How the U.S. silenced calls for Puerto Rico's independence
Summary
TLDR这段视频脚本讲述了波多黎各争取独立的残酷历史和现状。从美国政府试图镇压独立运动的血腥事件,到佩德罗·阿比苏·坎波斯领导的独立运动,以及后来的武装起义和政治迫害。视频还探讨了波多黎各人民对独立、联邦地位或州地位的不同看法,以及他们与美国关系的复杂性。
Takeaways
- 🇵🇷 波多黎各的独立运动曾遭受美国政府的残酷镇压,其中包括在庞塞市发生的血腥事件,导致19人死亡,200多人受伤。
- 📖 波多黎各独立运动的领袖佩德罗·阿利苏·坎波斯(Pedro Albizu Campos)在美国占领波多黎各后,经历了种族歧视,并最终投身于独立运动。
- 🏭 阿利苏反对美国公司对波多黎各经济的控制,特别是糖业公司剥削工人,导致工人贫困。
- 🔫 1935年的里约皮德拉斯大屠杀(Rio Piedras Massacre)是美国警察对波多黎各民族主义者的暴力镇压。
- 🗳️ 阿利苏因煽动叛乱而被判入狱,尽管最初被判无罪,但后来在重新审判中被判有罪。
- 👥 1937年的蓬塞大屠杀(Ponce Massacre)是美国政府试图镇压波多黎各独立运动的另一次暴力事件。
- 🚨 波多黎各独立运动的支持者认为,美国政府通过法律和FBI的监视来进一步压制独立声音。
- 💥 1950年,波多黎各民族主义者试图通过武装起义来争取独立,包括对美国总统哈里·杜鲁门的暗杀企图。
- 🔍 奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉(Oscar López Rivera)因参与独立运动而被判刑超过35年,包括12年的单独监禁。
- 📊 尽管独立运动的支持者认为波多黎各有能力独立,但大多数波多黎各人并不支持完全独立,而是倾向于与美国保持某种形式的联系。
- 🌐 波多黎各的独立运动和其与美国的关系是复杂的,涉及政治、经济、文化身份以及国际关系等多个层面。
Q & A
波多黎各独立运动历史上最残酷的事件是什么?
-波多黎各独立运动历史上最残酷的事件之一是蓬塞市的屠杀,美国政府试图通过暴力手段镇压亲独立运动,导致19人死亡,200多人受伤。
波多黎各独立运动的领袖是谁?
-波多黎各独立运动的领袖是佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯(Pedro Albizu Campos),他被称为波多黎各独立运动之父。
佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯在美国军队服役期间经历了什么?
-佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯在美国军队服役期间,由于肤色较深,被分配到一个非洲裔美国人的部队,在那里他经历了美国的种族歧视。
佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯为什么拒绝为美国最高法院工作?
-佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯拒绝了为美国最高法院工作的邀请,选择回到波多黎各加入独立运动,因为他相信波多黎各需要独立。
1935年的里奥·皮德拉斯大屠杀是什么?
-1935年的里奥·皮德拉斯大屠杀是美国警察杀害了三名坐在车里的民族主义者,以及一名前来为他们辩护的人,但没有任何警察因这些杀戮而被起诉。
1937年的蓬塞大屠杀中,有多少人死亡?
-1937年的蓬塞大屠杀中,有19人死亡,200多人受伤。
Outlines
🇵🇷 波多黎各独立运动与血腥镇压
本段讲述了波多黎各历史上的一次重要事件,即在波多黎各蓬塞市发生的血腥镇压事件,这是美国政府试图压制波多黎各独立运动的残酷手段之一。原本和平的游行演变成了19人死亡,200多人受伤的悲剧。视频还介绍了波多黎各独立运动的领袖佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯的生平,包括他的教育背景、在哈佛的学习经历、以及他在第一次世界大战中的经历,这些经历塑造了他对美国的态度。阿尔维苏回到波多黎各后,积极参与并领导了独立运动,他主张使用武力争取波多黎各的自由,并在1934年领导了一次成功的全岛范围的罢工,提高了工人的工资。但这也导致了与美国政府的冲突,1935年发生了里奥·皮德拉斯屠杀事件,阿尔维苏因此被监禁。
🔍 波多黎各独立运动的持续与牺牲
这段内容继续讲述了波多黎各独立运动的历史。在1937年的本森大屠杀中,美国任命的总督被认为应对事件负责,但没有人因此被逮捕或指控。1950年,波多黎各民族主义者发起了一系列攻击,包括试图暗杀美国总统哈里·杜鲁门,尽管未成功,但导致了近30名民族主义者死亡,数百人被捕,阿尔维苏因此被判处80年监禁。此外,还提到了1954年民族主义者对美国国会的攻击,虽然无人丧生,但五名国会议员受伤。这些事件展示了波多黎各民族主义者为争取独立而进行的斗争和牺牲。
📊 波多黎各独立党的现状与挑战
本段介绍了波多黎各独立党的当前状况,包括其在20世纪50年代的选举中获得的20%的选票,使其成为波多黎各第二大党,但此后支持率一直在下降。视频还讨论了独立党面临的挑战,如FBI对独立支持者的监视和迫害,以及独立党在2020年选举中的表现。此外,还提到了波多黎各与美国政治的关系,包括一些共和党人和民主党人对波多黎各成为美国州的不同看法,以及波多黎各对联邦资金的依赖。
🌐 波多黎各独立的可能性与未来展望
最后一段探讨了波多黎各独立的可能性和未来。一些波多黎各人认为,独立将为波多黎各带来新的可能性,包括成为加勒比共同体的一部分,并强调波多黎各作为一个经济上可行的国家,有能力独立生存和发展。然而,也指出了大多数波多黎各人可能不愿意为了独立而冒险放弃美国的联邦资金和美国护照。视频还提到了波多黎各的其他政治选项,包括维持现状、更多的自治权或成为美国的州,并预告了将在接下来的视频中探讨这些选项。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡庞塞大屠杀
💡波多黎各独立运动
💡佩德罗·阿尔比苏·坎波斯
💡美西战争
💡民族主义党
💡糖业公司
💡庞塞镇
💡秘密档案
💡殖民地
💡卡洛斯·奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉
Highlights
在波多黎各的蓬塞镇发生的事件是美国政府试图压制波多黎各独立运动的最残酷方式之一。
原本和平的游行最终导致警卫杀害19人,伤害200多人。
波多黎各在美统治下繁荣,但极端主义党派偶尔爆发反美行动。
支持独立的人士遭受迫害,认为独立是解决波多黎各问题的方法。
波多黎各独立运动之父佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯的一生,反映了美国政府对独立支持者的迫害。
阿尔维苏在哈佛学习法律,并在一战期间在美国军队中服役,经历了种族歧视。
阿尔维苏拒绝了为美国最高法院工作的机会,选择回到波多黎各参与独立运动。
1934年,阿尔维苏领导工人进行了全岛范围的罢工,迫使美国糖业公司提高工资。
1935年,美国警察杀害了三名坐在车里的民族主义者,以及一名前来辩护的人。
阿尔维苏因煽动叛乱被捕,尽管第一次审判被判无罪,但第二次审判被判有罪。
1937年的本森大屠杀,美国任命的总督被认为对屠杀负有责任,但无人被起诉。
1950年,民族主义者试图通过武装革命解放波多黎各,包括攻击白宫和国会。
奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉因策划推翻美国政府而被判处超过35年监禁。
尽管独立党在50年代曾是波多黎各第二大党,但支持率自那时起一直在下降。
独立支持者认为波多黎各是一个经济上可行的国家,可以成为加勒比共同体的一部分。
大多数波多黎各人不愿意为了独立放弃美国的联邦资金和美国护照。
波多黎各的独立运动受到了美国政府的严重迫害,包括FBI的秘密档案。
尽管面临挑战,新一代的独立支持者正在努力消除与独立党的污名。
波多黎各的未来地位选择包括维持现状、更多主权或完全的州地位。
Transcripts
[Music]
what happened on this street in the town
of ponce was one of the most brutal ways
in which the u.s government tried to
silence the pro-independence movement in
puerto rico
what was supposed to be a peaceful march
ended up with guards killing nineteen
people and enduring more than two
hundred
it also served to send a message to
anyone who aligned with the nationalist
party puerto rico the island is
prospered under u.s rule but a tiny
extremist party committed to violence
occasionally erupts in anti-us outbursts
there was a persecution of
pro-independence people
independence is the solution
for the circle
[Music]
this video is the first in a series of
three where i'm going to be talking
about puerto rico's status and i'm
starting with the least popular option
independence
today only a minority of puerto ricans
vote in favor of puerto rico being fully
independent from the u.s but those who
do support that option say that's
because for many years the us government
persecuted imprisoned and even killed
supporters of independence and perhaps
there's no better way to understand that
history than to look at the life of the
father of the puerto rican independence
movement pedro albizu campos
alviso was a child when the u.s invaded
puerto rico in 1898 he saw troops march
in his town of bonsai he was a gifted
student and he went on to study law at
harvard and then came world war one when
the u.s military was segregated
being a dark-skinned puerto rican he
served in an african-american unit where
he would be exposed to racism in the u.s
that experience would play a part in
shaping his attitude towards the united
states after the military he returned to
harvard and there he worked with and was
inspired by leaders fighting for
independence for their own countries
after he got his law degree albizu
turned down offers like working for the
u.s supreme court instead he chose to
return to puerto rico he joined the
independence movement and he was vocal
about his support for taking up arms to
free puerto rico one of the reasons
alviso believed puerto rico needed
independence was because of the damage
that u.s corporate interests were
causing
sugar companies were taking up land and
keeping workers in poverty by paying
them some 60 cents a day
for 12 hour shifts
here's a speech albiso gave to workers
in 1934 albiso led the workers on an
island-wide strike and won forcing the
u.s sugar companies to pay the workers
more that gave him support with puerto
ricans but it also gained him some
enemies from the u.s and things turned
violent the following year the police
in 1935 u.s police officers killed three
nationalists who were sitting in a car
and a fourth one who came to their
defense no officers were charged in
those killings that came to be known as
the rio pidras massacre and the
following year nationalists retaliated
two men killed the u.s appointed police
chief they were arrested and executed at
the police headquarters without a trial
albizu publicly called them martyrs and
heroes and he was arrested shortly after
for sedition or for inciting people to
rebel against the u.s government
alviso went to trial and a jury of
mostly puerto ricans found them not
guilty so the judge ordered a new trial
with a new jury and this time 10 jurors
from the u.s and only two puerto ricans
found him guilty he was sentenced to 10
years in prison
this brings us to 1937 the year that the
bunsen massacre happened the museum that
tells the story of this massacre is now
closed because it was damaged during an
earthquake
[Music]
but that building used to be the
nationalist headquarters in bonsai and
that's where that peaceful march i told
you at the beginning of this video was
taking place and it was in part to
protest albiso's arrest well when the
u.s government heard it was taking place
they ordered police to stop it the
guards showed up heavily armed and they
started shooting at the crowd among the
people they killed was a 14 year old
girl
an investigation by the federal
government found that the u.s appointed
governor was to blame for the massacre
but no one was ever arrested or charged
for the murders the governor didn't even
apologize
this is a picture of the relatives of
the victims you can see the wall behind
them is covered in bullet holes
some 10 years later alviso was free
again and the government passed a law to
further silence nationalists they made
it illegal for people to write about
talk about or organize to try to take
down the u.s government but the
nationalists carried on planning an
armed revolution to free puerto rico in
1950 they carried out a series of
attacks they led revolts in different
towns they attacked the governor's
mansion and even tried to assassinate
president harry truman in d.c extreme
fanatics of the puerto rican nationalist
party try to force their way in guns
blazing to assassinate the president of
the united states they were unsuccessful
and had to surrender after the united
states used military force and killed
almost 30 nationalists hundreds were
arrested and albizu was sentenced to 80
years in prison for masterminding the
uprising in the u.s the whole thing was
mostly reported as an incident among
puerto ricans so a few years later the
nationalists decided it was time to
embarrass the u.s internationally and
they attacked congress
in washington d.c ruthless fanatic
violence erupted in the halls of
congress four nationalists fired shots
in the house of representatives and
displayed the puerto rican flag no one
was killed but five congressmen were
injured the gun wielders and to their
accomplices goes the evil distinction of
having perpetrated a criminal outrage
almost unique in america's history this
is rafael cancel miranda one of the
shooters when he was in his 80s
when she was arrested lolita lebron said
she didn't go to kill anyone but to die
for puerto rico those words would
inspire oscar lopez rivera
his disillusion with the u.s government
started when he joined the military
he says he didn't want to go to war but
at this point puerto ricans were u.s
citizens and he was drafted
induction
indicator
he came back from war as a hero and he
received the bronze star for his service
but years later he would be labeled a
terrorist
oscar joined a group that also believed
in taking up arms to fight for puerto
rico's independence u.s prosecutors
accused this group of carrying out more
than a hundred bomb attacks including
one in new york city that killed four
people but oscar says he never killed
anyone
um
prosecutors couldn't link him to any
deaths but they did charge him with
plotting to overthrow the u.s government
after they arrested him during a traffic
stop
um
he spent more than 35 years in prison
including 12 in solitary confinement
but he did not change his mind about
puerto rico
puerto rico potential
you know
[Music]
santiago is one of the leaders of the
puerto rican independence party the
party has been around since the 40s and
in the 50s it got as much as 20 of the
vote making it the second largest party
in puerto rico but that number has been
shrinking ever since hitting 2 in 2016.
and when asked the question of puerto
rico status no more than 6 percent of
puerto ricans choose independence
senator santiago blames the government's
persecution of independent supporters
expedient
for decades the fbi kept secret files on
people who did as much as go to a
meeting about independence these secret
files were called carpetas and the
people who had them were often denied
jobs and blacklisted
but with a new generation that stigma
attached to the independence party might
be dissolving in 2020 senator santiago
was the candidate who got the most votes
to be elected to the puerto rico senate
but some would argue that voting for a
candidate from the independence party is
not the same as voting for independence
for puerto rico and it gets even more
confusing if you mix in u.s politics
some republicans don't want puerto rico
to be a state because it has billions of
dollars in debt and because puerto
ricans speak spanish and some democrats
do want puerto rico to be a state
because they believe that congress
members from here would be democrats
therefore giving them more power but
they also say that would finally give
puerto rico voting representation in
congress senator santiago says no thank
but then the question is what about
federal funding because puerto rico gets
billions of dollars from the us every
year
recorded
one thing that has made it very clear to
summed up puerto rico still a colony of
the u.s is the board that was imposed by
the u.s on puerto rico to manage its
finances that's a group of members who
were not elected by the puerto rican
people but who have recently
demonstrated that they have the power to
override the local elected government
they're in charge of getting puerto rico
out of bankruptcy but they're also
responsible for cuts to things like
education and pensions
[Music]
[Music]
robin lee wants independence for puerto
rico why would you want to be a state
under an empire that has literally
corrupted what everything we have today
they have tried to erase our culture
they literally persecuted us when they
got here the we did not receive them or
invited them here to have some coffee or
some guyatitas like they literally
arrived and they started bombing us
[Music]
i met her at casa canales in hajulia
that sound was at the center of the
uprising in the 50s and where
nationalists tried to declare puerto
rico a free republic
robin believes any other status for
puerto rico would be risking her
identity as a puerto rican
[Music]
puerto ricans
want
some kind of a relationship with the
united states either statehood or
commonwealth or a form of commonwealth
which they call free association despite
the fact that you as an individual would
prefer independence for puerto rico
you're clear that the majority of puerto
ricans don't want independence
absolutely i i
and
and that is a fact that i don't like but
i have to come to terms with it emilio
pantojas garcia is a historian who has
both studied the persecution of
pro-independence puerto ricans and lived
it i have a file
an illegal file that was created on me
because i was for
but even independence all of that aside
he's aware that most puerto ricans are
not willing to risk federal funding for
the us passports for future generations
the colony has certain advantages the
world is contradictory
and so the colony the being the the most
important colony of the most powerful
country in the world has its advantages
but it also has great disadvantages and
you will see if you interview other
people the self-hate the self-direction
because it but it doesn't come bluntly i
hate myself it means i want to be an
american i want to be part of the united
states we want to be part of this we
want to be part of that ah the federal
funds and so that's self-hate that is
not trusting yourself that is
colonialism in the worst expression
which is the colonialism of the soul and
the mind of the people so could puerto
rico make it on its own independent
supporters say of course in fact they
believe that being free from the united
states means opening up to a world of
possibilities puerto rico is an
economically viable country
if it were to be part
of a community
of the caribbean there are
in countries that are small and progress
so we're not going to starve ah we will
need to work more for sure of course but
if the majority of puerto ricans don't
want independence what other options are
there well there's something in the
middle that ranges from a version of
what we have today all the way to an
option that would give puerto rico more
sovereignty and of course their
statehood i'm going to be exploring
those options in the next two videos so
stay tuned for the next couple of weeks
when i'm going to be posting that thank
you so much for watching i also want to
thank brandon berkey who helped me again
with all the interviews for this video
and edna bavon who edited this video and
thank you for supporting me remember i
have a patreon if you want to continue
to support my videos and i'll see you
soon
[Music]
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