Psycholinguistics - Lesson 9 - 1st and 2nd Language Acquisition = Cognitivism
Summary
TLDRThis psycholinguistics lesson delves into cognitivism, a shift from behaviorism's stimulus-response model to cognitive science's focus on mental processes. It emphasizes the active role of learners in knowledge acquisition, the importance of memory in learning, and the influence of thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. Cognitive theories are particularly effective in explaining complex learning like problem-solving and information processing. The lesson highlights the need for instructional design that encourages learners to use appropriate strategies, make connections with prior knowledge, and organize information meaningfully.
Takeaways
- 📚 Cognitivism emerged in the late 1950s as a shift from behaviorism, focusing on cognitive processes over stimulus-response mechanisms.
- 🔄 The cognitive approach emphasizes mental activities leading to a response, including planning, goal setting, and organizational strategies.
- 💡 Learning in cognitivism is about changes in knowledge states rather than changes in response probabilities, highlighting internal mental processes.
- 🧠 Cognitivism views learning as an active process involving internal coding and structuring by the learner, contrasting with behaviorism's passive view.
- 🌟 Environmental conditions are still considered crucial for facilitating learning in cognitivism, just as in behaviorism.
- 📈 Cognitive theories focus on how learners attend to, code, transform, rehearse, store, and retrieve information, including the influence of thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and values.
- 🔑 Memory plays a central role in learning, with the emphasis on storing information in an organized and meaningful manner for effective retrieval.
- 🔄 Forgetting, according to cognitivism, is the inability to retrieve information from memory, often due to interference or missing cues.
- 🔄 Transfer of learning is the ability to apply knowledge in different contexts, facilitated by how information is stored and organized in memory.
- 🛠️ Instruction design in cognitivism involves making knowledge meaningful, organizing, and relating information to existing knowledge and memory structures.
- 🔑 Teachers are encouraged to use techniques like analogies and advanced organizers to help learners connect new information with prior knowledge.
Q & A
What is the main focus of cognitivism in the context of language acquisition?
-Cognitivism focuses on the mental processes and internal mental activities of the learner, emphasizing the importance of mental processing over behavioral responses.
How did learning theory shift in the late 1950s?
-In the late 1950s, learning theory shifted from behavioral models to cognitive science approaches, moving away from stimulus-response mechanisms to cognitive processes like thinking, problem-solving, and information processing.
What is the difference between behaviorism and cognitivism in terms of learning?
-Behaviorism views learning as mechanical and based on changes in the probability of response, while cognitivism sees learning as changes in states of knowledge and emphasizes the mental activity of internal coding and structuring by the learner.
What role does memory play in the learning process according to cognitivism?
-Memory plays a prominent role in the learning process in cognitivism, as learning results when information is stored in memory in an organized and meaningful manner.
How does cognitivism explain the process of forgetting?
-According to cognitivism, forgetting is the inability to retrieve information from memory, which can be due to interference or missing or inadequate cues needed to access the information.
What is the concept of transfer in cognitive theories?
-Transfer in cognitive theories is the ability to apply knowledge in different contexts, which occurs when a learner understands and can use the knowledge appropriately.
What types of learning are best explained by cognitive theories?
-Cognitive theories are best suited to explain complex forms of learning such as reasoning, problem-solving, and information processing.
What are the two techniques used to achieve effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge transfer according to cognitivism?
-The two techniques are simplification and standardization, which involve analyzing, decomposing, and simplifying knowledge into basic building blocks and eliminating irrelevant information.
What are some of the basic principles of cognitivism relevant to instruction design?
-Some basic principles include emphasizing the active involvement of the learner, using learner control and cognitive training techniques, employing hierarchical analysis for prerequisite relationships, and structuring, organizing, and sequencing information to facilitate learning.
How should instruction be structured according to cognitive theories?
-Instruction should be structured to make knowledge meaningful, help learners organize and relate information to existing knowledge, and be based on students' existing mental structures or schemas.
What are the major tasks of a teacher according to the cognitive approach?
-The major tasks include understanding the various learning experiences individuals bring to the learning situation, determining the most effective way to organize and structure new information, and arranging practice with feedback to assimilate and accommodate new information within the learner's cognitive structure.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Cognitivism in Language Acquisition
This paragraph introduces the concept of cognitivism in the context of language acquisition, contrasting it with behaviorism. It explains that cognitivism emerged in the late 1950s as a shift from behavioral models to cognitive science theories. The focus is on mental processes rather than mechanical learning, with an emphasis on mental processing over stimulus-response. The paragraph outlines how cognitivism views learning as changes in knowledge states, not just performance, and highlights the importance of understanding, organizing, storing, and retrieving information.
🧠 Cognitive Approach to Learning and Memory
The second paragraph delves into the cognitive approach to learning, emphasizing the learner's active role and the use of appropriate learning strategies. Memory is highlighted as a key component of the learning process, with information organized meaningfully for storage and retrieval. Forgetting is discussed as an inability to retrieve information due to interference or inadequate cues. The concept of transfer is introduced as the application of knowledge in different contexts, facilitated by prior knowledge and the learner's belief in the usefulness of the knowledge.
🛠 Principles of Cognitivism in Instruction Design
The final paragraph discusses the principles of cognitivism relevant to instruction design. It stresses the importance of the learner's active involvement in the learning process and the need for learner control through self-planning, monitoring, and revising techniques. The paragraph also covers the structuring of information to facilitate cognitive processes, the creation of learning environments that encourage connections with prior knowledge, and the use of analogies and metaphors to aid in knowledge processing and storage. The role of the teacher is outlined, including understanding individual learning experiences, organizing information effectively, and arranging practice with feedback for assimilation and accommodation within the learner's cognitive structure.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cognitivism
💡Learning Theory
💡Behaviorism
💡Mental Processing
💡Cognitive Science
💡Stimulus-Response
💡Knowledge Acquisition
💡Memory
💡Transfer
💡Instructional System
💡Cognitive Strategies
Highlights
Introduction to lesson nine on cognitivism in psycholinguistics.
Shift from behavioral models to cognitive science in learning theory during the late 1950s.
Behaviorism's focus on stimulus-response contrasted with cognitivism's emphasis on mental processing.
Cognitivism's view of learning as changes in knowledge states rather than response probabilities.
Cognitivist approach to learning as an active process involving internal coding and structuring by the learner.
Influence of environmental conditions and learners' mental activities on the learning process according to cognitivism.
Cognitive theories' focus on how learners attend to, code, transform, rehearse, store, and retrieve information.
Importance of thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and values in the learning process as per cognitivism.
Cognitivism's emphasis on using appropriate learning strategies to change the learner.
Memory's role in learning, with information organized meaningfully for storage and retrieval.
Forgetting as the inability to retrieve information due to interference or missing cues in cognitivism.
Transfer of learning as applying knowledge in different contexts, facilitated by prior knowledge.
Cognitive theories' suitability for explaining complex learning forms like reasoning and problem-solving.
Instructional goal to transfer knowledge efficiently and effectively to students.
Techniques for knowledge transfer: simplification and standardization.
Basic assumptions and principles of cognitivism relevant to instruction design.
Emphasis on the active involvement of the learner and learner control in the learning process.
Use of hierarchical analysis and cognitive strategies to facilitate learning.
Instruction should be structured to make knowledge meaningful and relatable to existing knowledge.
Teachers' tasks include understanding individual learning experiences and organizing information effectively.
Arranging practice with feedback for the assimilation and accommodation of new information.
Transcripts
hello dear students welcome to another
lesson in psycholinguistics this is the
lesson number
nine okay uh again
this is the second lesson in first and
second language
language acquisition this is uh this
lesson is about cognitivism
okay so in the late
50s learning theory begin to make shift
away from the use of behavioral models
to an approach that relied on learning
theories
and models from the cognitive science
as you may know that and we explained of
course in the previous video
behaviorism relate on this stimulus
response to you so learning according
according to this thriller uh according
to behaviorism learning is is mechanical
okay however this shifted away
okay to more
of a cognitive cognitive science so this
this this new theories um you know
that is the shift to
a theory that that relies on cognition
rather than
uh stimulus response rather than
mechanical um
way of learning so this
shifts from behavioral orientation where
the emphasis
is on promoting a student over to
performance by the manipulation of
stimulus material
to cognitive orientation where the
emphasis
is on promoting mental processing so
there is this
mental processing which is neglected by
the behaviorists
has this has created a
similar shift from procedures of
uh sorry from from procedures for
manipulating the materials
to be presented by an instructional
system
to procedures for directing students
processing and interaction with the
instruction design
system
so psychologists and educators begin to
emphasize a concern with overt
observable behavior
and stressed instead more complex
cognitive
processes such as thinking problem
solving
okay concept formulation and information
processing
so according to um
according to cognitivism how does
learning occur
so learning is equated with discrete
changes between states of
knowledge rather than with changes in
the probability of response
as we have seen with behaviorism
learning according to them is based on
change in
in the performance okay in the response
however with
uh cognitivism it has to do with
the state of knowledge okay so cognitive
here is focus on the conceptualization
of students learning processes and
address the issues of how information is
received okay organized stored
and retrieved by the mind so learning
basically is concerned not so much with
uh what learners do but
with what they know and how they came or
come to acquire it
see knowledge acquisition is described
as a mental activity that entails
internal coding
and structuring by the learner so the
learning is
viewed as very active participant in the
learning process
which is not the case in behaviorism
now which factors influence learning
according to
cognitivism so like behaviorism emphasis
or cognitivism emphasizes the role that
environmental conditions play in
facilitating
learning so both when it comes to the
factors that influence learning
behaviorism and
cognitivism gave emphasis
to environmental conditions
both and learners of course so the
cognitive approach focuses on mental
activities
of the learning that lead up to a
response
and acknowledges the risk the process of
mental planning
okay goal setting and organizational
strategies cognitive theories
focus on the way that learners attend to
code transform rehearse
store and retrieve information
learning's thoughts
beliefs attitudes and values are also
considered
to be influential in the learning
process
this is something that we haven't seen
with behaviorism
and which is very important in in in
cognitive visa so the real focus of the
cognitive
approach is on changing the learner by
encouraging
them to use appropriate learning
strategies
now concerning the memory memory is
given a prominent role in the learning
process
learning results when information is
stored in memory
in an organized okay meaningful
manner so teachers are responsible for
assisting learners
in organizing the information in some
optimal
way teachers use techniques for example
advanced organizers analogies
hierarchical
relationships and matrices to
help learners relate new information to
prior
to prior knowledge so forgetting is the
inability to retrieve information
is not as we have seen it with um
with behaviorism for them uh
forgetting is non-use of of
uh you know response non-use of
words etc here it is about the inability
to retrieve information
from memory so behaviorism or sorry
cognitivism believe in this story
information
in memory and forgetting is not being
able to receive that information
or certain information from memory
because of
interference we're going to see
memory loss interference we have memory
loss
missing or inadequate queue is needed to
access information
okay
how does transfer occur according to
cognitive theories
transfer is a function of how
information
is stored in memory shank 1991
when a learner understands how to apply
knowledge in different
contexts then transfer has occurred so
according to you
cognitivism transfer occurs when
we have the ability to apply okay
knowledge in different contexts
prior knowledge is used to establish
boundary constraints for identifying the
similarities and differences of novel
information
not only must they learn the knowledge
itself
is stored in memory but
use of that knowledge as well
okay so the use has to do with using
using knowledge
that's how you know
information is is stored in the memory
and you can retrieve it whenever you
want to use it so specific instructional
real world events will trigger
particular responses but
the learner must believe that knowledge
is useful in a given situation
before they will activate it
now we're moving to another question
which is about how types of
learning or what types of learning are
best explained by this theory
cognitive theories are usually
considered more appropriate for
explaining complex forms of learning
like reasoning problem solving
information processing etc so the actual
goal of instruction is to communicate
or transfer knowledge to the students in
the most
efficient effective manner possible
according to binary 1991 so two
techniques used in the achieving this
effectiveness and the efficiency of
knowledge transfer
simplification and standardization
okay so these two techniques knowledge
can be analyzed decomposed and
simplified into basic
building blocks for example knowledge
transfer is
is is
expedited if
a relevant information is eliminated
so for example trainees attend to
or attending a workshop on an effective
management skills
would be presented with information that
is sized and checked
in such a way that they can assimilate
and
accommodate okay the new information
as quickly as and as easily as possible
so
cognitivists would stress efficient
processing
strategies okay this is very important
now what the basic assumptions or
principles
of this theory that are relevant to
instruction design
so we have the emphasis on the active
involvement of the learner in the
learning process
according to cognitivism
learning learner is is should be
active in the learning process okay so
learner
control meter cognitive training
like self-planning monitoring and
revising techniques
okay use of hierarchical analysis to
identify and illustrate
pre-requisite relationships like
cognitive task analysis procedures okay
emphasis on structuring organizing
and sequencing information to facilitate
similar processes
for example use of cognitive strategies
such as outlining
summaries synthesis synthesizers
advanced organizers etc and creation of
learning environments that allow and
encourage students
to make connections with the previous
learned material previous learned
knowledge etc like recall of
prerequisite skills
use of relevant examples analogies etc
now what should instruction be
structured
how how should instruction be suctioned
cognitive theories emphasize making
knowledge meaningful and
helping learners organize and relating
information to existing
knowledge and memory so the most
important thing is to make knowledge
meaningful
so that the students can process it
organize it and solve it
okay in their in their mind in the
memory
um instruction must be based on
students existing mental structures
or schema to be effective it should
organize
information in such a manner that
learners are able to connect
new information with existing knowledge
in some meaningful way so analogies and
metaphors are example of this
type of cognitive strategies so teachers
should use analogies and metaphors
which help students process knowledge
and
um you know stored in in in memory
creativity emphasize that major tasks of
the teacher include
one understanding that individuals bring
various learning experiences to learning
situations which can impact learning
outcomes
that's number one number two
determining the most effective manner in
which to organize
and structure near information to top
the learner's previously acquired
knowledge abilities and experiences so
you should
find okay the most effective manner to
help students organize
structure and success new information
to the previous acquired knowledge new
knowledge to the previous acquired one
arranging practice with feedback so that
the new information is
effectively and efficiently assimilated
and accommodated within the learner's
cognitive structure
that's number two that's number three
all right so thank you very much for
your intention
and see you in the next video
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