👑 La CRISIS de la RESTAURACIÓN (1902-1931) | Historia de España
Summary
TLDRIn this video, Miguel Fernández Collado from the Futuro Sobresalientes channel discusses the history subject focusing on Alfonso XIII and the crisis of the Restoration period from 1902 to 1931. The video covers the constitutional reign of Alfonso XIII, highlighting key political figures, reforms, and crises, including the Tragic Week and the crisis of 1917. It also delves into the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, detailing his policies, economic developments, and eventual downfall. The video concludes by discussing the opposition to the monarchy and the events leading to the end of Alfonso XIII's reign.
Takeaways
- 👑 The reign of Alfonso XIII from 1902 to 1923 was marked by the constitutional monarchy and the turnismo between the Conservative and Liberal parties.
- 🔍 Antonio Maura from the Conservative party attempted to end caciquismo by modifying electoral and local administration laws, but was unsuccessful.
- 🛠 José Canalejas from the Liberal party implemented social reforms, yet his most controversial measure was the 'lock law' restricting the establishment of new religious orders in Spain.
- 📊 The Liberal and Conservative parties became less representative as the Catalan and Basque bourgeoisie started supporting nationalist parties like the Lliga Regionalista and the Basque Nationalist Party.
- 🗳️ Middle classes and workers began to vote for Republicans, the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and unions like UGT, EFE, and MP gained significant strength.
- 💥 The 'Tragic Week' of 1909 in Barcelona was triggered by the conscription of the poor for the war in Morocco, as the wealthy could pay to avoid military service.
- 🤝 The 1917 crisis was characterized by military discontent over promotions, political protests for Catalan autonomy, and a general strike called by the unions.
- 🏭 Between 1919 and 1923, the influence of the Russian Revolution led to intensified labor protests, to which employers responded by closing businesses and hiring gunmen, and the government with police repression.
- 🚩 In response to the crisis, bourgeois political parties and even the Liga collaborated in governments of concept, but instability persisted.
- 🗡 General Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup in 1923, with the king's approval, led to a military dictatorship where he abolished the constitution, dissolved the courts, and banned political parties and unions.
- 🏗️ Primo de Rivera's regime saw economic prosperity and public works, including road construction and dams, and the establishment of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.
- 📉 Criticism of the regime grew from 1927, leading to the king withdrawing support and Primo de Rivera's resignation in 1930, which was followed by the restoration of the 1876 constitution and municipal elections in 1931.
- 📜 The opposition to the monarchy was strong by 1931, considering Alfonso XIII complicit in the dictatorship, leading to the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian by Republicans, Socialists, and Catalanists to overthrow the monarchy.
Q & A
Who was the main subject of the video script?
-The main subject of the video script is the historical period of Alfonso XIII's reign and the crisis of the Restoration from 1902 to 1931 in Spain.
What was the significance of the year 1902 in the context of the script?
-In 1902, Alfonso XIII was declared of age, and the Constitution of 1876 continued to be in force, marking the beginning of his constitutional reign.
What political practice is referred to as 'turnismo' in the script?
-'Turnismo' refers to the political practice where the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power.
Which two political figures stood out in the Conservative and Liberal parties respectively during Alfonso XIII's reign?
-Antonio Maura stood out in the Conservative party, and José Canalejas in the Liberal party.
What was the main goal of Antonio Maura's electoral law and local administration reforms?
-Antonio Maura aimed to end caciquismo, a form of local political bossism, through electoral law and local administration reforms, but he did not succeed.
What controversial measure was implemented by José Canalejas during his term?
-José Canalejas implemented the controversial 'ley del candado' (lock law), which limited the establishment of new religious orders in Spain.
What social and political changes were taking place among the bourgeoisie and workers during the period discussed in the script?
-The bourgeoisie from Catalonia and the Basque Country began to support nationalist parties, while middle classes and workers voted for Republicans, the PSOE, and unions gained significant strength.
What significant event occurred in 1909 that is mentioned in the script?
-The 'Semana Trágica' or 'Tragic Week' occurred in 1909, an uprising in Barcelona triggered by the dispatch of popular classes to the war in Morocco, as the wealthy classes paid to avoid military service.
What was the outcome of the 1921 Annual defeat in the Moroccan War mentioned in the script?
-The defeat resulted in the death of over 10,000 Spaniards and led to accusations of negligence against several military commanders, which eventually led to a coup by General Miguel Primo de Rivera.
What were the main actions taken by Primo de Rivera after establishing the military dictatorship from 1923 to 1930?
-Primo de Rivera abolished the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties and unions, and ended the war in Morocco. He also focused on economic prosperity, public works, industrial promotion, and the creation of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.
What was the political consequence of the economic prosperity and public works during Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?
-Despite the economic prosperity and public works, the regime began to be criticized by intellectuals, students, workers, and nationalist groups from 1927 onwards, leading to King Alfonso XIII withdrawing his support and Primo de Rivera resigning in 1930.
What political agreement was signed in 1930 with the aim of overthrowing the monarchy, as mentioned in the script?
-The Pact of San Sebastian was signed in 1930 by political parties including Republicans, Socialists, and Catalanists, with the objective of overthrowing the monarchy.
Outlines
🏛️ Alfonso XIII and the Restoration Crisis (1902-1931)
This paragraph delves into the reign of Alfonso XIII, focusing on the constitutional monarchy from 1902 to 1923 and the political dynamics of the era. It highlights the turnismo, where the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power, with Antonio Maura and José Canalejas being prominent figures. Maura attempted to end local corruption by modifying electoral and local administration laws, while Canalejas implemented social reforms but faced controversy over the 'Padlock Law' restricting new religious orders. The paragraph also touches on the decline of traditional parties, the rise of nationalist and republican movements, and the significant crises including the Tragic Week of 1909, the 1917 crisis involving military discontent and political protests, and the radicalization of the labor movement influenced by the Russian Revolution. The response of the bourgeoisie parties and the Liga to these crises, culminating in the collaboration in governments of concept, is also summarized.
👑 The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship and the Prelude to the Second Republic
The second paragraph examines the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, which began after the 1923 military coup approved by King Alfonso XIII. It details the dictator's actions, such as the abolition of the constitution, dissolution of the courts, and prohibition of political parties and trade unions. The paragraph also discusses the end of the Moroccan War in 1927 following the successful Alhucemas landing in 1925. The economic prosperity of the 1920s allowed for numerous public works, industrial promotion, and the establishment of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply. However, criticism of the regime began to grow from 1927, leading to King Alfonso XIII withdrawing his support for Primo de Rivera, who resigned in January 1930. The subsequent formation of a new government by the King led to the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the calling of municipal elections for April 1931. The paragraph concludes with the growing opposition to the monarchy, culminating in the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian in 1930 by republicans, socialists, and Catalanists, aiming to overthrow the monarchy.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Alfonso XIII
💡Restoration Crisis
💡Turnismo
💡Caciquismo
💡Ley del Candado
💡Nationalist Parties
💡Republican and Socialist Parties
💡Sindicalismo
💡Dictadura de Primo de Rivera
💡Pacto de San Sebastián
💡Economic Prosperity
Highlights
Introduction to the history class by Miguel Fernández Collado on Alfonso XIII and the Restoration Crisis from 1902 to 1931.
Alfonso XIII's reign from 1902 to 1923 under the 1876 Constitution with the Conservative and Liberal parties alternating in power.
Antonio Maura's attempts to end caciquismo by modifying electoral and local administration laws.
José Canalejas' social reforms and the controversial 'Padlock Law' limiting new religious orders in Spain.
Decline in representativeness of Liberal and Conservative parties as Catalan and Basque bourgeoisie support nationalist parties.
Growth of republican, socialist, and trade union movements among the middle classes and workers.
The 'Tragic Week' of 1909 in Barcelona, sparked by the conscription of the poor for the Moroccan War.
1917 Crisis involving military discontent, political protests for Catalan autonomy, and a general strike.
Radicalization of the workers' movement between 1919 and 1923 influenced by the Russian Revolution.
Employers' response to intensified labor protests with business closures and hiring of gunmen.
Collaboration of bourgeois political parties and the Liga in governments of concept to address instability.
Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera from 1923 to 1930 following the defeat in the Moroccan War.
Primo de Rivera's military dictatorship, abolishing the Constitution, dissolving the Cortes, and banning political parties and unions.
End of the Moroccan War in 1927 after the successful Alhucemas landing in 1925.
Economic prosperity during the dictatorship, with public works, industry promotion, and state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.
Criticism of the regime from intellectuals, students, workers, and nationalist groups starting in 1927.
King Alfonso XIII's withdrawal of support for Primo de Rivera leading to his resignation in January 1930.
Restoration of the 1876 Constitution and municipal elections in April 1931 amidst strong opposition to the monarchy.
The signing of the Pact of San Sebastian in 1930 by republicans, socialists, and Catalanists to overthrow the monarchy.
Transcripts
clases particulares en ávila por miguel
fernández collado hola a todos y
bienvenidos al canal futuro
sobresalientes hoy vamos a ver la
asignatura de historia y por cierto si
no estás suscrito suscríbete que es
gratuito también puedes unirte al canal
o apoyarme en patrón donde encontrarás
un montón de documentos exámenes y
ejercicios para sacar un 10 en cualquier
asignatura pero vamos al tema de hoy que
lo vamos a llamar alfonso 13 y la crisis
de la restauración de 1902 a 1931 el
primer apartado es el reinado
constitucional de alfonso 13 de 1902 a
1923
en el año 1902 alfonso 13 fue declarado
mayor de edad la constitución de 1876
siguió vigente y se mantuvo el llamado
turnismo en el que el partido
conservador y el partido liberal se
turnaban en el poder en el partido
conservador destacó antonio maura y en
el partido liberal josé canalejas
maura quiso acabar con el caciquismo
modificando la ley electoral y la
administración local pero no lo
consiguió por su parte canalejas aplicó
reformas sociales pero su medida más
polémica fue la ley del candado por la
que se limitaba el establecimiento de
nuevas órdenes religiosas en españa'
los partidos liberal y conservador cada
vez eran menos representativos la
burguesía catalana y vasca empezaron a
apoyar a los partidos nacionalistas la
lliga regionalista y el partido
nacionalista vasco una parte de las
clases medias y los obreros votaban a
los republicanos y al psoe y los
sindicatos adquirieron gran fuerza
y ugt
efe mp a partir del año 1909 hubo varias
crisis en primer lugar destacamos la
semana trágica en 1909 se produjo una
insurrección popular en barcelona
el detonante fue el envío a la guerra de
marruecos de tropas compuestas por
clases populares ya que las clases
pudientes pagaban para eludir el
servicio militar
la segunda crisis es la crisis de 1917
en este año coincidieron varios hechos
el descontento de los militares por la
forma discriminatoria en la que se
producían los ascensos además cabe
señalar la protesta política con la
convocatoria de una asamblea de
parlamentarios en barcelona que
reclamaba la autonomía para cataluña y
el movimiento sindical que convocó una
huelga general y la tercera crisis la
radicalización del movimiento obrero
entre los años
1919 y 1923 por influencia de la
revolución rusa las protestas obreras se
intensificaron los empresarios
respondieron con el cierre de empresas y
la contratación de pistoleros y el
gobierno con una dura represión policial
ante la crisis los partidos políticos
burgueses e incluso la liga colaboraron
en gobiernos de concepto pero la
inestabilidad persistió
pasemos a ver ahora la dictadura de
primo de rivera' de 1923 a 1930 en medio
de la crisis se produjo la derrota de
annual en 1921 en la guerra de marruecos
en la que murieron más de 10.000
españoles tras una investigación se
acusó de negligencia a varios mandos
militares antes de que se confirmarán
estas acusaciones el general miguel
primo de rivera dio un golpe de estado
con la aprobación del rey
de esta forma se implantó una dictadura
militar en la que primo de rivera' tomó
las siguientes decisiones en primer
lugar eliminó la constitución
además disolvió las cortes
y prohibió los partidos políticos y los
sindicatos
también acabó con la guerra en marruecos
en el año 1927 tras el éxito del
desembarco de alhucemas en 1925 podemos
ver aquí algunas fotos del momento del
desembarco de alhucemas
la dictadura se mantuvo hasta el año
1930 gracias a la prosperidad económica
de los años 20 se realizaron numerosas
obras públicas carreteras embalses
además se potencia la industria y se
crearon monopolios estatales en las
telecomunicaciones como la compañía
telefónica nacional de españa y el
suministro de petróleo causa a partir
del año 1927 el régimen comenzó a ser
criticado por intelectuales estudiantes
colectivos obreros y grupos
nacionalistas y en 1929 ante esta
posición el rey retiró su apoyo a primo
de rivera' que dimitió en enero de 1930
alfonso 13 encargó formar un nuevo
gobierno que restableció la constitución
de
1876 y convocó elecciones municipales
para abril de 1931 pero la oposición al
rey era ya muy fuerte al considerarle
cómplice de la dictadura políticos
republicanos socialistas y catalanistas
firmaron el pacto de san sebastián en
1930 con el objetivo de derrocar a la
monarquía
y hasta aquí el tema de hoy espero que
te haya gustado tanto como a mí ya sabes
que si te gustan estos vídeos puedes
apoyar mi trabajo en patrón y aquí te
dejo una lista de reproducción que te
puede ser útil suscríbete y sígueme en
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