Ken Robinson: Changing Paradigms (Spanish)
Summary
TLDREl guion de este video discute la reforma de la educación pública en todo el mundo, motivada por razones económicas y culturales. Se cuestiona cómo preparar a los niños para una economía impredecible y cómo mantener su identidad cultural en un mundo globalizado. El autor critica el sistema educativo actual, diseñado en la era de la Ilustración y la Revolución Industrial, por ser anticuado y no adaptarse a las habilidades y necesidades de los estudiantes modernos. Destaca la importancia de la creatividad y la colaboración, y cómo la educación convencional puede socavar estas cualidades. La pérdida de la capacidad de pensamiento divergente en niños a medida que crecen es señalada como una preocupación significativa, y se enfatiza la necesidad de cambiar el paradigma educativo para fomentar el desarrollo de habilidades y la identidad cultural.
Takeaways
- 🌏 Cada país está reformando la educación pública por dos razones principales: económicas y culturales.
- 💼 La economía influye en cómo educar a los niños para que tengan un lugar en la economía del siglo XXI, lo cual es difícil de predecir.
- 🎭 La cultura es importante para enseñar a los niños una identidad cultural y transmitir los genes culturales de las comunidades a pesar de la globalización.
- 🔄 Los sistemas educativos actuales intentan preparar al futuro haciendo lo mismo que en el pasado, lo que resulta en la alienación de millones de niños.
- 🎓 La promesa de que un título universitario garantizaría un empleo ya no es cierta, aunque aún es mejor tener uno.
- 📈 Se debe elevar el nivel de la educación, pero el sistema actual está diseñado para una era diferente, basado en la Ilustración y la Revolución Industrial.
- 🧠 La educación pública está arraigada en un modelo de inteligencia de la Ilustración, lo que puede causar que muchas personas brillantes se subestimen.
- 📊 La actual epidemia ficticia de TDAH podría estar relacionada con la educación aburrida y la sobremedicación de niños.
- 🎨 La experiencia estética es vital para el aprendizaje y el desarrollo, y el uso de drogas para enfocarse puede ser perjudicial.
- 🏭 Las escuelas siguen organizadas de manera similar a fábricas, con horarios fijos y enseñanza por lotes por edad, lo cual no es efectivo para el aprendizaje.
- 🤔 La creatividad y el pensamiento divergente son fundamentales para el aprendizaje y disminuyen a medida que los niños crecen en un sistema educativo estándarizado.
- 🔄 La educación debe evolucionar hacia un modelo que fomente la colaboración y el pensamiento crítico, en lugar de la conformidad y la estandarización.
Q & A
¿Cuáles son las dos razones principales por las que los países están reformando la educación pública actualmente?
-Las dos razones principales son económicas y culturales. La economía se refiere a cómo educar a los niños para que puedan tener su lugar en las economías del siglo XXI, y la cultura se refiere a cómo educar a los niños para que tengan una identidad cultural y puedan transmitir los genes culturales de sus comunidades a pesar de la globalización.
¿Por qué los niños actuales no creen que un título universitario garantizará un empleo?
-Los niños actuales no creen que un título universitario garantizará un empleo porque la economía y el mercado laboral han cambiado drásticamente, y un título ya no es una garantía de empleo como solía ser.
¿Qué modelo intelectual de la mente se utilizaba en la educación pública durante la Revolución Industrial?
-El modelo intelectual de la mente utilizado durante la Revolución Industrial se basaba en la visión de la Ilustración, que consideraba que la verdadera inteligencia consistía en la capacidad de razonamiento deductivo y el conocimiento de las clásicas, lo que se conoció como habilidad académica.
¿Cómo se relaciona el aumento en el diagnóstico de TDAH con la educación tradicional y las pruebas estandarizadas?
-El aumento en el diagnóstico de TDAH se relaciona con la educación tradicional y las pruebas estandarizadas porque estos métodos de enseñanza pueden ser aburridos y no estimulan la creatividad o el pensamiento divergente, lo que lleva a los niños a perder la concentración y ser medicados para mejorar su rendimiento en un entorno que no les es natural.
¿Qué es el pensamiento divergente y por qué es importante para la creatividad?
-El pensamiento divergente es la habilidad de ver muchas posibles respuestas a una pregunta o muchas maneras de interpretar una situación. Es importante para la creatividad porque permite tener ideas originales que tengan valor.
Según el estudio mencionado en el guion, ¿qué porcentaje de niños de kínder que realizaron una prueba de pensamiento divergente mostraron un nivel de genio en esta habilidad?
-El 98% de los niños de kínder que realizaron la prueba mostraron un nivel de genio en el pensamiento divergente.
¿Qué sucedió cuando se retestearon a los mismos niños después de cinco años?
-Cuando se retestearon a los mismos niños después de cinco años, a una edad de ocho a diez años, el porcentaje de niños con un nivel de genio en pensamiento divergente disminuyó significativamente, lo que sugiere que algo en el proceso educativo está disminuyendo esta capacidad.
¿Qué tres puntos son fundamentales para cambiar el paradigma educativo según el guion?
-Los tres puntos fundamentales para cambiar el paradigma educativo son: 1) Pensar de manera definitiva sobre la capacidad humana y superar la antigua concepción de lo académico y no académico. 2) Reconocer que la mayoría del aprendizaje significativo ocurre en grupos y que la colaboración es esencial para el crecimiento. 3) Importancia de la cultura de las instituciones y los hábitos que ocupan.
¿Por qué la educación basada en el modelo industrial no es adecuada para el siglo XXI?
-La educación basada en el modelo industrial no es adecuada para el siglo XXI porque promueve la conformidad y la estandarización, y no fomenta la creatividad, el pensamiento divergente o la colaboración, que son habilidades clave en una era de rápidas transformaciones tecnológicas y sociales.
¿Qué cambios sugiere el guion para mejorar el sistema educativo actual?
-El guion sugiere cambios como superar la visión de la Ilustración y la Revolución Industrial en la educación, promover la creatividad y el pensamiento divergente, fomentar la colaboración y el aprendizaje en grupos, y cambiar la cultura y los hábitos de las instituciones educativas.
Outlines
🌏 Reforma de la educación pública global
Este párrafo aborda la reforma de la educación pública en todo el mundo impulsada por dos razones principales: económica y cultural. La economía se refiere a la educación de los niños para que puedan integrarse en la economía del siglo XXI, lo cual es complicado debido a la incertidumbre de su futuro. La segunda razón es cultural, donde los países buscan educar a los niños para que mantengan su identidad cultural a pesar de la globalización. El problema es que los sistemas educativos actuales intentan preparar al futuro haciendo lo mismo que en el pasado, lo que resulta en la alienación de millones de niños que no ven propósito en la escuela. Se cuestiona la promesa de que un título universitario asegurará un empleo, y se critica el modelo educativo heredado de la Ilustración y la Revolución Industrial, que separa a las personas en académicos e 'no académicos', causando que muchos se sientan menos valiosos.
🎨 La pérdida de la creatividad en el sistema educativo
El segundo párrafo explora cómo el enfoque actual en la educación, basado en el modelo industrial, está suprimir la creatividad y la experiencia estética en los niños. Se argumenta que la educación está medicando a los niños con drogas como el ritalina y el adderal para mantenerlos enfocados, lo cual va en contra de despertar su potencial creativo. Se menciona la organización escolar similar a la de una fábrica, con horarios rigidos y enseñanza por edades, lo que va en contra de la naturaleza del aprendizaje, que es más efectiva en grupos y a través de la colaboración. Se destaca la importancia de la cultura y los hábitos de las instituciones educativas en el aprendizaje.
📚 La deterioración de la capacidad de pensamiento divergente
Este párrafo presenta un estudio sobre el pensamiento divergente, una habilidad fundamental para la creatividad, y cómo esta disminuye a medida que los niños crecen y se educan en el sistema actual. Se comparte un ejemplo de un test de pensamiento divergente que muestra que la mayoría de los niños de kinder son genios en esta habilidad, pero que esta proporción disminuye drásticamente a medida que envejecen. Se sugiere que la educación convencional, con su enfoque en respuestas únicas y el estandar de colaboración como plagio, está socavando la capacidad natural de los niños para ser creativos y pensadores divergentes.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Educación Pública
💡Reformas Educativas
💡Economía del Siglo XXI
💡Identidad Cultural
💡Alienación Escolar
💡Economía de la Ilustración y la Revolución Industrial
💡Inteligencia Deductiva
💡ADHD (Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad)
💡Pensamiento Divergente
💡Creatividad
💡Colaboración
💡Cultura de la Institución
Highlights
Countries are reforming public education for economic and cultural reasons.
Educating children for the 21st-century economy is challenging due to unpredictability.
Cultural identity is a key aspect of education amidst globalization.
Traditional education methods are being questioned for their relevance.
Many students feel alienated by the current educational system.
The promise of a job with a college degree is no longer a guarantee.
There's a call to raise educational standards, not lower them.
The current education system is a product of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.
Public education was initially met with resistance and skepticism.
The concept of academic vs. non-academic intelligence is outdated.
ADHD diagnoses have risen in parallel with standardized testing.
Children are being over-medicated for behaviors that could be natural responses to their environment.
The arts are suffering due to the current educational mentality.
Divergent thinking is an essential capacity for creativity.
Children naturally exhibit high levels of divergent thinking, which declines with age.
Education should foster collaboration, not competition.
The culture and habits of educational institutions need to change.
Transcripts
every country on Earth at the moment is
reforming public education there are two
reasons for it the first of them is
economic people are trying to work out
how do we educate our children to take
their place in the economies of the 21st
century how do we do that given that we
can't anticipate what the economy will
look like at the end of next week as the
recent turmoil is demonstrated how do we
do that
the second though is cultural every
country on Earth on Earth is trying to
figure out how do we educate our
children so they have a sense of
cultural identity and so that we can
pass on the cultural genes of our
communities while being part of the
process of globalization how do we
square that circle the problem is
they're trying to meet the future by
doing what they did in the past and on
the way there alienating millions of
kids who don't see any purpose in going
to school when we went to school we were
kept there with a story which is if you
worked hard and did well and got a
college degree you would have a job our
kids don't believe that and they're
right not to by the way
you're better having a degree than not
but it's not a guarantee anymore and
particularly not if the route to it
margin eise's most of the things that
you think are important about yourself
some people say we have to raise
standards if this is a breakthrough you
know but really yes I we should
why would you lower them you know
certainly I haven't come across an
argument that persuades me of lowering
them but raising them of course we
should raise them the problem is that
the current system education was
designed and conceived and structured
for a different age it was conceived in
the intellectual culture of the
Enlightenment and in the economic
circumstances of the Industrial
Revolution before the middle of the
nineteenth century there were no systems
of public education not really I mean
you could get educated by Jesuits you
know if you had the money but public
education paid for from taxation
compulsory to everybody and free at the
point of delivery that was a
revolutionary
and many people objected to it they said
it's not possible for many Street kids
working class children to benefit from
public education they're incapable of
learning to read and write and why we
spending time on this so there's also
built into it a whole series of
assumptions about social structure and
capacity it was driven by an economic
imperative of the time
but running right through it was an
intellectual model of the mind which was
essentially the Enlightenment view of
intelligence that real intelligence
consists in that's capacity for a
certain type of deductive reasoning and
the knowledge of the classics originally
what we come to think of as academic
ability and this is deep in the gene
pool of public education of the really
two types of people academic and
non-academic smart people are non smart
people and the consequence of that is
that many brilliant people think they're
not because they've been judged against
this particular view of the mind so we
have a twin pillars economic and
intellectual and my view is that this
model has caused chaos in many people's
lives it's been great for some there are
being people have benefited wonderfully
from it but most people have not
instead they suffer this this is the
modern epidemic and it's as misplaced
it's as fictitious this is the plague of
ADHD now this is a map of the instance
at ADHD in America or prescriptions for
ADHD don't mistake me I don't mean to
say there is no such thing as attention
deficit disorder I'm not qualified to
say if there is such a thing I know that
a great majority of psychologists and
children pediatrician think there is
such a thing but it's still a matter of
debate what I do know for a fact is it's
not an epidemic these kids are being
medicated as routinely as we had our
tonsils taken out and on the same
whimsical basis and for the same reason
medical fashion our children are living
in the most intensely stimulating period
in the history of the earth there
being besieged with information and
cause their attention from every
platform computers from iPhones from
advertising hoardings from hundreds of
television channels and were penalizing
them now for getting distracted from
what no boring stuff at school for the
most part it seems to me it's not a
coincidence totally that the instance of
ADHD has written in parallel with the
growth of standardized testing now these
kids are being given ritalin and adderal
and all manner of things often quite
dangerous drugs to get them focused and
calm them down but according to this
attention deficit order increases as you
travel east across the country people
start losing interest in Oklahoma
they can hardly think straight in
Arkansas and by the time we get to
washing they've lost it completely and
there are separate reasons for that I
believe it's a fictitious epidemic if
you think of it the arts and I don't say
this exclusive of the arts I think it's
also true science and of maths for a
living I say about the art particularly
because they are the victims of this
mentality currently particularly the
arts especially address the idea of
aesthetic experience an aesthetic
experience is one in which your senses
are operating at their peak when you are
present in the current moment when
you're resonating with the excitement of
this thing that you're experiencing when
you are fully alive an anaesthetic is
when you shut your senses off and deaden
yourself to what's happening and a lot
of these drugs are that we're getting
our children to education by illicit
icing them and I think we should be
doing the exact opposite we shouldn't be
putting them asleep we should be waking
them up to what they have inside of
themselves but the model we have is this
it's I believe we have systemization
that is modeled on the interests of
industrialism and in the image of it
I'll give you a couple of examples
schools are still pretty much organized
on factory lines of ringing bells
separate facilities specialized in two
separate subjects we still educate
children by batches you know we put them
through the system by age group why do
we do that you know why is there this
assumption that the most important thing
kids have in common is how old they are
you know it's like the most important
about them as their date of manufacture
Hedren well I know kids who are much
better than other kids at the same age
in different disciplines you know or at
different times of the day or better in
smaller groups and in large groups or
sometimes they want to be on their own
if you're interested in model of
learning you don't start from this
production line mentality these are it's
essentially about conformity in
increasing it's about that as you look
at the growth of standardized testing
and standardized curricula and it's
about standardization
I believe we've got to go in the exact
opposite direction that's what I mean
about changing the paradigm there is a
great study done recently of divergent
thinking published couple of years ago
divergent thinking isn't the same thing
as creativity i define creative is the
process of having original ideas that
have value divergent thinking isn't a
synonym but it's a an essential capacity
for creativity it's the ability to see
lots of possible answers to a question
lots of possible ways of interpreting a
question to think whatever de Buono
would probably call laterally to think
not just in linear or convergent ways to
see multiple answers not one so I mean
there's a test for this I mean one kind
of cut example would be people might be
asked to say how many uses can you think
of for a paper clip while those routine
questions most people might come with 10
or 15 people who go to this might come
with 200 and they do that by saying well
could the paper clip be turned at
foot-tall and be made out of foam rubber
you know like does it have to be a paper
clip as we know it Jim you know now the
testers and they gave them to 1,500
people it's in a book called break point
and beyond and on the protocol of the
test if you scored above a certain level
you'd be considered to be a genius at
divergent thinking okay
so my question to you is what percentage
of the people tested of the 1500 scored
at genius level for divergent thinking
now you need to know one more thing
about them these were kindergarten
children so which think what percentage
of genius level a 88 in F a 98% now the
thing about this was it was a long to
two dnal study so they retested the same
children five years later age of eight
to ten what you think 15 they retested
visit them again five years later ages
13 to 15 you can see a trend here coming
now this tells an interesting story
because you could have imagined it going
the other way could you
you start off not being very good but
you get better as you get older but this
shows two things one is we all have this
capacity and two it mostly deteriorates
now a lot of things have happened to
these kids as they've grown up a lot but
one of the most important things
Appleton I'm convinced is that by now
they've become educated they know
they're spent ten years at school being
told there's one answer it's at the back
and don't look and don't copy because
that's cheating in outside schools
that's called collaboration you know but
in settled now this isn't because
teachers want it this way
it's just because it happens that way
it's because it's in the gene pool of
Education we have to think definitely
about human capacity we have to get over
this old conception of academic
non-academic abstract theoretical
vocational and see it for what it is a
myth secondly we have to recognize that
most great learning happens in groups
the collaboration is the stuff of growth
if we atomized people and separate them
and judge them separately we form a kind
of disjunction between them and their
natural learning environment and thirdly
its crucially about the culture of our
institutions the habits of the
institution and the habitats that they
occupy
you
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