Oral Pathology | Mucosal Infections | INBDE, ADAT

Summary

In this video, Ryan dives into oral pathology, focusing on infectious diseases. He explains the different types of viral infections such as herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and human papillomavirus, each with their characteristic oral manifestations. He also covers bacterial infections like syphilis and tuberculosis, highlighting their stages and symptoms. Additionally, Ryan discusses fungal infections, including candidiasis, which can cause a range of oral lesions. Treatment options for these infections are outlined, with emphasis on antiviral, antibiotic, and antifungal therapies. The video is a comprehensive guide to understanding oral infections and their clinical presentations in dentistry.

Takeaways

• 😀 Oral infections can be viral, bacterial, or fungal, and each type has unique symptoms and treatments.
• 😀 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) causes mucosal ulcerations and can be triggered by stress, sunlight, or immunosuppression.
• 😀 Primary HSV infections are painful and self-limiting, while recurrent infections typically appear as cold sores on the lip or lesions on the gingiva and hard palate.
• 😀 Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox in primary infections and shingles in reactivation, potentially leading to Ramsay Hunt syndrome, affecting cranial nerves 7 & 8.
• 😀 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes warty lesions, with strains HPV 6 and 11 associated with genital warts, which can spread to the oral cavity.
• 😀 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is responsible for oral hairy leukoplakia, commonly associated with HIV and immunosuppression.
• 😀 Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum and presents in three stages: primary (chancre), secondary (oral mucus patches), and tertiary (gumma with systemic effects).
• 😀 Tuberculosis (TB) often leads to non-healing oral ulcers after a lung infection, and primary TB involves the formation of granulomas in the lungs.
• 😀 Candidiasis (thrush) is the most common fungal infection in the mouth, presenting as white or red lesions, often treated with antifungal medications like fluconazole or nystatin.
• 😀 Deep fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis, are rare but destructive, typically contracted through inhalation of spores from soil.

Q & A

What are the three main types of oral infections discussed in the video?

The three main types of oral infections discussed are viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.

What is the difference between primary and recurrent herpes simplex virus infections?

Primary herpes simplex virus infection occurs for the first time and can affect the entire mouth (pan oral), while recurrent infections occur after the virus reactivates, typically affecting keratinized tissues such as the Vermilion border, attached gingiva, or hard palate.

What triggers the reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV)?

Reactivation of HSV can be triggered by factors such as stress, sunlight, or immunosuppression.

What is herpes zoster, and how does it differ from the primary infection varicella?

Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox). While varicella is a primary infection, herpes zoster is a recurrent infection, typically affecting specific areas of the body like a single dermatome.

What is the significance of Ramsay Hunt syndrome in the context of herpes zoster infection?

Ramsay Hunt syndrome occurs when herpes zoster reactivates in the geniculate ganglion, affecting cranial nerves 7 and 8. This can lead to facial paralysis, vertigo, and hearing loss.

How does coxsackievirus cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease?

Coxsackievirus causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease, which affects the hands, feet, and mouth. It can also lead to herpangina, which affects the soft palate and tonsils in the mouth.

What is oral hairy leukoplakia, and which virus is associated with it?

Oral hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the lateral tongue that doesn't wipe off and is primarily associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is often seen in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV.

What are the key features of syphilis, and how is it classified into different stages?

Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum and has three stages: primary (chancre), secondary (oral mucous patches or maculopapular rash), and tertiary (gumma, with systemic involvement). Congenital syphilis can lead to Hutchinson's triad, including notched incisors and mulberry molars.

What are the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in the oral cavity?

Tuberculosis in the oral cavity typically presents as chronic non-healing ulcers, following a primary lung infection. Oral lesions are often associated with systemic signs of TB, such as coughing and fever.

What are the different types of candidiasis, and how are they distinguished?

Candidiasis, also known as thrush, has several forms: pseudomembranous (white plaques that rub off), atrophic (red lesions often associated with poorly fitting dentures), median rhomboid glossitis (loss of lingual papillae), and angular cheilitis (inflammation at the corners of the mouth).