TEORI KELOMPOK (PSIKOLOGI MASSA)

Summary

This presentation discusses group theory, exploring various aspects of group dynamics. It starts by defining a group according to different experts, emphasizing communication, goals, and structure. The theory covers personality dynamics, synergy, and the process of group formation, detailing stages like forming, storming, and performing. It also delves into factors affecting group cohesion, social facilitation, and social laziness. Other topics include group polarization, groupthink, and decision-making processes within cohesive groups. The group highlights the influence of internal and external factors on behavior and performance in group settings, providing a comprehensive overview of how groups function and make decisions.

Takeaways

• 😀 A group is a collection of individuals who communicate and work together towards common goals, with clear norms and structure.
• 😀 Group personality theory, proposed by Raymond Bernard Keto, focuses on how individual behaviors and group dynamics influence group functioning.
• 😀 Synergy is a key concept in group personality theory, describing the collective energy that members bring to achieve group goals.
• 😀 Group formation follows five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning, where each stage plays a vital role in group development.
• 😀 Group cohesion is built upon mutual acceptance, common interests, and the existence of shared norms or traditions.
• 😀 Social facilitation theory suggests that the presence of others can enhance performance on simple tasks but hinder performance on complex tasks.
• 😀 Social loafing occurs when individuals put in less effort within a group setting compared to when working alone, influenced by group size and lack of accountability.
• 😀 Group polarization refers to the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than individuals would alone, often leading to riskier outcomes.
• 😀 Groupthink is a phenomenon where high cohesiveness in a group leads to poor decision-making, as members prioritize consensus over critical evaluation.
• 😀 The factors leading to groupthink include lack of impartial leadership, pressure to conform, and isolation of the group from outside influences.

Q & A

What is the definition of a group according to experts?

A group is defined as a collection of individuals who communicate with each other, share common goals, and have some form of structure. The group creates norms or regulations for desirable behavior. According to different experts, it can be a small enough group for all members to communicate easily, a group of people interacting with each other, or a set of individuals communicating within a certain period of time.

What is the key concept of group personality theory?

The key concept of group personality theory is 'synergy.' This refers to the energy input from group members, where the group's synergy is produced by the attitude of its members towards the group. Group synergy is important for achieving group goals and creating an effective dynamic among members.

What are the stages in the group formation process?

The stages in the group formation process include: 1) Forming, where individuals form into groups. 2) Storming, where members debate and decide on leadership and other group issues. 3) Norming, where members establish rules for operation. 4) Performing, where the group becomes cohesive and effective. 5) Adjourning, when the task is completed and the group disbands.

What factors influence group cohesion?

Group cohesion is influenced by factors such as: 1) Relatively voluntary relationships between members. 2) Cooperative or competitive relationships within norms. 3) Mutual acceptance among group members. 4) External threats or dangers requiring collective action. 5) Homogeneity in status and shared traits. 6) Shared attitudes, values, and traditions that support group existence.

How does the theory of social facilitation explain individual performance in a group setting?

The theory of social facilitation suggests that the presence of others can impact individual performance. If the task is simple, the presence of others can improve performance by enhancing effort. However, if the task is complex, the presence of others may hinder performance due to increased anxiety or distractions.

What are the main causes of social loafing?

The main causes of social loafing include avoidance of responsibility, group size (larger groups tend to have more loafing), and lack of evaluation. Additionally, factors such as decreased motivation, passive attitude, and a tendency to rely on others’ efforts contribute to social loafing.

What is group polarization and how does it affect decision-making?

Group polarization is the phenomenon where group discussions tend to make individuals' decisions more extreme than they would have been on their own. This can lead to riskier decisions and more extreme actions, as individuals feel stronger and more supported in the group setting.

How can groupthink affect decision-making in cohesive groups?

Groupthink occurs in highly cohesive groups where the desire for consensus overrides rational decision-making. This leads to poor decisions, as members may ignore external opinions or evidence in order to maintain group harmony. Factors contributing to groupthink include high cohesiveness, isolation, lack of impartial leadership, and internal and external pressures.

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

Symptoms of groupthink include overestimation of the group's abilities, closed-mindedness (ignoring external influences), and pressure to achieve uniformity, where members try to maintain harmony at the expense of critical analysis.

What is the impact of group polarization in real-life situations?

Group polarization can lead to more extreme behaviors and decisions in real-life situations. For example, individuals within a group may make riskier decisions than they would alone, feeling shielded by the group's support. This effect is seen in environments like community groups, government agencies, or even extremist groups.