Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada hewan - Biologi kelas 12 SMA

Summary

In this educational video, Sis Hera explains the process of growth and development in animals, covering both the embryonic and post-embryonic phases. The script dives into the stages of animal development starting from fertilization, including the formation of the zygote, morula, blastula, and gastrula. It also highlights the importance of differentiation, morphogenesis, and organogenesis. The video further explores the concepts of metamorphosis in insects and amphibians, metagenesis in jellyfish, and regeneration in certain animals like planaria. The lesson encourages students to engage with the channel by liking, commenting, and subscribing while learning about animal growth.

Takeaways

• 😀 The growth and development in animals occurs in two phases: the embryonic phase and the post-embryonic phase.
• 😀 The embryonic phase involves stages like fertilization, zygote formation, morula, blastula, gastrula, morphogenesis, differentiation, embryonic impact, and organogenesis.
• 😀 The zygote is formed after fertilization and undergoes several divisions to form a morula, which has two poles: the animal pole and the vegetative pole.
• 😀 The blastula stage involves the formation of a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel, and further development leads to the gastrula stage, where invagination and the formation of three embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) occur.
• 😀 Morphogenesis refers to the process where individual cells grow and differentiate into tissues, organs, and recognizable organisms.
• 😀 Differentiation and specialization occur as the three embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) develop into distinct organs and organ systems.
• 😀 Organogenesis is the formation of organs from the embryonic layers, with each layer contributing to specific organs like the skin, nervous system, lungs, heart, and digestive system.
• 😀 Metamorphosis is a body shape change that occurs in some animals, particularly insects and amphibians. In insects, it can be ametabola, hemimetabola, or holometabola.
• 😀 Ametabola involves no change in body shape, only size increase (e.g., book lice), while hemimetabola and holometabola involve more distinct morphological changes as the organism matures.
• 😀 Metagenesis, the alternation between sexual and asexual phases, occurs in organisms like jellyfish, where they go through generative and vegetative phases.
• 😀 Regeneration is the process of repairing or regrowing lost or damaged body parts and is more common in lower animals like planaria, though it is limited in vertebrates.

Q & A

What are the two main phases of growth and development in animals?

The two main phases of growth and development in animals are the embryonic phase and the post-embryonic phase.

What occurs during the embryonic phase of animal development?

During the embryonic phase, the stages include fertilization, the formation of the zygote, development into a morula, blastula, gastrula, and processes like morphogenesis, differentiation, specialization, embryonic impact, and organogenesis.

What is a zygote, and how does it develop?

A zygote is the result of the fertilization of sperm and ovum. It undergoes multiple cell divisions, starting from one cell to two, four, eight cells, and continues until a solid ball of cells called a morula is formed.

What happens during the blastula stage of development?

During the blastula stage, fluid, called blastocoel, forms within the cell mass, dividing the zygote's cytoplasm into smaller cells known as blastomeres.

What are the three layers formed during the gastrula stage?

The three embryonic layers formed during the gastrula stage are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

What is morphogenesis, and how does it relate to development?

Morphogenesis is the process where individual cells grow and differentiate into tissues, then into organs, eventually forming a recognizable organism.

What does differentiation and specialization involve during animal development?

Differentiation and specialization involve the development of various organs and organ systems from the three embryonic layers. Each tissue layer takes on specific structural forms and functions.

How do embryonic layers influence each other during differentiation?

During differentiation, changes in one embryonic layer, such as the ectoderm, can influence the differentiation of other layers, like the mesoderm and endoderm, affecting organ formation.

What is organogenesis, and how does it relate to the embryonic layers?

Organogenesis is the formation of organs from the embryonic layers. For example, the lungs develop from the endoderm layer, while the brain and heart come from the mesoderm.

Can you explain the concept of metamorphosis and provide examples?

Metamorphosis is a change in body shape during an organism's life cycle. It occurs in stages, such as in insects (e.g., cockroaches) or amphibians (e.g., frogs), where different stages (egg, larvae, adult) represent distinct forms.

What are the three types of metamorphosis in insects, and how do they differ?

The three types of insect metamorphosis are ametabola (no shape change, only size), hemimetabola (incomplete metamorphosis with nymph and adult stages), and holometabola (complete metamorphosis, including larva, pupa, and adult stages).

What is metagenesis, and how does it occur in jellyfish?

Metagenesis is the alternation between sexual and asexual phases in an organism’s life cycle. In jellyfish, the sexual phase involves fertilization to produce a zygote, while the asexual phase involves strobilation to form new jellyfish.

What is regeneration, and how does it occur in planaria?

Regeneration is the process of repairing or regrowing damaged body parts. In planaria, if the body is cut into pieces, each piece can regenerate into a new individual. In humans, regeneration is limited to repairing tissues but not forming new organs.