BAB 1: PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN | Part 1: Pertumbuhan & Perkembangan Manusia | IPA Kelas 9 Kumer

Summary

In this video, Miss Maya takes us on a journey through human growth and development, exploring the key stages from infancy to adulthood. The video discusses the differences between growth, which can be measured, and development, which focuses on the enhancement of abilities. It delves into the human life cycle, from fertilization to puberty, and covers significant milestones such as motor skills, language development, and hormonal changes. The importance of internal and external factors influencing human growth is highlighted, offering a comprehensive look at how humans grow and develop over time.

Takeaways

• 😀 Growth and development are separate processes. Growth is measurable (e.g., height), while development refers to the increase in abilities (e.g., learning to speak).
• 😀 Factors influencing human growth and development include genetics, hormones, nutrition, environment, and social interactions.
• 😀 The human life cycle consists of stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
• 😀 Human fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg meet in the fallopian tube, leading to the formation of a zygote, which divides and develops into an embryo and then a fetus.
• 😀 Babies experience rapid growth in the first 1-2 years, including physical development (e.g., weight gain, head size) and motor skills (e.g., rolling over, crawling, walking).
• 😀 By age 1 month, babies can perform reflex movements and recognize parents, and by 10-12 months, they begin to say their first words and stand alone.
• 😀 Childhood, starting at age 2, is marked by increased physical growth, motor skills, mental development, and language skills.
• 😀 Gross motor development in children progresses through stages: at age 3, children can balance on one leg; at 4, they can climb; and by 5, they can ride a bicycle with training wheels.
• 😀 Adolescence, starting around ages 9-15, brings puberty with sexual development and secondary sexual characteristics like voice changes in boys and menstruation in girls.
• 😀 In adulthood, physical growth stabilizes, but signs of aging begin around age 30, such as gray hair and reduced muscle mass. Women may experience menopause in their 40s to 50s, and men’s sperm production decreases.

Q & A

What is the difference between growth and development in living organisms?

Growth refers to measurable physical changes such as an increase in height, weight, or volume. Development, on the other hand, refers to the process of acquiring new abilities, such as a baby learning to speak or perform motor skills, which cannot be easily measured by numbers.

What factors influence the growth and development of organisms?

The factors influencing growth and development include both internal factors like genetics and hormones, and external factors such as nutrition, environment, physical activity, parenting patterns, and social interactions.

What are the stages of human growth from infancy to adulthood?

Human growth progresses through various stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence (including puberty), and adulthood. These stages involve physical, cognitive, and emotional development.

What happens during the fertilization process in humans?

Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell meets an egg cell in the female fallopian tube. The fertilized egg becomes a zygote, which then undergoes cell division through mitosis, progressing through stages like the morula, blastula, and gastrula, eventually developing into an embryo.

How do babies develop motor skills in their first year?

During the first year, babies undergo rapid motor development. For example, they start by performing reflex movements, followed by rolling over, crawling, sitting up, and eventually walking. They also learn to imitate sounds and facial expressions, as well as develop hand-eye coordination.

What are some key motor developments for 3-year-old children?

At 3 years old, children can balance on one leg, turn around, stop suddenly, jump as high as 37-60 cm, and go up and down stairs without assistance. They also develop the ability to jump, kick a ball, and walk along a track.

How do motor skills continue to develop in 4-5 year-olds?

At 4 years old, children can go up and down stairs by alternating steps, climb ropes, and imitate movements. By 5 years old, they can make consistent movements, join social physical games, ride a bicycle with training wheels, and walk in a straight line.

What physical changes occur during adolescence and puberty?

Adolescence marks the transition from childhood to adulthood, with puberty initiating sexual development. For boys, this includes the growth of facial hair, a deeper voice, and increased muscle mass. For girls, puberty includes breast enlargement, menstrual onset, and the development of hips.

What are some signs of aging in adults?

As people age, they may experience changes such as gray hair, reduced muscle mass, and, in women, the cessation of menstruation (menopause). In men, sperm production decreases, but a healthy lifestyle can help adults remain active.

What happens to human development after puberty?

After puberty, mental, emotional, and physical development stabilize, and the body stops growing in height. Secondary sexual traits have fully developed, and adults focus on maintaining health, though aging signs may start to appear, especially around age 30.