KOMPUTER GENERASI KEDUA

Summary

The video discusses the advancements of the second generation of computers, highlighting significant improvements from the first generation. It details the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors, which made computers smaller, more efficient, and faster. Key innovations include magnetic core memory and programming languages like COBOL and ALGOL. The PDP and IBM 1401 models are featured for their widespread use in research and industry. Although the second generation offered enhanced capabilities, it also faced challenges, such as high costs and limited flexibility. Overall, this generation marked a crucial step in simplifying computer design while increasing functionality.

Takeaways

• 😀 The second generation of computers saw a significant reduction in size and power consumption compared to the first generation, with computers becoming much smaller and more energy-efficient.
• 😀 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, leading to more compact, reliable, and faster computers. This change was driven by the work of American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in 1956.
• 😀 Magnetic cores and other advancements allowed second-generation computers to process data faster and store more information, improving overall efficiency.
• 😀 The introduction of high-level programming languages like COBOL, ALGOL, and FORTRAN replaced binary code (machine language), making programming easier and increasing processing speed.
• 😀 The second generation of computers was initially used for atomic research due to their ability to handle large amounts of data. By the 1960s, they were also adopted for governmental, business, and academic purposes.
• 😀 Popular computer models from the second generation included the PDP series (e.g., PDP-8, PDP-10), IBM 1401, and UNIVAC 3. The PDP-8 was particularly popular, while the PDP-10 was not as well-received due to perceived limitations.
• 😀 The second generation computers were much more portable and reliable than their predecessors, with better accuracy and faster performance. They also featured external storage options like removable disks.
• 😀 Despite their many advantages, second-generation computers had some drawbacks, such as high cost, limited flexibility, and the need for air conditioning to function properly.
• 😀 With the reduced size and improved efficiency, second-generation computers revolutionized the technology landscape, making them more practical for a wider range of applications.
• 😀 The simplification of design in second-generation computers did not sacrifice their features or complexity, making them more accessible while maintaining advanced capabilities.

Q & A

What was the focus of the assignment given by the lecturer?

The assignment focused on the development of computers, specifically covering the topic of the second generation of computers.

How did the size and weight of computers change from the first generation to the second generation?

In the first generation, computers were very large and heavy, measuring up to 30 meters in length and almost 2.5 meters in height. In contrast, the second generation saw computers becoming significantly smaller and lighter.

What technological advancement replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers?

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, resulting in smaller size and reduced power consumption.

Who invented the transistor, and when did it begin to be used in computer technology?

The transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in 1956 and began to be utilized in computer technology shortly thereafter.

What were the primary programming languages used in the second generation of computers?

The second generation of computers utilized programming languages such as COBOL, ALGOL, and FORTRAN, replacing earlier binary or machine languages.

What type of data processing applications were first facilitated by second-generation computers?

Initially, second-generation computers were used for atomic research due to their capability to handle significant amounts of crucial data.

Name three notable computers from the second generation and their manufacturers.

Three notable computers from the second generation include the PDP by Digital Equipment Corporation, the IBM 1401 by IBM, and the UNIVAC 3, which was an upgrade from earlier models.

Why was the PDP-10 less popular than the PDP-8 despite being a more advanced model?

The PDP-10 was less popular because it was perceived as a step backward, being similar to the earlier PDP-6 model, while the PDP-8 was more widely accepted.

What are some advantages of second-generation computers over their predecessors?

Second-generation computers offered several advantages, including smaller size, improved reliability, lower power consumption, and faster processing speeds. They also featured external removable disk storage.

What were some limitations of second-generation computers?

Limitations included high production costs, the need for air conditioning, limited flexibility, and continued reliance on punch cards for input.