HIV/ AIDS patofisiologi, patogenesis, Tanda gejala, Tatalaksana

Summary

The video explains HIV and AIDS, covering how HIV attacks the immune system and the stages of HIV infection. It details the virus's transmission, symptoms, and how it progresses to AIDS if untreated. The video also introduces a clinical case of a 30-year-old man with severe HIV symptoms, including tuberculosis and oral candidiasis, indicating advanced AIDS. Despite no cure for HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps manage the virus and restore immune function. The video emphasizes the importance of awareness and early detection in combating the disease.

Takeaways

• 😀 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune system by targeting CD4 molecules on immune cells.
• 😀 HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk.
• 😀 If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which severely weakens the immune system.
• 😀 The virus uses a protein chain (gp120) to bind to CD4 receptors and gain entry into host cells.
• 😀 HIV is an RNA virus that mutates during replication, leading to different strains with varying targets (viral tropism).
• 😀 Primary infection with HIV may present flu-like symptoms lasting from 3 to 12 weeks.
• 😀 The immune system produces more virus as it responds to infection, unintentionally spreading the virus to other cells.
• 😀 HIV infection can be classified into four stages, with Stage 1 being asymptomatic and Stage 4 being full-blown AIDS.
• 😀 In Stage 4 AIDS, CD4 count drops below 200 cells/mm³, leading to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis and candidiasis.
• 😀 Although there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage the virus and help maintain immune function.
• 😀 The case study of a 30-year-old male patient with symptoms like fever, cough, diarrhea, and oral candidiasis likely indicates AIDS Stage 4, with a CD4 count under 100.

Q & A

What is HIV and how does it affect the body?

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the immune system by targeting CD4 molecules on T-helper cells. If left untreated, it can progress to AIDS, severely weakening the immune system and making the body vulnerable to infections.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through specific body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

What is the role of the CD4 molecule in HIV infection?

The CD4 molecule is a receptor found on certain immune cells like T-helper cells. HIV binds to CD4 molecules, allowing the virus to enter the cells and replicate, which weakens the immune system.

How does the HIV virus replicate inside the body?

HIV is an RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA. This viral DNA integrates into the host cell's genome, hijacking the cell’s machinery to produce more viral particles.

What is 'viral tropism' in the context of HIV?

Viral tropism refers to the preference of different HIV strains for specific types of host cells. This is influenced by the virus’s ability to interact with various co-receptors like CCR5 and CXCR4 on immune cells.

What happens during the acute HIV infection phase?

During the acute phase, HIV rapidly replicates, leading to a sharp increase in viral load. The body’s immune response tries to fight the virus, causing symptoms similar to flu, such as fever and fatigue. This phase typically lasts 3 to 12 weeks.

What is the difference between the stages of HIV infection?

HIV progresses through four stages: Stage 1 (asymptomatic or mild symptoms with a CD4 count above 500), Stage 2 (mild infections and weight loss with CD4 count between 200-499), Stage 3 (severe infections like TB, meningitis, or oral thrush with CD4 count between 200-100), and Stage 4 (AIDS, where CD4 count is below 200 and opportunistic infections dominate).

What is AIDS, and how does it differ from HIV?

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the final stage of HIV infection. While HIV is the virus that causes the condition, AIDS is the result of the virus severely damaging the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

How is HIV diagnosed?

HIV is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HIV antibodies or the virus itself. Additionally, CD4 counts and viral load measurements are used to monitor the progression of the disease.

What is the treatment for HIV and how does it work?

HIV is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which includes a combination of medications that suppress viral replication. ART helps to maintain a lower viral load, restore immune function, and prevent the progression to AIDS.