Constitutional 3 pptx

Summary

The transcript covers the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, focusing on Charles II's reign, known for its leniency and his love of theater, earning him the nickname 'The Merry Monarch.' It delves into religious tensions, the Test Act, and the eventual succession crisis with Charles’ brother, James II, a Catholic. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 followed, leading to William and Mary's rule and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The long-term political impacts, such as the rise of modern political parties and lasting religious divisions, are also discussed.

Takeaways

• 😀 The English Restoration began in 1660, with Charles II returning as the 'Merry Monarch' after the Cromwell-led Commonwealth period.
• 🎄 The public was eager for the monarchy's return, partly due to a desire for the return of holidays and enjoyment, including Christmas.
• ⚖️ Charles II restored stability and avoided revenge, only punishing those who signed his father's death warrant.
• 😇 Religious tensions remained high, leading to the Test Act of 1661, which barred Catholics and Puritans from holding public office.
• 📜 The Titus Oates conspiracy, known as the Popish Plot, reflected the paranoia about Catholics, even though it was largely fabricated.
• 👑 Charles II had no legitimate children, making his Catholic brother James the heir, leading to the Exclusion Crisis of 1679.
• 🚩 The political division during this time led to the emergence of two factions: the Tories (pro-monarchy) and the Whigs (pro-parliament).
• 🤝 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in James II's abdication and the ascension of William of Orange and Mary, marking a shift toward constitutional monarchy.
• 📜 The English Bill of Rights established parliamentary supremacy, guaranteeing Parliament’s rights to regular meetings, free elections, and control over taxation.
• 🔒 The standing army could only exist with parliamentary consent, a practice that continues in Britain today.

Q & A

What was the significance of the restoration of the monarchy in 1660?

The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 marked the end of the Commonwealth and Cromwell's strict Puritan rule. It brought Charles II to power, a period known for restoring Christmas and more festive, relaxed public life, earning Charles the nickname 'the merry monarch.'

What was the Test Act of 1661, and why was it introduced?

The Test Act of 1661 was introduced to exclude Catholics and Puritans from holding public office by requiring individuals to take Anglican communion. It reflected the strong religious tensions of the time and the Anglican desire to prevent non-Anglicans from gaining power.

What was the 'Popeish Plot,' and how did it relate to religious paranoia in England?

The 'Popeish Plot' was a conspiracy theory that falsely claimed Catholics were planning to take over the government. Although unfounded, it highlighted the intense religious paranoia of the time, particularly against Catholics.

Why did Charles II refuse to divorce Queen Catherine, despite pressure to do so?

Although Charles II had no legitimate children with Queen Catherine, he refused to divorce her, remaining loyal in this one respect despite his many affairs. His refusal prevented the royal line from continuing through him, leaving his Catholic brother James as his successor.

Who were the Tories and Whigs, and how did they form?

The Tories were supporters of a strong monarchy and tradition, while the Whigs opposed absolutism and favored parliamentary control. These factions formed during the exclusion crisis over whether James, a Catholic, should succeed Charles II, eventually evolving into modern political parties.

Why was James II’s Catholicism a major issue for the English public?

James II's Catholicism was problematic because England had not had a Catholic monarch since Queen Mary I. His promotion of Catholics to high positions and fears of a Catholic dynasty sparked widespread opposition, contributing to the Glorious Revolution.

What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the overthrow of James II and the ascension of William and Mary to the throne. It marked a shift to constitutional monarchy, limiting royal power and establishing Parliament’s authority, which was codified in the Bill of Rights.

What is the historical importance of the Bill of Rights enacted after the Glorious Revolution?

The Bill of Rights, enacted after the Glorious Revolution, established Parliament’s rights in relation to the monarchy, including regular meetings, free speech, and control over taxes. It laid the foundation for modern constitutional monarchy in England.

How did the battle of the Boyne in 1690 impact James II’s chances of reclaiming the throne?

The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 saw William III defeat James II's forces, effectively ending James’s hopes of regaining the English throne. It solidified Protestant rule and is still remembered today, especially in Northern Ireland, where it fuels ongoing religious tensions.

What was the Act of Union in 1707, and why did it occur?

The Act of Union in 1707 united Scotland and England into a single entity, the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It was largely motivated by Scotland’s financial difficulties, with the English agreeing to pay off Scottish debts in exchange for political union.

Outlines

00:00

👑 The Restoration of the English Monarchy

After the rigid control of Cromwell and the Commonwealth, England was ready for change. The monarchy was restored in 1660 with Charles II, son of Charles I, being welcomed back. Known as the 'Merry Monarch,' Charles II avoided harsh revenge, allowed many of his father's executioners to flee, and enjoyed a period of relative peace. However, religious tensions remained, leading to the Test Act of 1661, which excluded Catholics and Puritans from public office.

05:02

⚔️ Emergence of Political Factions: Tories and Whigs

The exclusion crisis of 1679 highlighted the division into two political factions: Tories and Whigs. Tories, who supported a strong monarchy and traditional values, accepted James II despite his Catholicism. Whigs, descendants of the parliamentary power movement, wanted to exclude James from succession and curtail monarchical power. These factions eventually evolved into modern political parties.

10:02

👶 The Birth of James and the Glorious Revolution

James II's ascension in 1685 led to increasing unrest due to his Catholicism and the promotion of Catholics to high offices. The crisis peaked when his second wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son in 1688, raising fears of a Catholic dynasty. This led to the Glorious Revolution, where William of Orange and Mary were invited to invade, resulting in James II fleeing to France and the establishment of William and Mary as co-monarchs.

15:04

📜 The Bill of Rights and Constitutional Monarchy

The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in 1688. The Bill of Rights ensured parliamentary supremacy, regular elections, and limits on royal power. This document, part of England's unwritten constitution, emphasized the rights of Parliament and laid the foundation for modern British governance, echoing principles later adopted in the American Bill of Rights.

20:06

📝 Philosophical Legacy and Future Implications

The period of the Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights influenced philosophers like John Locke, whose ideas on government power and revolution were positive and inspirational. Locke's writings would later significantly influence the American revolutionaries. The discussion sets the stage for exploring these philosophers and their impact on modern political thought.

Keywords

💡Restoration

The Restoration refers to the return of the monarchy in England in 1660, following the collapse of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. Charles II, the son of the executed Charles I, was invited back to rule, marking the end of the Puritan-dominated republic. This event reestablished the monarchy, and the people welcomed it, eager for a return to traditional celebrations and governance.

💡Test Act

The Test Act, passed in 1661, was a law that required all holders of public office in England to take communion in the Anglican Church. This effectively excluded Catholics and Puritans from public service, reflecting the deep religious divisions of the time. It was a reaction to the fears of religious extremism following the Commonwealth era and Cromwell’s strict rule.

💡Tories

The Tories were a political faction in England that emerged during the Exclusion Crisis of 1679. They supported the succession of James II despite his Catholicism, prioritizing tradition, monarchy, and divine right. Over time, the Tories evolved into the modern Conservative Party, focusing on maintaining a strong monarchy and upholding the Anglican Church.

💡Whigs

The Whigs were the political faction opposed to the Tories, advocating for limiting royal power and preventing the Catholic James II from ascending the throne. They supported parliamentary authority and were more progressive in their stance on governance. The Whigs played a critical role in the development of constitutional monarchy and evolved into a key political force in later British history.

💡Exclusion Crisis

The Exclusion Crisis (1679–1681) was a political conflict over whether James II, a Catholic, should be excluded from the line of succession. It led to the formation of two major political factions, the Tories and the Whigs. This crisis was pivotal in shaping the future of British politics, leading to a constitutional monarchy and the establishment of political parties.

💡Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the overthrow of King James II, a Catholic monarch, and his replacement by the Protestant rulers William of Orange and his wife Mary. This event marked the end of any hopes for a Catholic monarchy in England and solidified the country’s path toward a constitutional monarchy with parliamentary supremacy. It is called 'glorious' because it occurred with little violence.

💡Constitutional Monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or legislative body. In England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 helped establish this system, where Parliament gained more authority and the monarchy was required to follow the rules set by law. William and Mary’s rule exemplified this shift in power.

💡Bill of Rights (1689)

The Bill of Rights, passed in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution, established key principles of governance, including parliamentary authority, regular elections, and free speech within Parliament. It limited the powers of the monarchy, ensured that the monarch could not rule without Parliament, and enshrined the rights of English citizens. This document laid the foundation for modern democratic governance in Britain.

💡William of Orange

William of Orange, a Dutch prince, was invited to take the English throne in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution. Along with his wife, Mary, he became a Protestant ruler in place of the Catholic James II. William’s role in securing Protestant dominance in England and curbing absolutist tendencies was a turning point in British history, shaping the future of constitutional monarchy.

💡Jacobites

Jacobites were supporters of the deposed King James II and his descendants, who sought to restore the Stuart line to the British throne. Their efforts culminated in several failed uprisings, most notably in 1715 and 1745. The term 'Jacobite' comes from the Latin name for James (Jacobus), and their movement persisted well into the 18th century, especially among Catholic and Scottish supporters.

Highlights

The restoration of the monarchy in England occurred in 1660 when Charles II, son of Charles I, returned to power, marking the end of Cromwell's Commonwealth.

Charles II, known as the 'Merry Monarch,' avoided harsh revenge against those who had signed his father's death warrant, with only a few being pursued.

The Test Act of 1661 was enacted, requiring all officeholders to take communion in an Anglican Church, effectively excluding Catholics and Puritans from public office.

The Titus Oates conspiracy, known as the Popish Plot, heightened tensions in England by alleging Catholic plots to overthrow the government.

Charles II's refusal to divorce his wife, Catherine of Braganza, despite pressure to secure an heir, led to his Catholic brother, James, becoming his successor.

James II’s Catholic faith sparked the Exclusion Crisis, dividing English political factions into Tories, who supported his succession, and Whigs, who opposed it.

The rise of political parties in England began with the Tories supporting traditional monarchy and the Whigs advocating parliamentary power.

Mary, James II’s Protestant daughter, was married to William of Orange, setting the stage for their eventual succession to the throne.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw William of Orange and Mary invited to take the throne, leading to James II’s exile and the establishment of a Protestant monarchy.

The Glorious Revolution firmly established England as a constitutional monarchy, where royal power was limited by Parliament.

The Bill of Rights of 1689 was a key document solidifying Parliament's rights, such as the right to regular sessions, free speech, and control over taxes.

The fear of a standing army without parliamentary consent was a major concern, leading to yearly parliamentary approval for the military’s existence.

The phrase 'no cruel or unusual punishments' first appeared in the English Bill of Rights, addressing abuses under earlier monarchs.

The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 ended James II's hopes of regaining the throne, with his defeat by William III solidifying Protestant dominance in England and Ireland.

The Act of Union in 1707 unified England and Scotland, creating the United Kingdom and marking a significant shift in British governance.

Transcripts

welcome back to AP Euro and that welcome

back will be appropriate for our story

here because England's about to welcome

back the monarchy after the years of the

appearance in Commonwealth the rigid

control or the Puritan Lieutenant

generals cromwell's Iron Fist on the the

throat of the country as some people

would describe it the people were ready

for a change they wanted Christmas back

they wanted partying back they want to

enjoy their lives again so after the

death of Cromwell and his son's kind of

failure to control things many leaders

in the country turned to the stewards

again and to restoring the monarchy in

1660 Charles the son of Charles the

first was welcome back to the country

with open arms by most people and we've

seen the monarchy restored the

restoration happens in 1660. Charles

will come in and generally be pretty

well lacking in Revenge he'll only

basically go after people who had signed

his father's death warrant even there he

wasn't super like intense about it and

more than a few were allowed flee the

country but Charles will always be kind

of an easy going happy guy I love the

theater he loved to party and because

that will be known as the merry monarch

under him most of the issues that had

blown up under his father will calm back

down but they're not going to completely

go away

Charles himself was pretty easy going on

religion himself was not very religious

but he was surrounded by people who were

still pretty riled up over religious

issues we maybe past the wars of

religion but we're just past the words

of religion so religion's still a really

big issue here

for anglicans who've been kind of

Knocked around during this time period

they were all about excluding both

Catholics and calvinist Puritan types

from any sort of public office again

they look back at the rule of Lieutenant

generals they wanted nothing to do with

that so they got the king to go along

with the thing called the test act in

1661 and literally to hold any office in

the government any office at all you had

to take communion in an Anglican Church

they knew that Catholics and Puritans

wouldn't do it so that would exclude

them from public office it's a sign of

the paranoia of the times another sign

was the famous Titus Oates conspiracy

known as the popeish plot where there

was this sort of conspiracy theory that

blew up that was really far-fetched

about evil Catholics in the government

and so forth I just decided how tense

people were over the religious issue it

went nowhere but was wrapped up in the

issue of the test Act

do note this won't be repealed until

1828 showing how long these religious

bigotries are going to hang around well

into the 19th or even 20th centuries in

some ways even to the 21st

Charles gently got along pretty well as

Monarch things went pretty smoothly for

the most part well at least in terms of

government power this is not super

smooth at one point the whole city of

London burned down they had a big

outbreak of the plague so yeah there

were some problems but there was no more

Civil Wars the big problem for Charles

was the issue of the succession

Charles and his wife Queen Catherine of

baganza was from Portugal didn't have

any children now Charles had children

many children by many Mistresses so it

was clear that he was pretty fertile and

so people said Charles you need to get

rid of Catherine and get a new Queen and

have some kids so you have the proper

royal succession but Charles who cheat

on his wife constantly and this one way

was loyal to her he refused to set her

aside or divorce her like Henry VII had

done to you know his wives and so forth

so Charles refused to do that to her and

that meant that Charles's Heir was going

to be his brother James oh Catherine's

also notable for another thing coming

from Portugal she brought with her a

thing that had become big in Portugal

which was drinking tea especially in a

ritualized kind of way she's the one

introduces tea drinking to Britain and

it becomes of course the big fashion

there

so Charles having no legitimate children

of his own his brother James was his

successor that was a problem because

during his time in Exile James had

become a Catholic for the passing the

test act he actually resigned as admiral

of the Navy because he couldn't hold

that office well this led to a big issue

Catholic Monarch we haven't had that

since Queen Mary the first way back in

Tudor days people were like oh no so

this led to the exclusion crisis of 1679

should James be excluded from the

succession this led to a division into

two factions that are going to be

important for the future really what's

important in this Slaughter not the

exclusion crisis is what evolved from it

on the one hand you had those who held

up the idea that James should succeed

because well the stewards of the ruling

Dynasty divine right and all that these

people became known as the Tories Tories

supported the idea of a strong monarchy

they were also interestingly supporters

of high church and located there were no

fans of Catholicism but for the most

part they wanted to go with tradition

they were like say fairly conservative

and they're going to be around a long

time as it turns out Tories by the way

was originally a nickname for Bandits up

in northern England somewhere so it was

originally a slur but they took it on as

a badge of honor

on the other side were the wigs wigs

were those who wanted to reign in the

monarchy they didn't like Catholicism

but they also didn't like a strong

monarchy and they saw this as a chance

to basically keep the Kings under

control the Whigs were kind of

descendants of the idea of parliament

being very strong so the wigs are led by

Nobles but they're all about

parliamentary power and they want to

exclude James from the succession these

will revolve eventually into the first

two modern political parties in The Next

Century the Tories are still around as

the conservative party of England which

is the oldest political party in the

world so kind of a big deal here comes

modern politics For Better or Worse

in the end the reason why many Tories

are willing to accept James despite his

Catholicism was not because they were

sympathetic with Catholicism but because

of James's own complicated family

James's first wife was Anne Hyde this

was back when James was a Protestant and

she was a Protestant that marriage had

produced two daughters Mary and Anne

they were both Protestants Mary was

currently over in the Netherlands she

was married to a guy named William of

Orange descended from William the silent

leader of the Protestant cause fighting

against Louis XIV on the continent so

Mary was at this point James's Heir and

they were okay with that so we put up

with James for a few years and then

we'll get Mary a strong a Protestant

it's all going to be okay

and this shows Mary the daughter with

William Prince of orange who was also

himself by the way a descendant of the

stewards he was Mary's first cousin yeah

another one of those first cousin

marriages anyway because William was so

strong in fighting Louis XIV such a

strong champion of protestantism the

Assumption was these two would come to

the throne and everything was going to

be okay after James so that's what

people were thinking

and James does come to the throne in

1685 the death of Charles II who appears

to by the way have sneakily become a

Catholic on his deathbed there's some

debate about that anyway James now

becomes the last Catholic monarch of

England in 1685. it's not going to go

well he doesn't die in 1688 as we're

about to see

James will probably proved to be the

most stubborn and inept at the stewards

and that is saying something he merely

began to play on everybody's worst fears

he began to promote Catholics to high

office Catholic Nobles and Catholic

clergy even foreign clergy men were put

in positions of importance in James's

government this appalled the English who

weren't Catholic the great majority of

all Stripes Tories and Whigs are both

upset at the behavior of James and for

the most part they're going along with

it but increasing resistance is building

then comes the most important crisis of

all

now when James was away in France and

Exile he had remarried because anheit

had died he married Miriam Modena a

Catholic they had no children the

Assumption was she was infertile so at

the very least we put up with James for

a while still hopefully all this will

blow over then comes word in 1688 the

Miriam of Modena is pregnant people are

like what they've been married for years

no children where did this come from

conspiracy theories flew all over the

place the great question would be what

happens when the baby is born if you

know anything about how the royal

succession used to work in England until

very recently yes the oldest child

succeeds and it can be a girl but not if

there's a boy in the line of succession

boys always moved ahead of girls in the

line of succession right now we have two

daughters Mary and Ian the line of

succession that the baby's a daughter

she be third in the line we're okay but

if it's a boy oh no and guess what it's

a boy also named James because they're

so original anyway James was born in

1688 and now we have a real mess here's

the potential for a long Catholic

Dynasty building because James

who's ahead of his half-sisters

soon right away really conspiracy

theories flew that this baby wasn't

really legitimate there was a theory

that the baby had been smuggled into the

palace in a warming pan Which you would

use with the coals to warm up your bed

before you went to bed

all this is not true Witnesses make it

clear the baby was her baby and was born

to her but anyway this conspiracy became

a useful way to justify not seeing this

James as the heir to the throne the 68

then sees a giant blow up of the ruling

Elite of England coming together to say

we've had enough of James II we don't

want a Catholic monarchy we don't want

the Catholics in charge I know that's

very bigoted on their part but it's the

way it was and so we see the Glorious

Revolution happen this is a really big

deal in British politics Glorious

Revolution is glorious because hardly

anybody gets killed unlike the English

Civil War instead the elites of England

Tory and a wig all come together to say

this isn't okay and they basically open

up the country to Invasion and ask

William of Orange and his wife Mary to

come in and invade the country and save

them from King James James seeing which

way the wind was blowing got on a little

boat and went off to France

that they gave the parliament then an

excuse to say he'd abandoned the crown

and give the crown to William and Mary

all this was legally dubious but it

showed that public opinion was strongly

behind William and Mary and a change in

the monarchy So Glorious Revolution to

see his last male Steward leave in the

form of James and a new Dynasty come in

with William of Orange and his wife Mary

and here's a lovely couple known to

history as William and Mary they were

pretty devoted to one another and pretty

successful ruling Duo keep in mind Mary

had the stronger claim to the throne but

technically that required the exclusion

of her brother James William came along

with his own claim as a cousin but

really he was falling on his wife's

coattails however because he was such a

staunch champion of protestantism people

were willing to accept that too but what

William and Mary's accession really

means is that the Nobles the leading

clergy the leading Gentry have all

agreed that there are going to be limits

on Royal power and they're not going to

allow any more movements toward

absolutism William and Mary will have to

agree to that to become monarchs and

they will establishing the idea once and

for all that England is a constitutional

monarchy that is the big thing to

remember about the Glorious Revolution

and you should try to remember the year

1688.

Parliament by which I mean the leaders

of the country the land of nobility the

landowning Gentry the clergy the upper

middle class they were determined to

protect their rights under this new

monarchy so they drew up essentially as

a contract between the monarchy and

Parliament known as the Bill of Rights

yes it's where our guys got the name

anyway the Bill of Rights is not quite

the same as the American Bill of Rights

it's not a list of specific individual

rights though some were included what it

primarily is is a contract that says the

Monarch recognizes these rights of

parliament it is one of the most

important documents in the English

government's Unwritten Constitution when

I say Unwritten it's not a single

document but many parts of it are in

fact documents this is one of the most

important but it primarily enumerates

are the rights of parliament to meet

regularly to have free speech to not be

interfered with by the monarchy all

those things that Parliament still holds

today and in fact more than ever are

based here in the Bill of Rights

so first and foremost the Bill of Rights

guaranteed parliament's rights vis-a-vis

the monarchy the right to meet regularly

the right to regular elections

non-interference Etc really the idea

that Parliament would be an independent

almost co-equal branch of government

it'll take a while for Parma to really

assert itself fully and Take Over

Control the government they'll take

about a century but that's the direction

we're headed in

some other important features are that

taxes now are going to be under

parliament's control no more taxing

without the consent of Parliament and

any tax bill would have to begin in the

House of Commons something echoed in our

own Constitution or any tax bill or

finance bill has to begin in the House

of Representatives

also the fear of standing army is now

thoroughly entrenched in British history

of course that had already been there

under the earlier King Charles now we

see it of course really looking back to

the time of the rule of Lieutenant

generals under Cromwell to this day to

this day in Britain the standing army

would have to disband if Parliament

didn't give its consent for it to exist

every year every year the parliament has

to pass a law to allow the Army to

continue to exist that is still true

dating back now several hundred years

the idea of the right to bear arms is

enshrined in there for Protestants only

for their protection against the

Catholic minority so the right to bear

arms First shows up here that whole

phrase in the Bill of Rights but it's

still very much wrapped up in the wars

of religion period it's reminiscent of

the way the huguenots have given the

right to bear arms by the Edict of naam

the phrase no cruel or unusual

punishments also shows up here for the

first time primarily focusing on the

abuse of the courts by King Charles back

in the day with the court of Star

Chamber because they're still pretty

cool and still pretty nasty a lot of

their punishments the death penalty

still was on the books for several

hundred different crimes

so overall we see the development here

of a true constitutional monarchy and

more or less an agreement on that

between the monarchs and Parliament that

has lasted to this day

King James wasn't quite done though he

got his nerve back over in France

bolstered by his cousin Louis XIV and he

came over to Ireland trying to raise the

Irish Catholics in 1690 held by the

French at the battle the Boeing though

his hopes were shot down literally by

William and a British Army that came

over and crushed him this is very

important battle will end any hopes

really James have for taking over the

throne in his lifetime but those who

kept hoping that the male stewards would

somehow take over the throne again in

Britain often Catholics become known as

jacobites it's from the Latin jacobusk

which is Latin for James so the

jacobites will be around for a long time

hoping to put the male stewards on the

throne of Great Britain they're never

going to pull it off though

this time period has long-term important

effects in Ireland where it's still a

very much living kind of issue

especially in Northern Ireland where

most of the Irish Protestants now live

there they still Revere William III and

they celebrate the defeat of the Irish

Catholics and James about the Boyne

every year by marching through Catholic

parts of places like Dublin wearing

orange the color of the Dutch and the

color of William III the orange men then

are Northern Irish Protestants who

celebrate their connection to Britain

and celebrate their defeated the

Catholics all of this causing a lot of

ire among the Catholic Irish majority so

some of these historic events while

they're hundreds of years old still echo

wildly through history

one last kind of PostScript to our

Stuart period is that William and Mary

Had No Children of their own either and

exactly Y is up for some historical

debate I won't go into that so when they

passed away the throne then went to the

last Stuart Monarch Queen Anne she by

the way had children a bunch of children

but she outlived all of them tragically

anyway she'll be the last of the Stuart

monarchs then we'll get the hanoverians

all those Georges that's for the future

anyway under Queen Anne we're going to

see the act of Union past that'll bring

Scotland and England fully together as a

single United Kingdom as literally was

called the United Kingdom is the correct

name for what we call Great Britain

Britain Etc Scotland joined out of

really desperation the Scots have gotten

themselves in debts the English said

will pay off your debts if you come and

join us and so that happened in 1707

what this did is to create a single

Parliament single law code single

currency Etc under the United monarchy

of Queen Anne from now on you can

correctly crawl this area Great Britain

or the United Kingdom

amalgamation of the various Flags will

produce of course the famous Union Jack

which is kind of evolves more even after

this but anyway the United Kingdom of

Great Britain at that point included

Scotland England and Wales later will

include Northern Ireland Ireland in

general which including yet another set

of red bars but uh Great Britain the

United Kingdom created by this time

period too we may in our own lifetimes

see this change in Scotland there's a

strong movement right now to secede from

the United Kingdom and go back to being

an independent land of Scotland to be a

republic this time probably rather than

a kingdom that may happen very well

because it brexit so we'll see you might

very well see the end of the United

Kingdom and the end of the Union Jack as

a flag happening in the near future

so again we see that constant question

of how the Nobles and the monarchs

interact in a country and it's on the

growing royal power in this case the

Nobles not only reign in the monarchy

but eventually in the long run they'll

take over running the country through

Parliament they were supported in that

by the landowning Gentry in particular

who really swung the balance of power

and favored the Nobles in parliament

against the monarchy so here we're going

to see a parliament that has a very

strong role in government eventually has

a total role in government with the

Monarch becoming just a figurehead has

Queen Elizabeth is today

and one last PostScript we're going to

look at some philosophers next week in

terms of government and government power

including Thomas Hobbes another one

we'll look at is John Locke lock lock is

from a later generation in Hobbes he has

very different experiences he comes from

the time of the Glorious Revolution he

was a supporter of the wig Nobles who

overthrew James II who passed a Bill of

Rights that created really a

constitutional monarchy in England for

Locke revolution had been a positive not

a negative so keep those things in mind

when you look at John Locke's writings

next week including the second trees on

government this is also going to be

important because Locke will be one of

the most important figures look back to

by the American revolutionaries not too

far off in the future now