Trận Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa - Tóm tắt lịch sử Việt Nam - EZ Sử

EZ Sử

11 Aug 202312:20

Summary

TLDRThis video discusses the historic battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa in 1789, a major victory of Đại Việt (Vietnam) against the Qing dynasty’s invasion. The battle occurred in a chaotic time when internal strife divided the country, with the Tây Sơn brothers leading a rebellion against the ruling powers. Quang Trung, one of the Tây Sơn leaders, decisively defeated the Qing forces in just six days, ensuring Vietnam's independence. The video highlights the strategies, the role of war elephants, and Quang Trung’s remarkable leadership in the fight to protect the nation.

Takeaways

💥 The Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa battle in 1789 was a decisive victory for Đại Việt over the Qing dynasty during a time of political chaos.
🔗 The Lê Trung Hưng dynasty existed in name only, with real power in Đàng Ngoài controlled by the Trịnh Lords, while Đàng Trong was under Nguyễn Lords.
⚔️ In 1771, the Tây Sơn brothers revolted against the Nguyễn Lords in Đàng Trong, eventually overthrowing them by 1783.
🏰 Nguyễn Huệ, one of the Tây Sơn brothers, successfully marched to the north to eliminate the Trịnh Lords in 1786, but later conflicts with Nguyễn Ánh forced him to focus on the south.
📜 The Qing dynasty intervened in 1788, supporting Lê Chiêu Thống's attempt to regain power, sending 290,000 troops into Đại Việt.
🎯 Nguyễn Huệ, later crowned Emperor Quang Trung, launched a surprise attack on the Qing army during Tết (Lunar New Year), defeating them within six days.
🐘 The Tây Sơn army, using war elephants and strategic ambushes, overwhelmed Qing forces in key battles such as Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa.
🌊 Despite the Qing army's initial numerical advantage, their disorganization and underestimation of Quang Trung's tactics led to heavy losses.
🏅 The victory at Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa crushed Qing ambitions in Đại Việt and secured Vietnamese independence, marking a pivotal moment in the nation's history.
🕊️ After the battle, Quang Trung ordered respectful treatment of Qing prisoners and honored the fallen, reinforcing his legacy as a strategic and compassionate leader.

Q & A

What was the significance of the Battle of Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa in 1789?
-The Battle of Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa in 1789 was significant because it marked the victory of the Tây Sơn army, led by Nguyễn Huệ (later known as Emperor Quang Trung), over the invading Qing forces, protecting Vietnam's independence and ending the political ambitions of the Lê dynasty.
What were the political conditions in Vietnam prior to the battle?
-Before the battle, Vietnam was divided into two regions: Đàng Ngoài, ruled nominally by the Lê dynasty but effectively controlled by the Trịnh lords, and Đàng Trong, governed by the Nguyễn lords. The Tây Sơn brothers, led by Nguyễn Nhạc, had risen against the Nguyễn lords in Đàng Trong, creating further instability.
Who were the Tây Sơn brothers, and what role did they play in Vietnamese history?
-The Tây Sơn brothers—Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ—were leaders of the Tây Sơn rebellion, which began as an uprising against the Nguyễn lords in southern Vietnam. They later overthrew both the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords, unified the country, and defeated foreign invaders, such as the Qing dynasty, with Nguyễn Huệ becoming Emperor Quang Trung.
How did Nguyễn Huệ prepare for the campaign against the Qing army?
-Nguyễn Huệ, after hearing about the Qing invasion, declared himself Emperor Quang Trung and quickly mobilized his troops. He conducted a ceremony at the Nam Giao altar, proclaimed his leadership, and led his army northward in a surprise attack during the Lunar New Year to defeat the Qing forces.
What led to the Qing army’s invasion of Vietnam?
-The Qing army invaded Vietnam after Lê Chiêu Thống, the last emperor of the Lê dynasty, sought their support to restore his rule. He appealed to the Qing Emperor Qianlong, who sent a large army under Tôn Sĩ Nghị to reinstall him as the ruler of Vietnam.
What tactics did the Tây Sơn army use to defeat the Qing forces at Ngọc Hồi?
-The Tây Sơn army, led by Quang Trung, used a combination of psychological warfare, surprise attacks, and tactical ingenuity. For example, they used large shields made of straw and mud to protect their soldiers from enemy fire, and coordinated a multi-pronged attack on different Qing outposts, including Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa, to overwhelm the enemy.
What was the outcome of the battle for the Qing army and Lê Chiêu Thống?
-The Qing army suffered a devastating defeat, with thousands of soldiers killed or captured. Tôn Sĩ Nghị, the Qing commander, fled back to China. Lê Chiêu Thống also fled into exile in China, ending his attempts to reclaim the throne of Vietnam.
How did the victory at Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa impact the Tây Sơn dynasty?
-The victory at Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa solidified the Tây Sơn dynasty's control over Vietnam and marked the height of Nguyễn Huệ's power as Emperor Quang Trung. It also ended the threat of Qing invasion and secured Vietnam's independence.
What happened to the Qing prisoners after the battle?
-After the battle, Emperor Quang Trung ordered the humane treatment of Qing prisoners, ensuring they were fed and cared for. He also held memorial services for the dead Qing soldiers, showing a level of magnanimity and respect towards his defeated enemies.
What was the significance of the 'Gò Đống Đa' in Vietnamese history?
-The 'Gò Đống Đa' refers to the burial mounds created after the Battle of Đống Đa, where many Qing soldiers were buried. These mounds became a historical landmark commemorating the victory of the Tây Sơn army and a symbol of Vietnam’s resistance against foreign invaders.

Outlines

00:00

⚔️ The Rise of Tây Sơn and Turbulence in Đại Việt (1771-1787)

This paragraph delves into the chaotic state of Đại Việt in the late 18th century, highlighting the internal struggles between the ruling Lê dynasty and the powerful Trịnh lords in the north, as well as the Nguyễn lords in the south. It describes the Tây Sơn rebellion, led by the three brothers starting in 1771, which sought to overthrow the Nguyễn regime. Nguyễn Nhạc successfully took over and declared himself emperor in 1783, while Nguyễn Huệ marched north to defeat the Trịnh lords, symbolizing the Tây Sơn's growing influence. However, internal conflicts between the Tây Sơn brothers arose as Nguyễn Huệ clashed with Nguyễn Nhạc.

05:00

🛡️ Qing Intervention and Nguyễn Huệ’s Northern Campaign (1787-1788)

In this section, we learn about the escalating conflict in Đại Việt as Nguyễn Huệ consolidates power in the south. Lê Chiêu Thống, the figurehead king in the north, seeks help from Qing China to regain control. Qing emperor Qianlong sends General Tôn Sĩ Nghị with a massive army of 290,000 to restore Lê Chiêu Thống to power. The Chinese army is divided into three fronts, advancing through different regions of Đại Việt, which poses a serious threat to the Tây Sơn forces. Despite the formidable invasion, the Tây Sơn prepare for strategic withdrawal to regroup for a counterattack.

10:02

🐘 Tây Sơn’s Strategic Retaliation and Nguyễn Huệ’s Ascent to Emperor

This paragraph discusses how Nguyễn Huệ prepares for a decisive confrontation with the Qing army. After being notified of the Qing's advance, he ascends to the throne, proclaiming himself Emperor Quang Trung in November 1788. He gathers his forces and begins a rapid march northward. Nguyễn Huệ splits his army into five divisions, with a strategic plan to attack the Qing from multiple directions. Meanwhile, the Qing forces remain overconfident, leading to their downfall. Nguyễn Huệ’s mobilization is not only militaristic but symbolic as he performs a grand ceremony to legitimize his rule before launching the campaign.

💥 The Battle of Ngọc Hồi – Quang Trung’s Triumph (January 1789)

The final section describes the Battle of Ngọc Hồi, one of the most crucial moments in Vietnamese history. Nguyễn Huệ's Tây Sơn army launches a surprise attack on the Qing forces at Ngọc Hồi, using war elephants and tactical innovations such as large bamboo shields to block Qing artillery. Despite the initial resistance, Quang Trung’s forces overpower the Qing army, breaking their ranks and forcing them to retreat. The Qing soldiers suffer heavy casualties, and General Tôn Sĩ Nghị flees across the border, leaving behind Lê Chiêu Thống. Within just six days, Quang Trung decisively defeats the Qing, securing Đại Việt’s independence.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa Battle

The Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa Battle refers to the pivotal conflict in 1789 between the Tây Sơn forces led by Nguyễn Huệ (later known as Emperor Quang Trung) and the invading Qing Dynasty troops supporting Lê Chiêu Thống. This battle was significant in repelling the Qing army and solidifying Nguyễn Huệ’s position as a national hero who defended Vietnamese independence. The video emphasizes how this victory ended external interference and marked the culmination of the Tây Sơn uprising.

💡Tây Sơn Uprising

The Tây Sơn Uprising began in 1771 as a rebellion led by three brothers, including Nguyễn Huệ, against the ruling Nguyễn lords in southern Vietnam. The uprising expanded into a larger movement against both the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords, as well as external powers like the Qing Dynasty. The Tây Sơn’s success, particularly the defeat of the Qing at Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa, led to their prominence in Vietnamese history. This concept is central to the video as it highlights their role in restoring order and national sovereignty.

💡Lê Chiêu Thống

Lê Chiêu Thống was the last emperor of the Lê Dynasty, who sought help from the Qing Dynasty in China to regain power after being overthrown by the Tây Sơn forces. His collaboration with foreign invaders made him a controversial figure, portrayed negatively in the video as he invited external forces to intervene in Vietnam. This event contrasts Nguyễn Huệ’s nationalist stance, emphasizing the importance of self-reliance in maintaining independence.

💡Qing Dynasty Invasion

The Qing Dynasty’s invasion of Vietnam in 1788-1789 was an attempt to restore the Lê Dynasty by reinstalling Lê Chiêu Thống. The video describes how the Qing forces, led by Tôn Sĩ Nghị, were decisively defeated by Nguyễn Huệ’s tactical brilliance at the Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa Battle. The invasion represents foreign interference and highlights Vietnam's historical struggles for sovereignty.

💡Nguyễn Huệ (Quang Trung)

Nguyễn Huệ, later known as Emperor Quang Trung, was a military leader of the Tây Sơn Dynasty and one of Vietnam’s greatest national heroes. His leadership in defeating the Qing Dynasty in the 1789 Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa Battle is a focal point of the video, showcasing his tactical genius and his role in defending Vietnamese independence. His coronation as Emperor Quang Trung after this victory symbolizes a new era for Vietnam, free from external control.

💡Phú Xuân

Phú Xuân, now known as Huế, was the capital of the Tây Sơn Dynasty and a key location in Nguyễn Huệ’s military campaigns. After defeating the Nguyễn forces in the south, Nguyễn Huệ used Phú Xuân as a strategic base to launch his northern campaign against the Qing army and Lê Chiêu Thống’s forces. The video mentions Phú Xuân as a central hub for the Tây Sơn military and political efforts.

💡Tôn Sĩ Nghị

Tôn Sĩ Nghị was the Qing general tasked with leading the invasion of Vietnam to support Lê Chiêu Thống. His overconfidence and failure to adequately prepare for Nguyễn Huệ’s counterattack at Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa led to a devastating defeat for the Qing army. The video portrays him as a symbol of the failure of external powers to dominate Vietnam, emphasizing the theme of Vietnamese resilience.

💡Tam Điệp

Tam Điệp is a mountain range where Nguyễn Huệ and his Tây Sơn forces regrouped and planned their counteroffensive against the Qing invaders. This location was strategically important for launching the surprise attacks that eventually led to the victory at Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa. The video underscores the importance of strategic planning and geographical advantage in military success.

💡Lục Đầu River

The Lục Đầu River is a key geographical feature in the northern region of Vietnam, and it played an important role in the Tây Sơn army’s strategy during their campaign against the Qing Dynasty. In the video, it is mentioned as a critical location where the Tây Sơn forces, led by Đô Đốc Tuyết, launched attacks to disrupt Qing reinforcements and supply lines, helping to ensure the overall victory.

💡Khương Thượng

Khương Thượng is the site of one of the decisive battles in the campaign, where the Tây Sơn forces, led by Đô Đốc Long, attacked and defeated Qing troops commanded by Sầm Nghi Đống. The overwhelming defeat of Qing forces here, including Sầm Nghi Đống's suicide, was a turning point in the campaign. This battle is closely linked to the eventual defeat of Tôn Sĩ Nghị’s main force at Ngọc Hồi and is highlighted in the video as a crucial victory for Vietnamese independence.

Highlights

The video discusses the famous Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa battle in 1789, a significant event in Đại Việt's history.

In the late 18th century, Đại Việt was in chaos under the Lê Trung Hưng dynasty, with the Trịnh lords in control in the north and the Nguyễn lords in the south.

The Tây Sơn uprising began in 1771, with the three Tây Sơn brothers leading the revolt against the Nguyễn lords in the south.

By 1783, Nguyễn Nhạc, one of the Tây Sơn brothers, overthrew the Nguyễn lords in the south, declaring himself emperor in Quy Nhơn.

Nguyễn Huệ, another Tây Sơn leader, led forces to capture Phú Xuân (present-day Huế) and then marched north to defeat the Trịnh lords in 1786.

Internal conflict arose between Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ, with Nguyễn Huệ emerging victorious in 1787 but agreeing to a peace settlement with his elder brother.

In 1788, Nguyễn Huệ launched a second campaign to the north, defeating the corrupt Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh and securing power in Thăng Long (Hanoi).

Lê Chiêu Thống, the puppet emperor, fled to China to seek military support from the Qing dynasty.

In 1788, the Qing emperor sent General Tôn Sĩ Nghị with 290,000 troops to invade Đại Việt and reinstate Lê Chiêu Thống.

Nguyễn Huệ, now Emperor Quang Trung, quickly mobilized his forces and launched a counterattack during the Tết holiday in 1789.

Quang Trung’s strategic brilliance involved dividing his army into five divisions, each attacking from different directions to surprise the Qing forces.

On the 5th day of the lunar new year, Quang Trung’s forces defeated the Qing army in the decisive battle at Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa, forcing General Tôn Sĩ Nghị to flee.

The victory at Ngọc Hồi – Đống Đa marked the end of Qing ambitions in Đại Việt and secured the independence of the nation.

The Qing army suffered massive casualties, with many soldiers buried in mass graves, later commemorated as Đống Đa mounds.

Quang Trung's victory is remembered as one of the greatest military triumphs in Vietnamese history, symbolizing national pride and resistance to foreign invaders.