DIABETES MELITUS (DM) tipe 2

Summary

This video provides an informative overview of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, focusing on its pathophysiology, symptoms, and management strategies. It explains how insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and increased glucagon secretion contribute to elevated blood glucose levels. The video covers risk factors, such as diet and lifestyle, and highlights common symptoms like frequent urination, thirst, and weight loss. It also outlines diagnostic methods, including blood glucose tests and HbA1c levels, before moving into treatment options, which include both non-pharmacological approaches (diet, exercise, stress management) and pharmacological treatments (oral medications and insulin).

Takeaways

• 😀 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, commonly occurring in adults over 30 years old.
• 😀 Unlike Type 1 DM, which is autoimmune, Type 2 DM is primarily caused by insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells.
• 😀 Insulin resistance in Type 2 DM means cells do not properly absorb glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels.
• 😀 Initially, the pancreas compensates for insulin resistance by producing more insulin, but over time, beta cells become exhausted, leading to reduced insulin production.
• 😀 Elevated glucagon secretion in Type 2 DM worsens high blood sugar by promoting the production of glucose in the liver.
• 😀 The incretin effect, which helps regulate insulin secretion, is impaired in Type 2 DM, contributing to poor glucose control.
• 😀 Symptoms of Type 2 DM include polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), and unexplained weight loss.
• 😀 Diabetes complications can affect organs like nerves (neuropathy), eyes (vision problems), and increase susceptibility to infections.
• 😀 Diagnosis of Type 2 DM is based on blood glucose tests (fasting, postprandial, random) and HbA1c levels, with specific thresholds for diabetes and prediabetes.
• 😀 Lifestyle changes, including a low-glucose diet, regular exercise, and stress management, are essential components of managing Type 2 DM.
• 😀 Pharmacological treatments for Type 2 DM include oral drugs (e.g., sulfonylureas, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors) and insulin injections, depending on the severity of the condition.

Q & A

What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, or when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.

How does insulin function in the body?

Insulin helps the body absorb glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it is used for energy. In diabetes, either the insulin doesn't work effectively (insulin resistance), or the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin.

What is insulin resistance and how does it contribute to Type 2 Diabetes?

Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells stop responding to insulin properly. This prevents glucose from being absorbed into the cells, leading to high blood glucose levels. Over time, the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin to compensate, contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes.

What are the primary symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?

The main symptoms include frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), increased hunger (polyphagia), unexplained weight loss, weakness, numbness or tingling in the extremities, blurred vision, and frequent infections.

What is the role of glucagon in Type 2 Diabetes?

Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood glucose levels. In Type 2 Diabetes, there is an abnormal increase in glucagon secretion, which worsens hyperglycemia by further raising blood glucose levels.

How is Type 2 Diabetes diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on blood tests such as fasting blood glucose levels (over 126 mg/dL), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with blood glucose over 200 mg/dL after two hours, or HbA1c levels above 6.5%. Additionally, a random blood glucose test showing levels over 200 mg/dL can indicate diabetes.

What is the significance of HbA1c testing in diabetes diagnosis?

HbA1c testing measures the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is coated with glucose. It is used to monitor long-term blood glucose control, but not for initial diagnosis. A level above 6.5% suggests diabetes.

What lifestyle changes are recommended for managing Type 2 Diabetes?

Key lifestyle changes include adopting a diet low in refined sugars and carbohydrates, engaging in regular physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity, and managing stress, as stress can increase blood glucose levels.

What are some common medications used to manage Type 2 Diabetes?

Medications include sulfonylureas (which increase insulin production), metformin (which improves insulin sensitivity), SGLT2 inhibitors (which prevent glucose reabsorption in the kidneys), DPP-4 inhibitors (which enhance insulin secretion), and insulin therapy for advanced cases.

How does exercise help in managing Type 2 Diabetes?

Exercise helps by improving the body's ability to use insulin and absorb glucose from the blood into muscle cells. This helps lower blood glucose levels and improve overall metabolic control.