices to aid in memorizing crucial information for nursing exams and clinical practice.
Takeaways
- 😀 Diabetes Mellitus involves the body's inability to properly use glucose due to issues with insulin.
- 📚 The video covers the pathophysiology, types, complications, and nursing assessment of diabetes.
- 🧬 Key players in diabetes are glucose, insulin, glucagon, and the liver, all of which work together to regulate blood sugar levels.
- 🚨 Glucose requires insulin to enter cells, and without insulin, high blood sugar levels can cause damage to the body.
- 💉 Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate glucose levels by facilitating its entry into cells.
- 🔄 Glucagon works in opposition to insulin, increasing blood sugar levels by converting stored glycogen in the liver back into glucose.
- 🔍 The liver plays a crucial role in glucose storage and release, responding to insulin levels to maintain blood sugar balance.
- 🔑 There are three types of diabetes: Type 1, where the body does not produce insulin; Type 2, where the body is resistant to insulin; and Gestational, which occurs in pregnant women.
- ⚠️ Complications of diabetes include hypoglycemia, organ problems, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS).
- 🩺 Signs of diabetes include the '3 Ps': polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
- 📋 The video script also mentions mnemonic devices to help remember the symptoms and complications of diabetes, such as 'I'm sweaty cold and clammy, give me some candy' for hypoglycemia treatment.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the video by the registered nurse?
-The main focus of the video is to cover the pathophysiology of diabetes, its complications, different types, and the nursing assessment. It is part of an in-depth review series on diabetes.
What are the key players in diabetes according to the script?
-The key players in diabetes are glucose, insulin, glucagon, and the liver. These components work together to help the body use glucose effectively.
Why is glucose unable to enter cells without insulin?
-Glucose cannot enter cells without insulin because insulin acts as a key that allows glucose to attach to it and be transported into the cell where it can be used as fuel.
What is the role of insulin in the body?
-Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells. It is secreted by the pancreas and is crucial for the body's ability to use glucose for energy.
How does glucagon differ from insulin in its function?
-Glucagon works in opposition to insulin. While insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells, glucagon raises blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of stored glycogen in the liver back into glucose.
What is the liver's role in glucose metabolism?
-The liver plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism by storing excess glucose as glycogen and releasing it back into the bloodstream as glucose when needed, thus helping to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
What are the different types of diabetes mentioned in the script?
-The script mentions three types of diabetes: Type 1, where the body does not produce insulin; Type 2, where the body is resistant to insulin; and Gestational diabetes, which occurs in pregnant women and usually resolves after birth.
What is the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
-Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the body not producing any insulin, often due to autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes involves the body's cells becoming resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels despite the presence of insulin.
What are some of the complications of diabetes discussed in the script?
-The script discusses complications such as hypoglycemia, organ problems, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHS).
How does the body respond to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in a non-diabetic individual?
-In response to low blood sugar, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels.
What is the significance of the 'three Ps' in the context of diabetes?
-The 'three Ps' refer to polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger), which are common symptoms experienced by individuals with diabetes, particularly Type 1 diabetes.
What mnemonic is provided in the script to remember the symptoms of diabetes?
-The mnemonic 'SUGAR' is provided to remember the symptoms of diabetes: Slow wound healing, Urinary issues, Glucose in urine, Acetone breath, Rash on skin, and Repeated yeast infections in women.
Outlines
📚 Overview of Diabetes Mellitus
In this introductory video on diabetes mellitus, the presenter, a registered nurse from RN.com, discusses the pathophysiology, complications, types, and nursing assessments related to diabetes. This video is part of an NCLEX review series and aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of diabetes for nursing exams. Viewers are encouraged to visit the website for quizzes and to access related videos in the endocrine playlist.
🔬 Understanding Glucose and Insulin
This section explains the roles of glucose and insulin in the body. Glucose is essential for cellular energy, but it requires insulin to enter cells. Without insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream, causing high blood sugar levels. The liver stores excess glucose as glycogen, which can be converted back to glucose when needed. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels.
🧬 Role of Glucagon and the Liver
Glucagon, which works opposite to insulin, helps increase blood sugar levels by prompting the liver to release stored glycogen. The liver plays a vital role in maintaining blood sugar balance by storing and releasing glucose based on insulin levels. This feedback loop ensures normal blood sugar levels in healthy individuals, but is disrupted in diabetes.
🩺 Normal Blood Sugar Regulation vs. Diabetes
In a healthy individual, the pancreas releases insulin to manage high blood sugar after eating, and glucagon to manage low blood sugar. In diabetes, either the pancreas doesn't produce insulin (Type 1) or the body's cells are resistant to insulin (Type 2), leading to hyperglycemia. This section describes the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, including their causes, presentations, and complications.
🏋️♂️ Causes and Characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to no insulin production and requiring insulin therapy. It is not lifestyle-related and often presents in young, thin individuals. Type 2 diabetes is marked by insulin resistance and is often associated with lifestyle factors like obesity. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes and possibly oral medications.
🚑 Management and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes management often starts with lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, and may progress to oral medications or insulin injections during periods of high stress or illness. This section highlights the importance of addressing lifestyle factors to manage blood sugar levels effectively.
⚠️ Complications and Nursing Assessments of Diabetes
Diabetes can lead to severe complications like hypoglycemia, organ damage, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Hypoglycemia results from too much insulin and presents with symptoms like sweating, dizziness, and confusion. Organ problems arise due to the sticky nature of excess glucose, leading to issues like heart disease, strokes, hypertension, neuropathy, and poor wound healing.
🔥 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and HHNS
DKA is a life-threatening condition common in Type 1 diabetes, caused by the breakdown of fats into ketones due to a lack of insulin. Symptoms include high blood sugar, excessive thirst, and Kussmaul breathing. HHNS typically occurs in Type 2 diabetes and is marked by severe dehydration and high blood sugar without ketone breakdown. Understanding the differences between DKA and HHNS is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.
🧠 Recognizing and Assessing Diabetic Symptoms
Key symptoms of diabetes include the three Ps: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (extreme hunger). These symptoms result from the body's inability to use glucose properly, leading to excessive glucose in the blood and urine. Additional signs include slow wound healing, blurry vision, acetone breath, and skin rashes, particularly in Type 1 diabetes.
🔎 Summary and Call to Action
The video concludes with a reminder to take the free quiz available on the website to test knowledge on diabetes. Viewers are also encouraged to watch the next video in the series, which will cover nursing interventions and pharmacological treatments for diabetes. The presenter thanks viewers and invites them to subscribe to the YouTube channel for more educational content.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Diabetes Mellitus
💡Insulin
💡Glucagon
💡Glucose
💡Liver
💡Type 1 Diabetes
💡Type 2 Diabetes
💡Gestational Diabetes
💡Hypoglycemia
💡Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
💡Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)
Highlights
Introduction to a series on diabetes, covering pathophysiology, complications, types, nursing assessment, interventions, and education.
Key players in diabetes: glucose, insulin, glucagon, and the liver, and their roles in glucose metabolism.
Glucose's necessity for the body and its entry into cells facilitated by insulin.
Insulin's role in lowering blood sugar levels and its secretion by the pancreas.
Glucagon's function in increasing blood sugar levels and its interaction with the liver.
The liver's sensitivity to insulin levels and its dual role in glucose storage and release.
Feedback loop explanation in a non-diabetic body and the contrast in diabetic conditions.
Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of insulin presence and resistance.
Causes of diabetes, including genetic, autoimmune, and lifestyle factors.
Presentation of type 1 diabetics with symptoms like ketones in urine and weight loss.
Characteristics of type 2 diabetics, often related to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
Gestational diabetes as a unique type affecting pregnant women and resolving postpartum.
Complications of diabetes such as hypoglycemia, organ problems, DKA, and HHNS.
Hypoglycemia treatment mnemonic 'I'm sweaty, cold, and clammy, give me some candy'.
Effects of high glucose levels on blood vessels leading to various organ complications.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as a life-threatening condition in type 1 diabetics.
Hypoglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome (HHNS) in type 2 diabetics characterized by extreme dehydration.
Assessment of diabetic patients focusing on symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Mnemonic 'SUGAR' for remembering symptoms of slow wound healing, blurry vision, acetone breath, and rashes.
Invitation to take a free quiz and subscribe for further educational content on diabetes nursing.
Transcripts
hey everyone it's s register nurse
rn.com and in this video I'm going to be
going over diabetes malius this is part
of a inlex review series on diabetes and
what I'm want to be doing in this video
is I'm going to be hitting the patho
physiology and diabetes the
complications the different types and
the nursing assessment in the next video
I'm going to be going over the nursing
interventions and I'm going to hit
really hard on the phological aspects of
um taking care of a diabetic patients
the education and the teaching and I'm
going to give you some clever pneumonics
on how to remember that stuff because
it's a lot of stuff that you need to
know for the inlex and your nursing
lecture exams and then I'll be having
some more videos coming out about dka
hhns syndrome and all those things you
need to know about diabetes so make sure
you access the playlist the enderin
playlist so you can get access to those
videos now after this lecture be sure to
go to my website register nurse rn.com
and take the free quiz says a card
should be popping up to test your
knowledge on Diabetes okay so let's get
started okay first let's talk about the
key players in diabetes because if you
understand what's going on normally in
the body you're going to understand why
the diabetic patient is having all of
these issues so the big key players in
diabetes is glucose insulin glucagon and
the liver and all of these work together
to help your body use glucose because
the big issue with diabetes is an issue
with insulin and um here in a second
you'll see why that's an issue okay so
first let's talk about glucose what is
glucose glucose is sugar and your body
loves sugar because your body needs it
to survive and what sugar does is it
enters into the cell or the glucose
enters into the cell and fuels those
cells so they can work but the catch is
is that glucose cannot enter into your
cell without the help of insulin so in
order you eat all this sugar you take it
in it enters your bloodstream but for
glucose to actually go into yourself or
your cell to use it has to have the help
of insulin and if you don't have any
insulin at all then you're not going to
have the ability to use the glucose and
the glucose is just going to hang out in
your bloodstream and cause high blood
sugars which reeks havoc on havoc on the
body now um glucose is mainly stored in
the liver in the form of
glycogen which we'll go over in depth
here in a second okay insulin what is
insulin insulin is a hormone and it
plays a huge role in helping us bring
those blood sugar levels down because
like I said it regulates the amount of
glucose in your body it attaches lets
glucose attach to it and it takes it
inside that cell so you can use it and
the big thing that you want to remember
is that insulin is secreted by your
pancreas by the beta cells of the
pancreas in the insulates of the
langerhan cell so if this area of the
body the beta cells and the pancreas get
damaged then you're in trouble you're
not going to have any insulin production
now let's talk about glucagon what is
glucagon it works in the opposite of
insulin insulin helps us bring our
sugars down glucagon helps us increase
our blood sugar so it helps with low
blood sugar level lels and um what it
does is it causes the liver because your
liver will store this glucose um if you
have extra glucose in the body the liver
will take it and store it and turn it
into
glycogen and whenever glucagon is
released it will cause that liver to
release that glycogen that it's stored
up and turn it into glucose so you can
get that glucose in your body and
increase your blood sugar levels now the
liver that's our last key player the
liver is very sensitive to insulin
levels in your body it's whenever it
senses that you have too high of insulin
levels and you have high blood sugar
levels it starts doing its job but if
you have low insulin levels you have low
blood sugar it also helps with that so
it's very vital in helping us keep those
levels nice and um normal so whenever
you have high blood sugar and a high
insulin level the liver will cause the
body to absorb that extra glucose and
will turn it into glycogen so you can
use it later on but then say all of a
sudden your glucose drops and your
insulin levels will drop as well the
liver will sense that and this will
cause the liver to release those stores
of the glycogen which will turn into
glucose and increase your blood sugar so
it helps with that now let's
recap about the feedback loop what
happens normally in the body and someone
who does doesn't have diabetes and then
let's talk about what's happening in
someone with diabetes okay so you have
high blood sugar you ate and drank a
bunch of sugary stuff so what does your
body do the pancreas says hey there's a
lot of blood there's a lot of glucose in
our body so we need to use that so the
pancreas releases insulin and the
insulin causes the glucose to enter into
the cells and there may be some leftover
and the leftover will go into the liver
and the liver will store it for later
and turn it into glycogen and then use
it whenever you need it now say you have
low blood sugar you've been working all
day as a nurse and you have an eight so
your blood sugar is level low is um
level is low so what will your body do
because it wants to help protect you the
pancreas will release glucagon now
remember glucagon works in the opposite
of insulin and this will cause the liver
to release glycogen remember all those
stores that stored up from all that
extra glucose and this will turn into
glue glucose which will increase your
blood sugar so that is what's happening
in someone who doesn't have diabetes who
has a normal healthy pancreas and they
don't have insulin issues but what is
happening to someone with
diabetes okay what's happening is that
the B you're eating all your sugar
you're eating your food but the body
cannot get to that sugar that glucose
that you're eating and this is either
due to there's no insulin present either
those um beta cells in the pancreas were
damaged or the body is resistant to
insulin you um you're secreting insulin
perfectly but those cells are like we
don't want that and they're not
receptive to that insulin so you can't
use it and in type one there's no
insulin present in type two the body is
resistant to insulin which we'll go over
in depth here in a second and whenever
that happens because your body is not
using glucose you get
hyperglycemia where you have an elevated
blood sugar in the body and it just
hangs out now when glucose hangs out in
your body this is not good it's not
meant to do that so it starts to affect
major organs of the body and the body
says hey we need some energy these cells
need to be able to work since we can't
get the glucose we've got to burn energy
some other way so it will start to burn
fats ketones which are acids and this
happens in your type one diab diabetics
and whenever you're burning those fats
and those acids it's throwing the whole
body out of whack it's going to cause
some major acid and base imbalances
which we talked about in depth in
metabolic acidosis and alkalosis or with
the type 2 diabetics what's happening is
that there is enough insulin there's
just enough where your body is not
receptive to it so it doesn't burn those
fats but instead it doesn't use the carb
so they're having issues with carbo
carbohydrate metabolism
now what causes diabetes malius the
causes are separated into three
different types you have type one type
two and gestational so let's talk about
type one okay type one remember this is
where the patient does not have any
insulin and what's happened is that
those beta cells in the insulet of the
langerhan which is in your pancreas have
been destroyed they're not working
properly at all so there is no insulin
for this for this patient so in order
for treatment they have to take
insulin now this is not related to
Lifestyle like with your type two
diabetics this is either genetic
autoimmune for instance um they got a
virus that went in wed havoc on havoc on
the body and the body attacked itself
specifically those beta cells in the
pancreas and it just doesn't work
anymore now how do these patients
present I would remember this this is
important um these patients are going to
be thin because they're burning all that
fat off because the body needs energy so
they're burning all those fats and
ketones they're going to be young uh
normally this happens in children and
it's going to happen all of a sudden and
there's going to be ketones present in
the urine where the body is breaking
down those fats now type two diabetics
What's Happening Here the cells have
quit responding to insulin so it's
insulin resistant they don't care about
the insulin and you can secrete insulin
all day and they're not going to have
anything to do with it and so what
happens the glucose just hangs out in
the body but it's like a catch 22 all
this insulin is is being produced it's
nice and fine but the cells just don't
want anything to do with it but you
still have all this glucose and the
pancreas thinks you need more insulin
because it senses that you have all this
glucose still in the body so it starts
to over secrete insulin and you start
getting the condition called hyper
insulin emia which will lead to
metabolic syndrome so not good and
treatment for this is normally the
patient um they will the doctor will
order diet and exercise that normally
helps with that but if that's not
successful they will start them on oral
medications which we will cover in the
next video in depth and um these
patients normally don't take insulin but
they may need insulin injections if um
they're having lost stress on the body
like with surgery or with infection so
that's something just to keep in mind
and this is generally type two diabetes
is related to Lifestyle either due to
being obese having a sanitary lifestyle
a poor diet lots of colas things like
that and genetic now how do these
patients present what do they typically
look like they're typically overweight
um it happens over time they're usually
adult age teenage age and um it's very
rare for them to have ketones in the Y
because remember back to this they don't
have an issue with metabolizing the fats
because there's just enough insulin but
they have issues with metabolizing those
carbohydrates now gestational just
wanted to throw that in that is a that's
another type and it's similar to your
type 2 diabetes and this is where the
cells are not receptive and it happens
in pregnant women and it will usually go
away after birth now let's look at the
complications of diabetes and the
nursing
assessment first let's talk about
complications okay complications with
diabetes you can have hypogly cmia organ
problems diabetic keto acidosis also
called dka or hypoglycemic hyper osmolar
non-ketotic syndrome which we will refer
to as hhns so let me go over these in
detail okay hypoglycemia this is the
opposite of hyper glycemia hypo means
low gly means glucose and emia means
blood so we have low blood glucose in
the blood usually it's around less than
60 milligram per Des
now whenever patients have this this is
usually a side effect from too much
insulin or too much oral diabetic
medication which we'll go over in the
next video but they're going to present
as being sweaty and clammy confused Li
headed dizzy and double vision now to
help you remember how to treat someone
with hypoglycemia because you want to
treat it fast and remember this saying
I'm sweaty cold and clammy give me some
candy so these patients who are H having
hypoglycemia need a simple carb remember
that um I remember a test question from
nursing school and it gave us the
glucose and it said what would be a
treatment and what the option was simple
carb complex carb and listed all these
things but it's a simple carb of what
they need and simple carbs are like your
hard candies like Lifesavers um fruit
juice graham crackers honey things like
that that can hit the body body can
absorb and take in and use now if the
patient's unconscious they can't eat um
normally in the hospital setting
whatever the doctor orders you will give
them a IV
D50 okay now let's look at organ
problems okay glucose think about it in
our real life sugar if you get sugar on
your hands it's really sticky the same
concept can apply to whenever it gets
you get way too much in the blood what
it does is it causes AOS scerotic um
issues where you're having um hardening
of the vessels now what this does is
this glucose enters into the blood
glucose is naturally sticky so it's
going to start to stick to those
proteins of the vessels and they become
hard and they form plaes and normally
your vessels are nice and um pliable and
they're not hard and when they're hard
they don't work properly so let's think
of all the systems in the body that are
affected by hard vessels your heart you
can get heart disease it's going to on
those coronary arteries make them hard
blood flow is going to be narrow and
there's also some plaques that can form
can cause an MI my cardial infarction
Strokes um a lot of strokes happen with
that weakening of those vessels um
hypertension again you have stiff hard
vessels that's going to increase um
resistance on your vessels causing
hypertension
neuropathy um decrease wound healing
again that is because um you're you have
decreased compromis circul
from those hardening of those vessels
you can't get all that um all those
cells there to work to help heal that
wound so they will have slow wounds on
their feet especially on their feet eye
trouble and infections okay let's look
at diabetic keto acidosis dka now in the
other videos coming up in this series
we're going to go in depth about dka
treatments and all that and we're going
to actually compare it with
hhns because people get these two
conditions confused but let me help
break it down for you so you can
understand a little bit okay dka this
happens in your type one diabetics it's
super rare to happen in type two it's
type one so keep that in mind and
another issue with this is they are
burning ketones let the name help you
out diabetic keto acidosis okay remember
what we were talking about diabetes type
one they don't have any insulin insulin
helps glucose go into the cell for
energy so the body's like hey we don't
have anything for energy so we've got to
start burning fats ketones so what
happens is that the body is burning
those ketones like crazy and this is
causing um acids to iner into the blood
whenever those ketones break down and
then you're getting some acid base
imbalances this is lifethreatening they
need to be treated and how your
patient's going to present they're going
to have extremely high blood sugars and
they're going to be very thirsty and
they're going to have the cosmal
breathing remember that that's because
all that acid build up in the body
respiratory system is trying to blow
blow off that acid by those deep long um
breaths rapid breaths and they can also
have the acetone breath which is like
that fruity smell in their breath and
that's just because of all those ketones
breaking out now let's let's look at
hhns okay this happens typically in your
type 2 diabet
diabetics and part of HHS the n stands
for non-ketotic so there is no breakdown
of ketones in this because remember with
type two diabetes they have just just
enough insulin where they don't have to
break down the fats instead they have
carbohydrate issues so um what you're
going to have is no burning of the
ketones you're just going to have um
dehydration the patient going to be very
dehydrated they're going to be thirsty
and they're going to have mental status
changes and their blood sugars are going
to be crazy high but there's going to be
no Ketone issues now how is a patient
going to present to you um whenever
you're assessing them what signs and
symptoms are they going to have okay you
want to remember for this these are
typically test questions okay the three
PS for hypoglycemia because the issue
with diabetes is they have high blood
sugars so the three PS which are
polyuria polydipsia and
polyphasia okay what's polyura polyurea
is where poly means many um Uria means
urine so they're having frequent
urinations they are peeing a lot they're
getting a lot of um urine output why is
this happening okay this happen happens
because of the rule of Osmosis remember
in our hyperonic isotonic hypotonic
video and we talked about osmosis this
is where water likes to be where there's
a higher concentration so it's going to
move to higher concentration lower
concentration higher concentration and
what's happened is there's all this
glucose in your blood and the cells in
inside the cells there's water and the
water's like hey all the glucose is in
the blood let's move out of the cell and
go into the bloodstream so you have all
this water shifting into the blood that
causes a lot of fluid so what system of
the body gets rid of extra fluid the
kidneys so the kidneys start putting out
all this extra fluid you have but also
whenever the kidneys is doing that one
of the roles is that it reabsorbs
glucose but there's way too much glucose
in the blood so the kidneys can't cope
with this so they start leaking glucose
so you're going to see glycose uad that
means you're going to see glucose in
their urine next they're going to have
poly dipsia and this plays into the
polyurea all these play off of each
other so poly dipsia poly means many
dipsia means thirst drinking so um
they're going to be very thirsty and
this is because of the polyera because
they're putting out all this fluid the
body's like hey we got to keep drinking
to keep hydrating ourselves because
we're putting out all this water and
then the polyphasia that means they're
very hungry they're just constantly
craving food and this ties back to
burning all the fats all those ketones
um the body needs the energy because it
can't get to the glucose so the body's
like hey we've got to eat keep eating
food so we can keep burning this energy
and these three PS are mainly seen in
your type one diabetics okay now let's
look at another pneumonic remember the
word sugar this is what you're going to
see in both the type one and the type
two okay s for slow wound healing again
that's because of that glucose being
sticky hardening those vessels so you
have decreased per Fusion to help heal
those wounds the U blurry blurry vision
again that's because the damage to the
eyes with all that glucose a glyco Uria
that's where the kidneys can't cope with
all that extra glucose so it leaks into
the um urine a for acetone breath that
is mainly seen in your type ones and
that's because of the burning of the
ketones it gives off that fruity smell
of the breath R for rashes on the skin
and repeated yeast uh infe
in women because yeasts love glucose if
you have too much glucose yeast is going
to build up and they have repeated
vaginal infections of yeese okay so that
is about diabetes malius now don't
forget to take that free quiz a um you
should get the card or it's down in the
description below and be sure to check
out that other video where I'm going
over the nursing interventions where I'm
covering covering the phological aspects
of treatment of diabetes and thank you
so much for watching and please consider
subscribing to this YouTube Channel
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