Migrações internas - Brasil Escola

Summary

Professora Larissa Mesquita introduces the topic of internal migrations within Brazil, highlighting the country's intense movement due to its vast size, regional inequalities, and economic cycles. The video outlines two significant historical periods: the colonization era with notable migration waves to regions like Minas Gerais, Amazon, and São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro due to gold, rubber, and coffee cycles. The 20th century is marked by industrialization, the construction of Brasília, and the expansion of the agricultural frontier, attracting internal migrants. Three types of internal migration are discussed: rural exodus driven by land concentration and industrialization, leading to urbanization and socio-economic inequality; pendular migration, a temporary daily or weekly movement between nearby cities or for work and study; and seasonal migration, where individuals move for economic activities and return annually. The video concludes with current trends, noting a shift from metropolitan to medium-sized cities, particularly in the North and Central-West regions, due to industrial decentralization and job opportunities.

Takeaways

• 🌍 Brazil has a history of intense internal migrations due to its large territorial size and regional inequalities since colonization.
• 📈 Economic cycles and the diversification of economic activities have been significant factors in internal migration patterns in Brazil.
• 🏺 Three key migration periods during Brazilian colonization were the Gold cycle in Minas Gerais, the Rubber cycle in the Amazon region, and the Coffee cycle in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
• 🏭 The 20th century saw intense internal migrations due to industrialization, especially in the Southeast region of Brazil, attracting individuals from various regions.
• 🏙️ After colonization, the construction of Brasília and the Manaus Free Trade Zone became major attractions for internal migrants seeking employment.
• 🚜 The rural exodus, characterized by migration from rural areas to cities, has been the most intense internal migration in Brazil since the mid-20th century.
• 🏘️ The rural exodus led to a rapid increase in urbanization, resulting in uncontrolled growth and the spread of slums, highlighting socio-economic inequality in Brazil.
• 🔄 Pendular migration is a common type of internal migration in metropolitan regions where individuals commute daily or weekly between their place of residence and work or study.
• 🍃 Seasonal migration, or transhumance, involves individuals moving to another place for a certain period of the year due to economic activities, such as sugarcane harvesting, and then returning to their place of origin.
• 📉 Since the 1990s, Brazil has experienced a process of demetropolization, with a decrease in internal migrations to large metropolises due to market saturation and industrial decentralization.
• 🌱 Currently, internal migrations in Brazil are increasingly focused on medium-sized cities and regions like the North and Center-West, which attract industries and offer better living conditions.

Q & A

What does the term 'internal migration' refer to in the context of the video?

Internal migration refers to any migratory movement that occurs within a country. In the video, it specifically discusses internal migration within Brazil.

What are the three main factors contributing to internal migration in Brazil as mentioned in the video?

The three main factors contributing to internal migration in Brazil are the country's large territorial extent, regional inequalities that have been present since the colonization process, and economic cycles.

What were the three significant periods of internal migration in Brazil during its colonization?

The three significant periods of internal migration during Brazil's colonization were the Gold Cycle, which attracted many individuals to Minas Gerais, the Rubber Cycle in the Amazon region, and the Coffee Cycle, particularly in the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro region.

How did the 20th century mark a period of intense internal migration in Brazil?

The 20th century marked a period of intense internal migration in Brazil due to the diversification of economic activities, with a focus on industrialization in the Southeast region, especially in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and the construction of Brasília and the Manaus Free Trade Zone in the Amazon region.

What is rural exodus and why does it occur in Brazil?

Rural exodus is the most intense form of internal migration in Brazil, involving the movement from rural areas to cities. It occurs due to land concentration, inequality in land access, and the allure of industrial cities, which offer more job opportunities and better living conditions.

What is the consequence of rural exodus on the urban structure of Brazil?

The consequence of rural exodus on the urban structure of Brazil is the accelerated growth of cities, leading to abnormal urbanization, a disorderly growth process, and the emergence of favelas (slums), which are typical in cities that grow without proper planning.

What is the term for the type of migration where individuals move daily or weekly between two locations, typically for work or study?

This type of migration is called 'pendular migration' because it involves a temporary, back-and-forth movement between two locations, such as living in one municipality and working in another.

What is the characteristic feature of seasonal or transhumance migration?

Seasonal or transhumance migration is characterized by individuals establishing themselves in another place for a certain period of the year, primarily due to the development of an economic activity, and this movement tends to repeat annually.

What is the current trend in Brazilian internal migration movements?

The current trend in Brazilian internal migration movements is 'desmetropolization,' which involves a decrease in migration to large metropolises since the 1990s. Instead, medium-sized cities and regions in the North and Center-West of Brazil are attracting more individuals due to industrial decentralization and job opportunities.

Why have São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro seen a decrease in internal migration since the 1990s?

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have seen a decrease in internal migration since the 1990s due to the saturation of the job market, physical overcrowding in the cities, and industrial decentralization, which has led to industries moving out of these metropolises.

What are the regions in Brazil that currently attract the most internal migrants?

The North and Center-West regions of Brazil currently attract the most internal migrants, as they offer better living conditions and have seen growth in industries and businesses, generating jobs in both the secondary and tertiary sectors.