Music Appreciation: Chapter 12
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the diverse relationships between music and culture globally. It highlights the integration of music in society beyond professional musicians, the distinction between sacred and secular music, and the importance of genre and form. The discussion covers musical aesthetics, oral transmission, and the study of music by ethnomusicologists. It emphasizes the focus on Western art music, the concept of style, and the characteristics of different historical periods, including a guide to understanding music through nine elements.
Takeaways
- 🌏 Different cultures have unique relationships with music, with some integrating music into daily life to the extent that everyone participates in music making.
- 🎼 Despite the diversity of musical genres globally, there are commonalities, such as the distinction between sacred and secular music, which transcends cultural boundaries.
- 🎵 The concepts of genre and form are important in music; a genre indicates the character and function of a work, while form refers to the structure within a genre.
- 📚 Musical works can be identified by titles that may indicate genre, key, or cataloging systems like opus numbers, which help in classifying compositions.
- 🎶 Aesthetic judgments in music vary by culture; for instance, Chinese opera favors a thin, tense vocal tone, while Italian opera prefers a full-throated, robust sound.
- 🎵 Not all music is written down; many cultures, including some Western styles, rely on oral transmission, performing music from memory.
- 🔍 Ethnomusicologists study music in its historical context and work to capture music that has never been written down through field recordings.
- 🎻 The focus of the class is primarily on Western art music, which is notated and cultivated from European and Euro-American societies, often labeled as classical or serious music.
- 🎷 Vernacular music, such as rock and jazz, is considered by many to be new art forms, but they are not the main focus of this class.
- 🎼 Musical style is characterized by the way an artwork is presented, allowing us to recognize composers by their unique musical fingerprint.
- 🎶 Western musical canon is melody-oriented and based on a particular system from which underlying harmonies are built, differing from other cultures that may not emphasize harmony.
- 📈 Complex rhythmic procedures and textures distinguish some world music from Western styles, but basic formal considerations like repetition and variation bring them closer to our own.
- 📚 Historical styles in music are indicative of the period's total language as artists react to various societal forces, and understanding these styles helps place a work within its context.
Q & A
What is the relationship between music and culture as described in the script?
-The script describes that in the Western world, music is often the domain of professional musicians, but in many other cultures, music is integrated into society with everyone participating in music making. This integration leads to a variety of genres that are not the same globally, yet can have similarities.
How does the script differentiate between sacred and secular music?
-The script differentiates sacred music as being for the purpose of religion, while secular music is for the purpose of entertainment. This distinction crosses cultural boundaries.
What is the difference between genre and form in music, according to the script?
-Genre is a more general term that suggests the overall character and function of a musical work, such as 'song' or 'symphony'. Form, on the other hand, refers to the specific structure of each movement within a work, like the four movements of a symphony.
How are musical pieces often identified in the script?
-Musical pieces can be identified by titles that may indicate the genre and key, like 'Symphony No. 94 in G Major' by Joseph Haydn. They can also be identified through cataloging systems, often described by opus numbers, such as 'Nocturne in C Minor, Opus 48, No. 1' by Frédéric Chopin.
What is oral transmission in the context of music?
-Oral transmission refers to the preservation of music without the aid of written notation, where music is transmitted by example or imitation and performed from memory.
What role do ethnomusicologists play in modern times as described in the script?
-Ethnomusicologists study music in its historical context and attempt to capture music that has never been previously written down through field recordings made in the context of natural music making.
What is the focus of the listening guides in the script?
-The listening guides focus primarily on Western art music, which is notated music cultivated from European and Euro-American societies, often labeled as classical or serious music.
How does the script define 'style' in music?
-Style in music is defined as the characteristic way an artwork is presented, making one musical work sound similar to or different from another. It can be recognized by pitch, time, timbre, and expression, creating a sound that each culture recognizes as its own.
What are the nine relevant elements of music that the script mentions?
-The nine relevant elements of music mentioned in the script are melody, rhythm and meter, harmony, texture, form, expression with tempo and dynamics, text, timbre, and the performing forces.
How can the timeline on page 59 of the book help in understanding music?
-The timeline on page 59 provides historical periods and their dates, along with descriptions of the basic styles represented in each era, and a list of featured composers, which helps place a musical work within the context in which it was created.
What is the importance of the 'what to listen for' sections in the listening guides according to the script?
-The 'what to listen for' sections are imperative for understanding the musical concepts in the course, as they focus the listener's attention on the most prominent and relevant features of a particular work, and guide them to listen for different elements during multiple listenings.
Outlines
🎵 Global Perspectives on Music and Its Cultural Significance
This paragraph explores the varying relationships different cultures have with music. It contrasts the Western concept of professional musicians with societies where music is a collective, participatory activity. The paragraph also discusses the global diversity of music genres and their potential similarities despite cultural differences. It introduces the distinction between sacred and secular music, and explains the concepts of genre and form in music. The importance of medium and performance group is highlighted, with examples of how musical works are titled and identified. The influence of cultural context on aesthetic judgments is noted, with examples from Chinese and Italian opera. The paragraph concludes with a discussion on oral transmission of music and the role of ethnomusicologists in preserving and studying music from various traditions.
📚 Understanding Musical Styles and Historical Contexts
The second paragraph delves into the concept of musical style, which encompasses pitch, time, timbre, and expression to create a unique sound recognized by each culture. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the historical context of music, including the influence of political, economic, religious, and philosophical forces on the style of a period. The paragraph provides an overview of the timeline of historical periods and their musical styles, as well as notable composers. It also introduces the concept of 'what to listen for' in music, highlighting nine key elements of music that contribute to a piece's style and expression. The paragraph encourages readers to engage with listening guides and musical examples to deepen their understanding of these concepts.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cultural Integration
💡Musical Genres
💡Sacred vs. Secular Music
💡Genre and Form
💡Opus Number
💡Ethnomusicology
💡Western Art Music
💡Musical Style
💡Oral Transmission
💡Historical Styles
💡Listening Guides
Highlights
Different cultures have unique relationships with music, with some integrating music into society to the extent that everyone participates in music making.
Music genres vary globally but can still share similarities despite cultural differences.
In Japan, no theater is similar to Western opera, illustrating the cross-cultural differences in music.
Sacred and secular music serve different purposes and are universally recognized as distinct categories.
The distinction between genre and form is important, with genre indicating the overall character and function of a musical work.
Symphony is an example of a genre that also implies the medium and structure of the work, such as a four-movement orchestral piece.
Musical works are often identified by titles that may indicate genre, key, or cataloging systems like opus numbers.
Ethnomusicologists study music in its historical context, capturing previously unwritten music through field recordings.
Aesthetic judgments of music vary from culture to culture, with examples given of Chinese and Italian opera preferences.
Not all music is written down; many cultures, including some Western styles, rely on oral transmission.
The class focuses on Western art music, which is notated and cultivated from European and Euro-American societies.
Vernacular music, such as popular and traditional music, is essential and can be considered new art forms like rock and jazz.
The term 'style' in music refers to the characteristic presentation of an artwork, making it recognizable.
Composers can be identified by their unique musical style, as seen in the distinct sounds of Mozart, Handel, and Bach.
Western musical canon is melody-oriented and based on a system that builds underlying harmonies.
Music from other cultures may sound foreign due to different musical systems, often lacking harmony.
Complex rhythmic procedures and textures distinguish world music from Western styles.
A musical style is composed of pitch, time, timbre, and expression, creating a sound recognized by each culture.
Historical periods have their own stylistic characteristics, influenced by political, economic, religious, and philosophical forces.
A useful timeline in the book provides historical periods, dates, and descriptions of basic styles for each era.
Listening guides in the book focus on prominent and relevant features of a work to aid understanding of musical concepts.
The nine relevant elements of music to listen for include melody, rhythm, meter, harmony, texture, form, expression, tempo, dynamics, text, timbre, and performing forces.
Transcripts
different cultures around the world have
different relationships to music
in our western world we have dedicated
people who
are professional musicians but this
isn't the case in every culture
and many other places around the world
music is integrated into society
so much so that everybody participates
in music making
for this reason many genres are not the
same globally
although there are many different genres
from around the world they can still
have similarities
for example in japan no theater is
similar to western opera
one thing that does cross cultural
boundaries however is the
differentiation between
sacred music or music for the purpose of
religion
versus secular music or music for the
purpose of entertainment
there's also a difference between genre
and form
a genre is a more general term that
suggests something of the overall
character of the work
as well as its function for example song
is a genre so is symphony usually
designating a four movement orchestral
work
as we'll see later each movement of a
symphony has a specific form for each
movement
or a specific structure the word
symphony also implies the medium
or the specific group that performs that
piece in this case
an orchestra titles for musical pieces
occasionally indicate the genre and the
key
such as symphony number 94 and g major
by joseph haydn another way works are
identified is through a cataloging
system
often described by opus number opus is
latin for work
we frequently see this in music such as
in nocturne in c minor opus 48 number
one
a piano work by frederic chopin
other titles can be more descriptive
such as the nutcracker
a ballet by the russian composer
tchaikovsky
or the trout a song by franz schubert an
austrian composer
as the context for music the when why
and by whom a piece is performed
varies from culture to culture so do
aesthetic judgments
for example the chinese consider a thin
tense vocal tone desirable in their
operas
[Music]
while the italians prefer a
full-throated robust sound in their
[Music]
opera
different cultures prioritize and value
different aesthetics in their musical
genres
not all music is written down music of
most cultures of the world including
some styles of western music
is transmitted by example or by
imitation
and is performed from memory the
preservation of music without aid of
written notation
is referred to as oral transmission or
transmitted by mouth
in modern times music scholars known as
ethnomusicologists
study music in its historical context
they've attempted to capture music that
has never been previously written down
through field recordings or recordings
that are made
in real life in the context of natural
music making
while this book and this class considers
how music operates in several different
traditions
the listening guides focus primarily on
western art music
meaning notated music that's cultivated
from european and euro-american
societies
we often label art music as classical or
serious music for lack of better terms
however the lines that distinguish art
music from other kinds of music
can be blurred vernacular music
is often called popular music or
traditional music
these types of music are essential
traditions in their own right
and both rock and especially jazz are
believed by many to be new art forms
having already withstood the test of
time however they won't be our focus in
this particular class
the term style refers to the
characteristic way
that an artwork is presented it's what
makes one musical work
sound similar to or different from
another
we can recognize composers of certain
works by their musical style that they
create
for example the works of mozart will
sound different than the works of handel
or bach as you'll see as we progress in
this course
the western musical canon is largely a
melody oriented art based on a
particular musical system from which
underlying harmonies are also built
musics of other cultures may sound
foreign to our ears because they're
based on entirely different systems
and many do not involve harmony to any
great extent
complex rhythmic procedures and textures
set some of the world music
apart from western styles as well while
basic formal considerations like
repetition
contrast and variation bring musics of
other cultures
closer to our own short a style is made
up of pitch
time timbre and expression creating a
sound that each culture recognizes as
its own
even within the comparably small
category of western art music
each historical period has its own
stylistic characteristics
although the artists writers and
composers of a particular era may vary
in outlook
they all share certain qualities besides
this we can tell at once that a work of
art
whether music poetry painting sculpture
or architecture
dates from the middle ages or from the
18th century
the style of a period is the total
language of all its artists as they
react to political
economic religious and philosophical
forces that shape
their environment a knowledge of
historical styles will help you place a
musical work within the context in which
it was created
an important part of understanding music
especially of a
classical tradition there's a really
useful timeline on page 59 of your book
that shows the historical periods and
their dates
as well as gives a description about the
basic styles
represented in each of the eras
there's also a list in the right hand
column of featured composers many of
which we'll study as we continue forward
in this course
throughout the book there are several
listening guides which are meant to
focus your attention
and ear on the most prominent and
relevant features of a particular work
it's imperative to your understanding of
the musical concepts in this course
that you take the time to read through
the what to listen for
sections and follow along with any
notated
markings within the listening guides
while you're listening to the musical
examples
the nine relevant elements of music that
you'll be listening for
are melody rhythm and meter
harmony texture form
expression with tempo and dynamics text
timbre and the performing forces
these will be different for nearly every
example that we listen to
at this time please read page 57 and 58
of your textbook
follow the instructions there and listen
to the musical piece about which it's
speaking
you'll notice that it's asking you to
listen several times each time
listening for something different this
is an important step to take in an
important process to undergo in order to
synthesize information
in this course
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