Expanding DEMOCRACY [APUSH Review Unit 4 Topic 7] Period 4: 1800-1848 (Re-Upload)
Summary
TLDRThis video from Heimler's History delves into the expansion of democratic participation in the U.S. from 1800 to 1848. It outlines the causes and effects of this expansion, highlighting the Panic of 1819 and its economic repercussions, which led to increased demands for the franchise from small farmers, working men, and frontier settlers. As a result, property ownership was decoupled from voting rights in many states, allowing more individuals to participate in politics. This shift resulted in a significant realignment within the Democratic Republican party, leading to the emergence of two factions: the Democrats, who favored a more expansive view of federal power, and the National Republicans, who advocated for limited federal power and strict constructionism. The contentious 1824 election, which saw John Quincy Adams elected by the House of Representatives after a deadlock, further fueled the divide, eventually solidifying these factions into formal political parties by the 1828 election.
Takeaways
- 🗳️ The democratic process in the U.S. expanded significantly from 1800-1848, including more people in the voting franchise.
- 🏛️ Small farmers, working men, and frontier settlers began demanding the right to vote, leading to political reform.
- 📉 The Panic of 1819 caused economic turmoil, leading to high unemployment and bankruptcy rates, which in turn increased the demand for political accountability.
- 🏦 The Second Bank of the United States' tightening of lending policies contributed to the Panic of 1819 by causing state banks to close.
- 📉 A decrease in demand for American exports, such as cotton, exacerbated the economic crisis of the Panic of 1819.
- 🔑 Prior to reform, the right to vote was connected to property ownership, effectively disenfranchising those without land.
- 🔄 By 1825, most eastern states had lowered or eliminated property qualifications for voting, allowing more people to participate in democracy.
- 💥 The Federalist party was crumbling and the Democratic Republican party began to fragment into the Democrats and National Republicans.
- 🤝 The Democrats favored a more expansive view of federal power and loose constructionism, while the National Republicans advocated for limited federal power and strict constructionism.
- 🔥 The election of 1824 was contentious, with no candidate winning a majority of electoral college votes, leading to a decision by the House of Representatives.
- 🤔 Andrew Jackson, despite winning the most popular and electoral votes, did not become president due to the 'corrupt bargain' controversy, which was more perception than reality.
Q & A
What was the time period discussed in the video?
-The video discusses the period from 1800 to 1848.
What was the significant change in the democratic process during the first half of the 19th century?
-Participatory democracy expanded significantly, allowing more people the right to vote.
What was the main reason for the Panic of 1819?
-The Panic of 1819 was caused by the Second Bank of the United States tightening lending policies to control inflation, leading to many state banks closing and a severe economic downturn.
How did the economic situation affect the desire for voting rights?
-The economic turmoil, particularly in the West, led laboring men to demand the right to vote so they could hold politicians accountable for the economic crisis.
What was the connection between property ownership and voting rights before the reforms?
-Before the reforms, the right to vote was connected to property ownership. If a person did not own land, they did not have the right to vote.
How did the political landscape change as a result of the increased number of voters?
-The increase in voters led to a significant growth and realignment in political parties, with the Democratic Republican party fragmenting into the Democrats and the National Republicans.
What was the stance of the Democrats on federal power?
-The Democrats had a more expansive view of federal power, adopting the old Federalist convictions and a loose constructionist interpretation of the Constitution.
What was the position of the National Republicans regarding federal power and constitutional interpretation?
-The National Republicans advocated for limited federal power and strict constructionism, interpreting the Constitution in a more literal and restrictive manner.
What was the outcome of the 1824 presidential election?
-The 1824 election resulted in a deadlock, with no candidate winning a majority of electoral college votes. The House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as president after Henry Clay, who came in fourth, threw his support behind Adams.
Why was the outcome of the 1824 election controversial?
-The controversy arose because Andrew Jackson, who won the most popular and electoral votes, did not become president. His supporters claimed that the selection of Adams and the subsequent appointment of Clay as Secretary of State constituted a 'corrupt bargain.'
What was the state of the Democratic Republican party by the next election in 1828?
-By the 1828 election, the factions within the Democratic Republican party had hardened into formal political parties, leading to a more structured political landscape.
Outlines
📚 Expansion of Democratic Process (1800-1848)
The video discusses the significant expansion of participatory democracy in the early 19th century. It outlines the causes and effects of this expansion, highlighting the demand for voting rights from small farmers, working men, and frontier settlers. The Panic of 1819 and its economic consequences are identified as a key factor leading to the desire for political reform. The video also explains how the franchise was previously tied to property ownership, but reforms led to the lowering or elimination of property qualifications for voting, particularly by 1825. This change resulted in a substantial growth and realignment within political parties, with the Federalist party's decline and the rise of factions within the Democratic Republican party, which would later form the basis for new political parties.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Participatory Democracy
💡Panic of 1819
💡Franchise
💡Universal White Male Suffrage
💡Democratic Republicans
💡Federal Power
💡Loose Constructionism
💡Strict Constructionism
💡Election of 1824
💡Corrupt Bargain
💡Political Realignment
Highlights
The democratic process in the U.S. expanded significantly from 1800 to 1848, including more people in the political process.
Small farmers, working men, and frontier settlers began demanding the right to vote, known as the franchise.
The Panic of 1819 led to economic turmoil, causing a rise in unemployment and bankruptcies, which in turn led to demands for political reform.
The Second Bank of the United States' tightening of lending policies contributed to the economic crisis by causing state banks to close.
The franchise was previously connected to property ownership, but reforms led to the lowering or elimination of property qualifications for voting.
By 1825, most eastern states had reformed their voting qualifications, allowing more people to participate in democracy.
The Federalist party was crumbling, and the Democratic Republican party began to fragment into factions, leading to a significant growth and realignment in political parties.
The Democratic Republicans split into two factions: the Democrats, who favored expansive federal power, and the National Republicans, who advocated for limited federal power.
The election of 1824 was contentious, with four candidates from the same party leading to a decision by the House of Representatives.
Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes but did not receive a majority, leading to John Quincy Adams' election by the House.
Jackson's followers called the selection of Adams and the appointment of Henry Clay as Secretary of State the 'corrupt bargain', despite no evidence of wrongdoing.
The factions within the Democratic Republican party hardened into formal political parties by the next election in 1828.
The video provides a comprehensive overview of Unit 4, Topic 7 of the AP U.S. History curriculum.
The讲解者 encourages viewers to subscribe for more content on the AP U.S. History curriculum.
The讲解者 uses humor and a conversational tone to make the historical content more engaging for the audience.
The讲解者 emphasizes the importance of understanding the economic and political factors that led to the expansion of democracy.
The讲解者 provides a detailed analysis of the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819 on the U.S. economy and political landscape.
The讲解者 explains the concept of loose and strict constructionism in the context of the Democrats and National Republicans' differing views on federal power.
Transcripts
Well hey there and welcome back to Heimler’s History. So we’ve been going through UNit 4
of the AP U.S. History curriculum and in this video we’re going to consider
how the democratic process expanded to include more and more folks
from 1800-1848. So get them brain cows ready because they about to get milked.
So during the first half of the 19th
century participatory democracy expanded pretty significantly,
and I want to show you the causes of why that occurred and what the effects of it were.
So first, let’s have a look at the causes. So during this period of time small
farmers and working men and frontier settlers began demanding the franchise, which is to say,
the right to vote. In order to understand why, we need to talk about the Panic of
1819. So in the years leading up to this panic the Second Bank of the United States
had tightened up their lending policies in order to try to control inflation. Inflation,
in case you don’t know, means rising prices. Now that seems like a perfectly good thing to do,
but in restricting the funds available to borrow, the national bank caused
many state banks to close, and that’s when things got, what’s the word for it? Nasty.
So add to these irresponsible banking practices a decrease in demand for exported American
goods like cotton, and you got yourself a right economic mess. Unemployment shot up,
bankruptcies occured seemingly everywhere, and for those who were now unable to pay their debts,
they went to prison in staggering numbers. And so as a result of all of this turmoil laboring men,
especially in the West where the depression hit hardest, wanted to be able to hold politicians
accountable. Now you may be wondering, why could they vote up till this point?
The reason is that during this time the franchise was connected to property
ownership. YOu ain’t got no land, you ain’t got no vote. And so combine the
frustration over the Panic of 1819 with the fact that several frontier states had already
established universal white male suffrage unconnected to land, and the nation was
ripe for reform. And so by 1825 most eastern states joined with their western counterparts
and had substantially lowered or in some cases eliminated property qualifications for voting.
And now with so many more folks entering the political fray,
a significant growth and realignment in political parties occured. So let’s
talk about that realignment. I mentioned in a previous video that the Federalist party was
crumbling because of its opposition to the War of 1812, and by this point they were basically
defunct. And so it was the Democratic Republicans who were the lone national party at this point.
But because of all the events I mentioned earlier, this party began to fragment into
factions. The first faction was known as the Democrats and the second was known
as the National Republicans. Now don’t get confused here. These aren’t new political
parties (although that will come later), these are just two rival factions within
the Democratic Republican party. The Democrats had a more expansive view of federal power. In
this way they just took up the old Federalist convictions about the national government.
They also absorbed the Federalist’s notion of loose constructionism, which,
in case you forgot, is a way of interpreting the Constitution more, you know, loosely.
The National Republicans, on the other hand, were like the Democratic Republicans in the image of
Thomas Jefferson. They stood for limited federal power and strict constructionism,
which was a tighter way of interpreting the Constitution which basically said that the
federal government can do nothing that is not explicitly written in the Constitution.
So with all this factionalism rampant in the party, the election of 1824 was set
to be kind of dumpster fire, and on that count, it did not disappoint. Unable to
agree on a single presidential candidate, the Democratic Republicans ended up with
four candidates: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson.
Now Jackson and Adams were the strongest contenders, and when the election came,
it was Jackson who won the most popular votes, but none of the candidates won a majority of the
electoral college votes. Therefore, according to the Constitution, when that happens,
the president must be chosen by the House of Representatives. So Clay, because he came in
fourth in the electoral votes, threw his support behind Adams and used his influence in the House
to ultimately get Adams elected. Jackson, as the winner of the most popular votes and the
most electoral votes, as you can imagine, was furious. And then to add fuel to that fire,
as soon as Adams assumed the presidency, he named Henry Clay as his Secretary of State.
Jackson and his followers called this the corrupt bargain, even though, in truth no one had done
anything wrong. It was the Democratic Republicans themselves who had created this problem by putting
forward four candidates. In that situation it was dang near impossible for anyone to win
the required majority. And the House was doing its Constitutional duty to select a president,
and it’s the president’s prerogative to appoint a cabinet. So to my knowledge there was no real
evidence of wrong doing, but nevertheless, such a situation stunk to Jackson and his supporters.
But by the time the next election rolled around in 1828, these two factions had
hardened into formal political parties, of which, I shall say more in the next video.
ENDSCREEN
Okay that’s what you need to know about Unit 4 topic 7 of the AP US History curriculum. Click
anda five on your exam in May. And if you subscribe right here, there will be no hint
of a corrupt bargain. You subscribe and I keep making videos. That’s how it goes. Heimler out.
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