パレスチナ問題はこうして始まった

Summary

1948年に起こったパレスチナからの強制的な離散と故郷からの追放を描いた物語。750人の小さな村が、イスラエル建国のために多くの村々が破壊されるなかで例示された。英国の支配とその後の国連の分割計画、そしてその後の戦争と破壊が、パレスチナ社会を崩壊させ、多くの人々を難民として隣国に追い出した。彼らは故郷に帰りたいという希望を胸に鍵を持ち歩いたが、イスラエルは彼らの故郷を埋め立て、忘れ去ることで彼らの帰りを防いだ。今もなお多くのパレスチナ人は故郷への帰りを願い続けている。

Takeaways

• 🏞️ 脚本描述了一个1948年之前美丽而和谐的村庄，拥有丰富的树木和葡萄园，面向通往耶路撒冷的主要道路。
• 📚 1948年在该村庄发生了被西方社会有意掩盖和扭曲的黑暗历史事件，即巴勒斯坦人被暴力驱逐的灾难性事件。
• 🌍 历史上这个地区一直是巴勒斯坦人的家园，拥有数百个村庄和繁荣的城市，包括耶路撒冷这个对犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教都重要的中心城市。
• 🕌 巴勒斯坦人主要是穆斯林，但也有基督徒和犹太人的少数民族，他们有着自己独特的文化和身份认同。
• 🤝 第一次世界大战前，阿拉伯民族主义运动、犹太复国主义和英国的地缘政治利益是争夺这片土地控制权的三个主要政治力量。
• 📜 英国通过1917年的《贝尔福宣言》背叛了阿拉伯人，承诺在巴勒斯坦为犹太人建立一个民族家园，而没有征询当地巴勒斯坦人的意见。
• 🚫 英国在二战后放弃了对巴勒斯坦的控制，将问题交给了联合国，联合国随后提出了将土地分割为犹太国和阿拉伯国的1947年分治计划。
• 😡 巴勒斯坦人无法接受分治计划，因为它在人口比例几乎为2:1的情况下，提议将超过一半的土地，通常是最肥沃的地区，给予犹太国。
• 🛡️ 犹太复国主义的武装力量在1948年实施了“D计划”，目的是控制分治计划中的犹太国，并在边界之外保卫犹太定居点。
• 🏭 1948年4月9日，极端犹太复国主义势力对Darus村实施了大屠杀，尽管该村与邻近的犹太定居点达成了和平协议。
• 🏚️ 以色列国的建立伴随着对巴勒斯坦人的土地和家园的强制驱逐，以及阻止他们返回的行动，导致巴勒斯坦社会被肢解和摧毁。
• 🔄 以色列国的建立并没有结束巴勒斯坦人的灾难，而是开始了持续至今的无家可归和流离失所的悲剧。

Q & A

1948年に何が起こりましたか？

1948年に、多数のパレスチナ人が暴力的に故郷から強制的に追放され、イスラエル国家を創設するために、連鎖的な災害的な出来事が起こりました。

オスマン帝国末期にパレスチナに住む人々はどのような宗教的背景を持っていましたか？

オスマン帝国末期にパレスチナに住む人々は、圧倒的にムスリムであり、少数のキリスト教徒とユダヤ人の原生住民もいました。

バルフォー宣言とは何ですか？

バルフォー宣言は、1917年にイギリス政府が行った宣言で、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家家を設立することを支持すると述べています。

ユダヤ人移民の増加がパレスチナにどのような影響を与えましたか？

ユダヤ人移民の増加により、土地に関する緊張が高まり、暴力事件が勃発しました。また、多数のパレスチナ人農民が土地から追放されました。

1947年の国連の分割計画とは何ですか？

1947年の国連の分割計画は、パレスチナの土地をユダヤ人国家とアラブ国家に分割し、エルサレムを国連が管理する独立したエンティティとする提案です。

1948年のデアレス村での虐殺について教えてください。

1948年4月9日、デアレス村で過激なユダヤ人勢力が襲来し、村民を攻撃しました。その結果、約100人の主に子供と高齢者が殺害されました。

計画Dとは何ですか？

計画Dは、ハガナが採用した計画で、国連の分割計画で指定されたユダヤ人国家の領土を確保し、また、境界外のユダヤ人住居地を守るためのオペレーションです。

ネカバとは何ですか？

ネカバとは、1948年に起こったパレスチナ人からの強制的な追放と、その後の彼らの故郷への帰還を防ぐ行為を指します。

イスラエルの建国後、アラブ諸国はどのように反応しましたか？

イスラエルの建国後、隣接するアラブ諸国はパレスチナ難民の流入に耐えかね、直ちにイスラエルと戦争に突入しました。

ネカバの結果として、パレスチナ人はどのようになりましたか？

ネカバの結果、パレスチナ社会は崩壊し、半分以上のパレスチナ人は難民となり、故郷から追放されました。

イスラエルが行った森林化の目的は何ですか？

イスラエルは、パレスチナの村を覆い隠すため、数千ヘクタールの松林とレクリエーションエリアをパレスチナの村の上に植えました。

パレスチナ難民が持つ鍵の象徴的な意味は何ですか？

パレスチナ難民が持つ鍵は、彼らが失った家を象徴し、いつか帰還できるという希望を表しています。

Outlines

00:00

🏞️ パレスチナの美しい村と1948年の悲劇

第1段落では、フィグとブドウの木が生える山々と、エルサレムへの主要道路に面した美しい村が紹介されます。1948年に750人の小さな共同体がmassacredされ、歴史的背景として、数百万人のパレスチナ人が故郷から強制的に追放された「ネカ」事件が語られます。また、エルサレムを中心とする地域は長い歴史の中でパレスチナ人の拠点であり、ユダヤ人、キリスト教徒、イスラム教徒にとって重要な聖地を持っています。しかし、政治的な力が絡み合い、アラブ民族主義、シオニズム、そして英国の地域への影響力拡大の要求が交错し、1916年のバルフォー宣言によってユダヤ人の故郷の建国が支持されるようになりました。

05:02

📉 パレスチナ難民の増加と1930年代の緊張

第2段落では、1931年に地域には85万人以上のパレスチナ人の大多数が住んでいましたが、ナチス党の台頭と共に緊張が高まります。ユダヤ人移民の増加と、土地問題を中心とした紛争が勃発し、数千人のパレスチナ人が失地となります。パレスチナ人は英国植民地勢力とユダヤ人移民者と激しく反発し、英国は反乱を鎮圧するために多くの兵力を投入しました。しかし、ユダヤ人移民の制限に反発し、シオニストの過激派による暴力が増加します。1947年に国連は、地域を2つの国家に分割する「分割計画」を提案しましたが、パレスチナ人はこれを受け入れることができませんでした。

10:02

🏭 ディアラームの悲劇とイスラエル建国の前夜

第3段落では、1948年にシオニスト勢力がディアラーム村に迫り、平和協定を結んでいたにもかかわらず攻撃を開始しました。村人たちは激しい抵抗を続けましたが、多くの住民が殺害されました。ディアラームの悲劇は、パレスチナ人の間で広く知られ、恐怖をもたらしました。シオニスト部隊は、アラブ勢力をヒアから追放し、主要都市を掌握しました。計画Dは、歴史的なパレスチナのethnic cleansingを実行するため_blueprintとなりました。

15:04

🗓️ ネカの長期化とパレスチナ人への影響

第4段落では、ネカの長期化とその後の影響が語られます。イスラエル建国の翌日にアラブ諸国がイスラエルと戦争を始め、多くのパレスチナ人が難民となり、隣国に逃れました。彼らは数週間で帰還する予定でしたが、帰還は許可されませんでした。イスラエルはまた、パレスチナの証拠を隠蔽し、地名をヘブライ語に変更しました。パレスチナ人社会は壊されましたが、彼らは故郷を忘れずに、5月15日に亡くなった家を象徴する鍵を持ち上げながらデモ行進を続けています。

Keywords

💡ディアラス村の虐殺

ディアラス村の虐殺は、1948年にイスラエル建国に先駆けた一連の暴力事件のひとつであり、多くのパレスチナ人を強制的に故郷から追放した。この事件は、ビデオの中心テーマであるパレスチナ人の問題と深く結びついている。映像では、18歳の男性が自らの目撃した虐殺の詳細が語られている。

💡ネカバ（Nakba）

ネカバは、1948年にイスラエル国が設立された際に、パレスチナ人を強制的に故郷から追放し、彼らの土地を奪ったという歴史的な悲劇を指す。ビデオでは、この言葉がパレスチナ人の経験と、彼らが故郷に帰還する希望を象徴する重要な概念として繰り返し提唱されている。

💡ザイオンズム（Zionism）

ザイオンズムは、ヨーロッパとロシアでの反ユダヤ主義の高まりに応えて、ユダヤ人の安全と自己決定権を確保するために、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家を設立しようとする政治運動である。ビデオでは、ザイオンズムがイスラエル建国の根拠となっていると説明されており、また、パレスチナ人との紛争の原因の一つとなっている。

💡バルフォー宣言（Balfour Declaration）

1917年に発布されたバルフォー宣言は、パレスチナにユダヤ人の国家を設立するとの英国の支持を表明した重要な文書である。ビデオでは、この宣言がパレスチナ問題の歴史的背景に寄与し、ユダヤ人の移住を促進し、パレスチナ人の権利を無視したと批判されている。

💡ユネスコの分割計画（UN Partition Plan）

1947年のユネスコの分割計画は、パレスチナをユダヤ人国家とアラブ国家に分割することを提案した。ビデオでは、この計画がパレスチナ人の拒絶を受けて依然として実施され、ネカバを引き金にし、その後の紛争を招いたと語られている。

💡ディアラス村

ディアラス村は、ビデオの叙説の中で、1948年のイスラエル建国に先立って行われた一連の虐殺と迫害の象徴的な例として触れられている。この村は、平和協定を結んでいたにもかかわらず、強制的に攻められ、多くの村民が殺害された。

💡イスラエル国防軍（Israel Defense Forces）

イスラエル国防軍は、イスラエルの軍事組織であり、ビデオでは、ディアラス村の虐殺に関与していたと語られている。また、彼らが行った行動が、その後のパレスチナ人への迫害と土地の強制的な奪取につながったと示唆されている。

💡ハガナ（Haganah）

ハガナは、1948年のイスラエル建国前に活動していたユダヤ人パラミルタリー組織であり、ビデオでは、ディアラス村の虐殺に関与した組織のひとつとして触れられている。彼らの活動は、パレスチナ人を故郷から追放するプロセスに貢献したと述べている。

💡エルサレム

エルサレムは、イスラエルの首都であり、ビデオでは、ユダヤ人国家の中心地として描かれている。また、エルサレムは、ユネスコの分割計画において、国際連合の管理下にあるべき都市として提案されており、その宗教的・文化的意義が強調されている。

💡イラン（Iron）

イランは、ビデオで触れられているより過激な民兵組織の一例であり、ディアラス村の虐殺に関与した組織のひとつとされている。彼らの行動は、パレスチナ人への暴力と迫害を象徴している。

💡ディアラス村の平和条約

ディアラス村は、隣接するユダヤ人tlementとローカルな平和条約を結んでいたが、ビデオでは、それが守られずに村が攻撃され、虐殺されたと語られている。これは、平和的な解決を求める努力が、政治的・軍事的な力にかわって無力であることを示す例として扱われている。

Highlights

The village described is beautiful with a mountain full of fig and grape trees and is historically significant.

The story recounts events from 1948 involving the displacement of Palestinians, known as the Nakba.

The village had 750 people who all knew each other, indicating a close-knit community.

The history of the Palestinian displacement has been concealed, distorted, and largely forgotten in the West.

The creation of Israel in 1948 is described as 'born in a bath of blood', highlighting the violent origins.

Historically, the region was home to Palestinians with thriving cities and Jerusalem as the central city.

Palestinians developed a distinctive Arabic accent, regional food, dress, and family ties.

Political forces competing for control included the Arab political movement, Zionists, and the British.

The Balfour Declaration in 1917 promised a Jewish national home in Palestine without consulting Palestinians.

The British mandate and Zionist migration plans led to a significant increase in the Jewish population.

The slogan 'a land without people for a people without land' was used to justify the displacement of Palestinians.

The 1930s saw the largest wave of Jewish immigration and escalating tensions over land.

The British response to the Palestinian rebellion was brutal, with thousands killed, including leaders.

The UN's partition plan of 1947 was rejected by Palestinians due to the unfair land distribution.

Plan Dalet was a strategy by Zionist forces to gain control and expel Arab populations.

The Deir Yassin massacre is highlighted as a significant event with 100 people killed, mostly children and the elderly.

The fear and propaganda following Deir Yassin led to mass displacement of Palestinians.

The declaration of Israel and the subsequent Arab-Israeli war resulted in further displacement.

Palestinians who fled hoped to return home, but were often prevented from doing so.

The Nakba resulted in over half of the Palestinian population becoming refugees.

Israel captured 78% of the land through the Nakba, despite the UN's partition plan allotting only 56%.

The physical evidence of Arab Palestine was covered up, including changing place names and destroying villages.

Palestinians remember their homeland and the Nakba continues to be a significant part of their identity.

Transcripts

my Village is a very beautiful one it

has a mountain full of trees of figs and

grapes and it faces the main road to

Jerusalem this is a story about what

happened here in 1948 you are only 750

people and everybody knows each other I

came from a big family we lived a good

life we never expect to be massed it was

a black spot in the history that history

has been carefully concealed

purposefully distorted and in the west

largely forgotten they put our village

as an example with what they can do the

massacre in this Village was one of many

in a series of catastrophic events that

became known as the NECA when hundreds

of thousands of Palestinians were

violently displaced from their Homeland

in order to create the state of

Israel

in May of 1948 a new Jewish State Israel

was born in a bath of blood the borders

of Palestine have been changed

forcefully over time but historically

this region has been home to

Palestinians for Centuries with hundreds

of villages and thriving cities one of

them being the Central City of Jerusalem

with holy sites important to Jewish

Christian and Muslim people by the late

Ottoman Empire Palestinians living here

were overwhelmingly Muslim with minority

Christian and Jew native populations too

but regardless of religion Palestinians

were often referred to as Arabs people

of the arabic speaking World despite

their distinctive culture Palestinians

have long distinguished themselves as

atine or the people of Palestine they

developed a distinctive Arabic accent

they developed Regional food Regional

dress and Family Ties but by the time

World War I began several key political

forces were competing for control of

these lands first there was a growing

Arab political movement looking for

independence from the Ottoman Empire in

hopes of a unified Arab state that would

include Palestine then there were

zionists a political group that had one

main goal the creation of a Jewish State

Zionism was a response to an

increasingly brutal climate for Jewish

people particularly in Europe and Russia

where there was a massive wave of

anti-Semitism including large- scale

attacks in the late 1800s and early

1900s after briefly considering other

areas for a new state including Uganda

and Argentina Zionist leaders decided on

Palestine because of its connection to

early religious history but there was a

third key group with political interests

here the

British control of the region would

allow them to expand their spheres of

influence and protect trade routes to

India during World War I since both the

British and the Arab Independence

Movement wanted Palestine they decided

to go after the Ottomans together with

an important pledge through a ser of

letters in 1916 an Arab leader and a

British official agreed that if Arabs

would help the British fight the

Ottomans and give the British economic

and other foreign privileges in Arab

lands in return the British would

recognize and support an independent

Arab State soon the Arabs started doing

their part in revolting against the

Ottomans making it easier for the

British to move in but the next year the

British issued a new declaration and

betrayed the

Arabs in 1917 Lord alen conquered the

holy land and the Jews were promised a

national home in Palestine without

consulting the native Palestinian

population the British issued what's

known as the balfor Declaration

supporting The Establishment in

Palestine of a national home for the

Jewish people so instead of supporting

the idea of Palestine as part of a

unified and independent Arab State the

British pledged to help secure this land

for zionists it was a strategic move

this declaration opened up a pathway for

Britain to gain power in Palestine under

the guise that it was supporting the

self-determination of another people of

a people in Palestine who don't reside

there yet as for palestine's majority

Arab population the Declaration referred

to them as non-jewish communities who

would be given civil and religious

rights but not political rights a few

years later after World War I ended

Britain gained control of Palestine

through a mandate that also required

them to put the balar plans for

settlement in motion and they did

between 1922 and 1931 the Jewish

population more than doubled the

migration helped the Zionist movement

gain Steam and a slogan took off a land

without people for a people without land

and it sends a message to Western

leaders that the people who had been

living in Palestine for Generations

could just be easily moved elsewhere the

idea was that those inhabitants weren't

a people with ties to that land

Palestine was of course a land with a

people in 1931 there were more than

850,000 Palestinian Arabs in the region

still the vast majority but with the

rise of Hitler and the Nazi party in

particular hate became a rallying call

Jewish flight from Europe became even

more urgent and Palestine started to see

the biggest wave of Jewish immigration

yet violence broke out rooted in

tensions over land Jewish settlers

justed swaths of fertile land and

evicted tenant Farmers creating a crisis

of hundreds of thousands of landless

dispossessed Palestinian

Arabs though Palestinians fiercely

rebelled against both British colonial

forces and Jewish settlers they were

brutally crushed by the British they put

in Palestine more troops to repress that

Rebellion than they had stationed in

India at that time all of India these

troops killed thousands of Palestinians

including many of their leaders and the

British began training and arming

Zionist militias to suppress the

Rebellion too but the Rebellion

continued so in an attempt to prevent

further Palestinian resistence the

British began to limit Jewish

immigration into Palestine this ended up

angering Zionist extremists leading to

more violence so in 1947 after Decades

of trying to manipulate both Palestinian

Arabs and zionists to keep their control

over Palestine Britain gave up and

handed the question of Palestine to

someone else through the United Nations

also came the problem of Palestine in

recent years this small country had been

the scene of disorder and bloodshed they

figured there is this new thing called

the United Nations here in your lap

Palestine first gift so the United

Nations has now to figure out how do you

disentangle this thing that the British

helped create a un special committee

proposed the land be divided into two

states a Jewish State and an Arab state

with Jerusalem as a separate un

controlled entity it was called the

partition plan of

1947 the plan shocked Palestinians we

could not accept the partition plan

because at that time the population were

almost 2 to1 but the plan proposed

giving over half the land and often the

most fertile areas to the Jewish state

from a purely pragmatic perspective the

partition plan didn't make much sense

for Palestinian Arabs that wasn't the

only problem with the plan within this

proposed area of the Jewish state were

hundreds of thousands of Palestinian

Arabs including both Muslims and

Christians who had lived there for

Generations on a moral level the idea of

making hundreds of thousands of

Palestinian Arabs minorities in their

own Homeland seemed unjust and

unfair in November 1947 the UN put the

plan to a vote in the aftermath of the

Holocaust and after lobbying from us

leaders and zionists the UN voted in

favor of partition and finally a

momentous decision to partition the holy

land's 10,000 square miles Britain

announced their mandate over Palestine

would end on May 15th

1948 even as Palestinians continued to

reject the un's decision to partition

the land after the partition took place

you know in 1947 now we really were

scared something might happen to us by

the end of 1947 zionists had several

well-developed paramilitary forces the

largest one known as the hag and more

extremist militias like iron on March

10th a couple of months before the

British mandate would end the haa

adopted what was called plan dollet or

Plan D on paper the main goal was to

gain control of the Jewish State as laid

out in the partition plan while also

defending Jewish settlements outside of

the borders in reality that's where the

majority of these operations took place

outside of the un's proposed Jewish

State some carried out by by hag and

others by more radical militias many of

these operations focused on isolating

Jerusalem and the roads to it a set of

brutal instructions called for the

destruction of Arab Villages by setting

fire to blowing up and planting mines

especially those population centers

which were difficult to control in case

of resistance it called for the

population to be expelled outside of the

borders of the state Villages emptied

and for the occupation and control of

Arab Villages along main transportation

arm

one of the most widely publicized

Village massacres happened here in De

Yim when we lived in

deene which is about 4 miles west of

Jerusalem 91-year-old dud Assad was

there the day of the massacre and was 18

at the time we saw one night at that

night and night before movement of

Lights armored tracks moving around

moving moving like this so we know that

something's wrong that that's why we

knew that something is going to happen

to our village on April 9th 1948

extremist Zionist forces executing Plan

D closed in on darus scene even though

the village had made a local peace pact

with neighboring Jewish settlements

Friday morning they attacked

us my uncles they were shooting at them

and I was there loading the gun for them

and shoot him we fought about almost 2

and 1 half hours they found my uncle and

they put him on the wall and they shot

him eight bullets in Cold

Blood my grandmother she went in the

village to see my mother on her way she

got shot my brother Omar fell from his

shoulder to the floor but the floor was

a concrete one daud escaped through a

trench I went down all the way down here

like this so for 4 hours walking to

Jerusalem to this day the archive of the

Israeli Army refuses to release many of

the images and intelligence reports on

Daria scene but one un report detailed

circumstances of great savagery

including women and children stripped

lined up photographed and slaughtered

roughly 100 people largely children and

the elderly were killed in the village

as for dawud he later reunited with the

group of darene captives in Jerusalem

including his sister and mother my

mother says where is your uncle ran he

says he was shot where is your

grandmother he said he was shot and Omar

was with her so everybody has a

commotion you know where's FMA where's

ibraim where is amaram where is David

where is Ahmed where is

is I dream I'm UND dream about it you

know news of what happened in Daria

scene spread quickly with far-reaching

effects the Zionist militias used it as

a propaganda tool to tell people about

it everywhere the idea was that if you

don't leave we will do to you what

happened in darene stories came out

about women being raped about babies

being killed and induced a great deal of

fear among the Palestinian Arab

population many of them fleeing as a

result Jewish troops routed Arab forces

from the city of hia after taking darine

Zionist paramilitary groups cleared a

major cities including hia and Jaffa and

took hundreds of smaller villages in

towns too hundreds of thousands of

Palestinians were forced to flee pouring

into neighboring states as refugees Plan

D became the blueprint for carrying out

the ethnic cleansing of historic

Palestine to make room for a new state

and on May 14th the day before the

British mandate ended zionists declared

this state as

Israel Med did the isra he Med

isra but the creation of Israel didn't

end the Naka neighboring Arab countries

that were overwhelmed by Palestinian

refugees immediately went to war with

Israel now United in a league of Arab

states they are incent that the entry of

refugees into Palestine must be ended

the fighting lasted for months Arab

armies eventually lost while

Palestinians continued to be killed and

forced out throughout that

time Palestinians who fled often carried

only enough to stay away for a few weeks

hoping they'd eventually return home a

lot of them locked their doors put their

key in their pocket and then moved to

safer ground when you leave the house

and you take your key with you it's

because you're planning to go home in

the case of the Palestinians those

refugees weren't allowed to return

refugees trying to return were often

shot at Zionist paramilitary operations

also tried to prevent them from

returning Again by destroying the

villages that act of preventing their

return compounded the NECA so the NECA

is both the forcible displacement of

Palestinians from their homes and lands

and Country as well as preventing them

to return once the fighting was over

Palestinian Society was dismembered

crushed more than half of the

Palestinian people became refugees

stateless dis possessed of their

land over time the state of Israel

covered up the physical evidence of an

Arab Palestine place names were often

changed from Arabic ones to Hebrew ones

the Jewish National Fund embarked on a

massive effort to plant thousands of

Acres of pine forests and recreational

areas on top of hundreds of ruined

Palestinian Villages even though these

forests have now grown into Big Pine

trees Palestinians have not forgotten

their Homeland while we know that

roughly 6,000 Israelis lost their lives

in the violence of the nakba records for

Palestinian deaths weren't kept it's

estimated to be around

15,000 by the end of the Naka roughly

750,000 Palestinians had been forcefully

expelled and more than 500 Villages

destroyed though the un's partition plan

allotted Israel 56% of the land through

the NECA Israel captured 78% of the land

it was everything except what's now

known as the occupied West Bank and Gaza

Strip today that's up to at least 85% of

the total area turning 6 million

Palestinians into refugees without a

Homeland it's why around the same time

that Israelis are celebrating

independence day Palestinians are out

protesting on May 15th holding up Keys

as a symbol of the homes they lost and

the hope to return for them the NECA

isn't just a moment in history

it's a catastrophe that never really

ended I dream I'm UND dream about it you

know we lived a good life till 1948 when

we were

[Music]

displaced