Chemistry Tutorial: Atomic Structure meets the Periodic Table

Summary

This video explains how atoms are formed by adding protons to the nucleus and electrons to the electron shells. It focuses on the first 10 elements of the periodic table, showing the relationship between the number of protons, electrons, and their position on the periodic table. The video emphasizes the connection between electron shells and the table’s rows, demonstrating how each shell fills with electrons. The concept of valence electrons is introduced, highlighting their importance in determining an element’s properties and how it interacts with other atoms.

Takeaways

• 🔬 The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element.
• ⚛️ The periodic table is built by adding protons and electrons, starting with hydrogen (1 proton, 1 electron).
• 🧑‍🏫 The atomic number of an element is always equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.
• 🌐 The first row of the periodic table corresponds to the first electron shell, which holds 2 electrons.
• 🔢 The second row of the periodic table corresponds to the second electron shell, which can hold 8 electrons.
• 🧪 The third row of the periodic table also corresponds to a shell that holds 8 electrons.
• 🔄 The fourth row of the periodic table can hold up to 18 electrons, matching the number of elements in that row.
• 📚 The pattern of electron distribution in shells matches the rows of the periodic table.
• 🔍 Scientists have confirmed that the first four electron shells can hold 2, 8, 8, and 18 electrons respectively.
• 🌟 The outermost electrons (valence electrons) determine an element's properties and how it interacts with other atoms.

Q & A

What is the significance of adding one proton and one electron to an atom?

Adding one proton and one electron to an atom increases the atomic number by 1 and creates a new element. For example, adding one proton and one electron forms hydrogen (atomic number 1), and continuing this process forms subsequent elements.

How does the number of protons in an atom relate to the periodic table?

The number of protons in an atom is equal to its atomic number, which determines the element's position on the periodic table. For instance, hydrogen has one proton and is placed at atomic number 1.

What happens to the electron shells as more electrons are added to an atom?

As more electrons are added, they fill the electron shells in a specific order. The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons, the second can hold up to 8, and subsequent shells can hold even more.

What is the relationship between electron shells and rows in the periodic table?

Each row in the periodic table corresponds to the filling of an electron shell. For example, filling the first shell corresponds to completing the first row (2 elements), while filling the second shell corresponds to completing the second row (8 elements).

How many electrons can the third and fourth electron shells hold?

Both the third and fourth shells can hold 18 electrons. The third row of the periodic table has 8 elements, but the third shell can hold more electrons as elements grow more complex.

Why are the outermost electrons, or valence electrons, important?

Valence electrons determine an element's chemical properties, such as how it bonds with other atoms, its reactivity, and other characteristics like electrical conductivity.

What is the purpose of showing the simplified version of the atom without neutrons?

The simplified version without neutrons helps to focus on the relationship between protons, electrons, and the structure of the periodic table. Neutrons are later introduced for a more complete picture.

How many elements are formed by adding 10 protons and 10 electrons?

By adding 10 protons and 10 electrons, you form the first 10 elements of the periodic table, ending with neon, which has an atomic number of 10.

What are 'valence electrons' and why are they described as 'cool' in the script?

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and they are 'cool' because they are crucial in determining how an atom interacts with other atoms and forms chemical bonds.

How do scientists confirm the number of electrons in each shell?

Scientists confirm the number of electrons in each shell through experimental measurements, which align with the predicted numbers: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, 8 in the third, and 18 in the fourth.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Atom Construction and the Periodic Table

This paragraph introduces the concept of building atoms by adding protons and electrons, simplifying the atomic structure by omitting neutrons. The focus is on constructing the first ten elements, linking their atomic numbers to their positions in the periodic table. The narrator begins with hydrogen (atomic number 1) and works towards neon (atomic number 10), explaining how each additional proton and electron corresponds to a new element.

05:01

🧪 Connection Between Protons, Electrons, and the Periodic Table

This section explores the relationship between protons in the nucleus and the atomic number of elements in the periodic table. It highlights how the number of protons in an atom's nucleus directly determines its atomic number, with hydrogen having one proton and helium having two. The paragraph also explains how filling electron shells correlates with filling rows in the periodic table. For example, the first shell holds two electrons, corresponding to the two elements in the first row, and the second shell holds eight electrons, matching the eight elements in the second row.

🔄 Shell Capacity and Periodic Table Row Patterns

This paragraph delves into the electron capacity of shells and how they align with the rows in the periodic table. It explains that the third shell can hold eight electrons, just like the second shell, and counts the elements in the third and fourth rows, showing how the fourth shell holds 18 electrons. The explanation emphasizes how experimental data on electron shell capacities match the periodic table structure, with two electrons in the first shell, eight in the second, eight in the third, and 18 in the fourth.

⚡ The Role of Valence Electrons

The final paragraph shifts focus to the significance of outer or valence electrons. It teases the idea that valence electrons are key to determining an element's properties, such as color, hardness, and electrical conductivity. The narrator hints that valence electrons also dictate how atoms bond with others and suggests that these outer electrons will be explored further in the next video.

Keywords

💡Protons

Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. In the video, each proton added to the nucleus increases the atomic number of an element, determining its identity on the periodic table. For example, adding one proton forms hydrogen, and two protons create helium. The atomic number equals the number of protons in an element.

💡Electrons

Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom in electron shells. The video explains how electrons are added to electron shells as protons are added to the nucleus. The arrangement of electrons in these shells determines the element's position on the periodic table and its chemical properties.

💡Electron Shells

Electron shells are the regions around an atom's nucleus where electrons are likely to be found. The video describes how electrons are arranged in these shells, with each shell having a maximum capacity. The first shell holds two electrons, the second holds eight, and so on. The number of electrons in each shell is linked to the number of elements in the corresponding row of the periodic table.

💡Periodic Table

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The video emphasizes the connection between the number of protons in an atom and the element's position on the periodic table, as well as the link between electron shells and the table's rows.

💡Atomic Number

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It defines the identity of an element and its position on the periodic table. For example, hydrogen has an atomic number of one because it has one proton, and helium has an atomic number of two because it has two protons.

💡Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table, with one proton and one electron. In the video, it is the starting point for building other elements by adding more protons and electrons. Hydrogen's atomic number is 1, making it the simplest and most abundant element in the universe.

💡Helium

Helium is the second element on the periodic table, with two protons and two electrons. The video explains that adding a second proton to hydrogen creates helium. Helium is an inert gas, and its full electron shell makes it stable and chemically non-reactive.

💡Neon

Neon is the tenth element on the periodic table, with ten protons and ten electrons. The video explains that after adding ten protons and ten electrons, we form neon, which fills the second electron shell completely. Neon is also a noble gas and is chemically inert.

💡Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom, which determine the chemical behavior and bonding properties of an element. The video highlights that the valence electrons are crucial for understanding how atoms interact with each other, affecting properties like color, hardness, and conductivity.

💡Electron Configuration

Electron configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells. The video demonstrates how electrons are added to different shells, affecting the element's position on the periodic table. The electron configuration determines the element's chemical properties and how it bonds with other atoms.

Highlights

We will create different kinds of atoms by adding protons and electrons step-by-step.

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

Adding one proton and one electron makes hydrogen, which has an atomic number of 1.

After adding 10 protons and 10 electrons, we will have neon with atomic number 10.

The connection between shells and rows in the periodic table is that the number of electrons in a shell matches the number of elements in the row.

The first electron shell can hold 2 electrons, filling the first row with 2 elements.

The second shell can hold 8 electrons, filling the second row with 8 elements.

The third shell also holds 8 electrons, corresponding to 8 elements in the third row.

The fourth shell holds 18 electrons, matching the number of elements in the fourth row.

These shell counts have been confirmed through scientific experiments.

Future shells can be calculated similarly, with the fifth, sixth, and seventh shells accommodating more electrons.

Electrons in the outermost shell, called valence electrons, determine the chemical properties of an atom.

Valence electrons define how an element behaves, including its color, hardness, and electrical conductivity.

The number of valence electrons also dictates how atoms bond with others and how many atoms they will join.

In the next video, we will explore more about the importance of valence electrons and their role in bonding.

Transcripts

[Music]

like in the last video we're going to

make different kinds of atoms by putting

10 protons in the nucleus one at a time

and as we do that we will place 10

electrons in the electron shells outside

the

nucleus remember that we are simplifying

our picture of the atom by not bothering

about the neutrons at this stage we'll

do that later we will also show how the

atoms that we make fit into the periodic

table let's see if there's a connection

between the number of protons and

electrons with the periodic table's

shape

adding one proton and one electron as we

already have makes hydrogen atomic

number

one as we add more we build elements

with bigger atomic numbers after adding

10 protons and 10 electrons we will have

neon now let's start with the blank

periodic table and add protons and

electrons see if you can spot the

connection because we're only making the

first 10 elements of the periodic table

we only need the first few rows so let's

zoom in on

those we'll start from the beginning by

making hydrogen again as we make the

atoms on the left we will put them into

their position in the periodic table

above one proton and one electron makes

a hydrogen atom atomic number

one now watch the

rest

[Music]

[Applause]

[Music]

[Applause]

let's first look at where the protons in

the nucleus show up on the periodic

table with one proton we made the

element with atomic number one

hydrogen with two protons in the nucleus

we made the element with atomic number

two

helium there's a simple connection

between these numbers they're always the

same the atomic number of an element is

equal to the number of protons in the

nucleus you can't get much simpler than

[Music]

that now let's look at where the

electrons in their shells show up on the

periodic table did you spot the

connection between shells and

rows when we filled the first electron

shell we also filled the first row of

the periodic IC

table the first shell takes two

electrons before it becomes full and the

first row takes two

[Music]

elements when we filled the second shell

we also filled the second row

row the second shell takes eight

electrons before it becomes full and the

second row takes eight

[Music]

[Applause]

[Music]

elements can you guess how many

electrons the third and fourth shells

take before they become

[Music]

full according to our new Theory the

number of electrons that it takes to

fill the third shell is the same as the

number of elements in the third row of

the periodic table

let's count

them 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 the third shell can take eight

electrons same as the second

shell while we're at it let's count the

fourth row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

18 so it must take 18 electron to fill

the fourth

shell does this agree with the

experiment yes it does scientists have

measured the number of electrons in each

shell and this agrees with our answers

two in the first shell 8 in the second 8

in the 3D and 18 in the fourth

shell so how many electrons can the

fifth sixth and seventh shells take

see if you can work it

[Music]

out in the next video we will see how

the electrons in the outer shell are the

most important

ones they tell the element how to behave

that is what properties it will have

such as color hardness electrical

conductivity and so

on they also tell the atom how it will

join with other atoms and how many to

join

with the outer electrons are called the

veence electrons and they're really

cool