We FINALLY Understand Why Tardigrades Refuse to Die
Summary
TLDRThe video explores the incredible resilience of tardigrades, tiny creatures that can survive extreme conditions like radiation, freezing, and vacuum. Scientists have discovered that proteins like TDPs and Dsup help these 'water bears' withstand such conditions by protecting their cells and DNA. Research suggests we might adapt these survival mechanisms to enhance human resilience, potentially aiding in space travel, medicine preservation, and radiation protection.
Takeaways
- 🐻 Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic creatures with extraordinary survival abilities.
- 🔬 They can withstand extreme conditions such as high radiation, extreme temperatures, and pressures.
- 🧊 Tardigrades can survive in temperatures as low as -270°C, where atomic movement almost entirely halts.
- 🌌 They have been exposed to space vacuum and cosmic radiation without significant harm.
- 🧬 The survival mechanism involves a process called cryptobiosis, where metabolic activity slows to an almost undetectable level.
- 🛡️ Tardigrades produce proteins known as tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs) that protect cellular structures under stress.
- 🧬 Another protective protein, Dsup, acts as a sacrificial barrier to shield DNA from radiation damage.
- 🔬 Scientists have successfully inserted genes responsible for producing TDPs into other organisms, like yeast and bacteria, to confer similar resilience.
- 🚀 Tardigrades' survival mechanisms could potentially be adapted for human use, such as protecting astronauts from cosmic radiation during space travel.
- 💊 Tardigrade proteins are being studied for applications in medicine, including improving the thermal stability of life-saving medicines.
- 🔮 The future may hold the possibility of using tardigrade-inspired adaptations to enhance human survival in extreme environments.
Q & A
What are tardigrades, and why are they considered elite survivalists?
-Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic organisms that are famous for their ability to survive extreme conditions. They can withstand being shot from a gun at 900 m/s, boiled at 150°C, frozen for over 30 years, and exposed to radiation and space vacuum without any apparent damage. Their resilience comes from unique biological adaptations.
How were tardigrades discovered, and why are they called 'water bears'?
-Tardigrades were first discovered in 1773 by German biologist Johann Goeze, who named them 'water bears' due to their slow, bear-like movement using eight stumpy legs. The name 'tardigrade' comes from the Latin 'tardigrada,' meaning 'slow walker,' given by Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1776.
What is cryptobiosis, and how does it relate to tardigrades?
-Cryptobiosis is a physiological state where metabolic activity in an organism slows to nearly undetectable levels. In this state, tardigrades enter a 'tun' form, shriveling up into a ball-like shape that allows them to survive extreme dehydration, freezing, and other harsh conditions. This state is key to their survival in extreme environments.
How do tardigrades protect themselves from extreme dehydration?
-When facing dehydration, tardigrades lose up to 97% of their water content and contract their bodies to minimize exposure to harmful conditions. At the molecular level, tardigrade-specific proteins (TDPs) form a glass-like matrix inside their cells, stabilizing cellular structures and preventing damage.
What is the significance of Tardigrade-Specific Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (TDPs)?
-TDPs are proteins that tardigrades produce during dehydration. Unlike typical proteins that fold into fixed shapes, TDPs remain disordered and later solidify into a glass-like structure. This helps protect the cell’s internal machinery from breaking due to extreme stress, including dehydration and temperature extremes.
How do tardigrades survive extreme radiation, which typically damages DNA?
-Tardigrades have unique DNA repair proteins like DSUP (Damage Suppressor) and TRD1. DSUP protects DNA by wrapping around it, reducing damage from radiation. TRD1 stabilizes chromosomes, helping to repair any damage caused by radiation. These mechanisms allow tardigrades to survive radiation doses far higher than humans can tolerate.
What potential applications could tardigrade biology have for humans?
-Research on tardigrades could lead to advances in human health and survival. For example, the proteins that help tardigrades survive dehydration might protect human cells, organs, or medicines during storage or transplant. Tardigrade DNA repair mechanisms could be used to help humans survive space radiation or prevent diseases like cancer.
Why do researchers think tardigrades evolved such extreme survival mechanisms?
-Some theories suggest tardigrades evolved their extreme resilience as an ancestral trait when Earth had more volatile conditions. Others believe it could be a byproduct of adaptations to survive in moss and lichen, which frequently dry out. These mechanisms also protect them from extreme temperatures and radiation.
How did experiments with yeast and bacteria confirm the importance of TDPs in tardigrade survival?
-Researchers introduced TDP-producing genes from tardigrades into yeast and bacteria, organisms that normally can't survive desiccation. The modified yeast and bacteria became capable of surviving extreme drying, proving that TDPs play a crucial role in protecting cells from dehydration.
Could tardigrades or their unique proteins be used in space exploration?
-Yes, tardigrades' extreme resilience, especially to radiation, could help astronauts survive long-term exposure to cosmic radiation on missions to the Moon, Mars, or deep space. Their DNA repair proteins might be integrated into human biology, or protective 'force field' technologies could be developed based on tardigrade research.
Outlines
🐻❄️ Tardigrades: The Ultimate Survivors
The paragraph introduces tardigrades, also known as water bears, as incredibly resilient microorganisms that can withstand extreme conditions. These tiny creatures have survived experiments involving high-speed projectiles, extreme temperatures, high pressure, and even exposure to cosmic radiation in space. The paragraph discusses the potential of adapting their survival mechanisms to benefit human biology, such as curing diseases like cancer, surviving in off-world habitats, and enduring deep space travel. It also delves into the history of tardigrades' discovery and their unique ability to enter a state called 'tun', which is a form of cryptobiosis where their metabolic activity slows dramatically, allowing them to survive conditions that would be lethal to most life forms.
🧬 Unlocking the Secrets of Tardigrade Survival
This section delves into the scientific research that has been conducted to understand how tardigrades can survive lethal doses of radiation, extreme dehydration, and cellular damage from ice crystal formation. It discusses the challenges that water poses to most organisms when subjected to freezing temperatures and how tardigrades have evolved to avoid these issues. The paragraph explains that tardigrades preemptively dehydrate themselves under extreme conditions, reducing the risk of ice crystal damage. It also introduces the discovery of a unique class of proteins, called tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs), which form a protective glass-like matrix inside the cells, preventing mechanical stress from causing cellular damage.
🛡️ Tardigrade Defenses Against Radiation and DNA Damage
The focus of this paragraph is on how tardigrades can survive extreme radiation levels that would be fatal to humans. It describes an experiment where tardigrades were exposed to gamma rays and then analyzed at the molecular level to understand their DNA repair mechanisms. The researchers found two key proteins, Dsup and Trd1, that play crucial roles in protecting and repairing DNA from radiation damage. Dsup acts as a sacrificial barrier around DNA strands, while Trd1 stabilizes chromosomes. The paragraph also discusses how these proteins were introduced into human cells, resulting in increased survival rates and reduced DNA damage when exposed to X-rays, indicating potential applications for human use.
🌌 Tardigrades: Evolutionary Marvels and Future Applications
The final paragraph explores the theories behind why tardigrades have evolved such extreme survival capabilities, suggesting that these traits may be ancestral or accidental byproducts of other adaptations. It also speculates on the future uses of tardigrade proteins, like TDPs and CACH proteins, in various fields. These proteins could potentially be used to protect organs during transplantation, stabilize medicines that require cold storage, and even develop a sunscreen based on a tardigrade species' ability to fluoresce and absorb UV radiation. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the potential of tardigrades to contribute to human health and exploration of space.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Tardigrades
💡Cryptobiosis
💡Desiccation
💡Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (TDPs)
💡Gamma Radiation
💡DNA Repair
💡Evolutionary Byproduct Theory
💡Ancestral Environment Theory
💡Space Exploration
💡Thermostability
💡Organ Transplantation
Highlights
Tardigrades are incredibly resilient microorganisms that can survive extreme conditions.
They have survived being shot from a gun at 900 m/s, extreme cold, boiling heat, and high pressures.
Tardigrades can survive in space and are resistant to cosmic radiation.
A recent study suggests that tardigrades' biology may help humans combat diseases like cancer.
Tardigrades could potentially enable humans to survive in off-world habitats with weak or no atmosphere.
They may also help humans travel into deep space by withstanding high levels of radiation.
Tardigrades can survive cryosleep, which could be applied to long-term space travel.
The German biologist Johan August Goldfuss first described tardigrades in 1773.
Tardigrades were named for their slow movement and ability to survive in water.
Louis dehar discovered tardigrades could survive extreme dehydration, entering a state called tun.
Tardigrades can enter a state of cryptobiosis, with their metabolism slowing to as low as 0.01% of normal.
Researchers found tardigrades can survive temperatures as low as -270°C.
Tardigrades can lose up to 97% of their total water content to prevent ice crystal formation.
A class of proteins called tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs) protect tardigrades' cells.
TDPs form a glass-like matrix that prevents mechanical stress from breaking cellular proteins.
Tardigrades can survive up to 4,000 Grays of radiation, far beyond the lethal dose for humans.
Dsup and Trd1 are proteins that help tardigrades repair DNA damage from radiation.
Researchers have successfully inserted tardigrade genes into other organisms to grant them similar resilience.
Tardigrades' unique proteins could be used to improve thermal stability in medicine and organ transplants.
Tardigrades may have evolved their extreme resilience as a byproduct of surviving common stressors like desiccation.
Tardigrades' ability to survive UV radiation could lead to new protective technologies for humans.
Transcripts
tter grades you know them you love them
and you couldn't kill one even if you
tried and believe me we have tried over
Decades of research we have subjected
tardigrades to some of the most extreme
conditions imaginable they've been shot
from a gun at 900 m/s they've survived
the coldest temperatures in the universe
being boiled at 150° Centigrade
subjected to pressures of 400 times that
of normal atmospheric pressure they've
been stored in a freezer for over 30
years and then finally fin were left in
space and blasted with Cosmic radiation
and none of this seems to have phased
them in the slightest the underlying
reason for why these adorable
microorganisms are just such Elite
survivalists comes inherent to their
biology but as of a study published last
month we finally think we know how
they're doing it and if the lessons
learned from it can be adapted into our
own biology they could stop us getting
diseases like cancer survive on
off-world habitats with weak or no
atmosphere like the moon or Mars enable
us to travel into deep space through the
universe's high levels of radiation and
maybe even let us survive cryosleep so
we can live out our true sci-fi future
fantasies tardigrades may just be the
best survivors on the planet but of
course the story of how we came to know
these microscopic super survivors is
just as fascinating as the extremes that
they've
endured in 1773 German biologist Johan
goz peered into a microscope and saw
something strange unlike other
microscopic animals he studied which
preferred to swim wriggle or beat their
all like fella to move around he saw a
small wrinkly creature making its way
across a micro algae using eight Stumpy
legs each tipped with tiny claws with a
deep sigh of German reverence and
foresight into the hearts and minds of
an Internet generation 300 years in the
future he announced he had just
discovered the water bear a name that
instantly indoctrinated this creature
into a place in all of our hearts a
creature so tiny it fits in between the
grooves of a fingerprint it wasn't until
3 years later in an act of unusually
poor branding for Italians that Abott
and biologist Lazaro fanari gave them
the more official tardigrada meaning
slow Walker based on their unusual
choice of moving around in 1842 Tarter
grades again caught the attention of
science as Louie deer a French zoologist
and agronomist began to run experiments
where he observed tardigrades being
actively adorable in their natural
environments moist mosses and lyans what
was strange was when he accidentally
underwatered the Tarter grad's habitat
one day and it dried out under the
warmth of the microscope lamp he watched
as the tardigrades actively slowed to a
crawl as if moving in suspended
animation he came back a few hours later
and swore that his test subjects had
disappeared panning around frantically
the micro environment he realized it was
now covered instead in small dark debris
The Remains he assumed of the
tardigrades repeating the experimental
conditions as the second sample dried
out deer observed his tardigrade family
slowly transform from inquisitive water
bears into shriveled desiccated balls a
phrase you should never utter on the
internet in this state later called a
ton all movement stopped the creatures
seemed utterly dead but when doer left a
sample to rehydrate in the room
something remarkable happened the
tardigrades slowly stirred back to life
something impossible for normal
organisms or cells as extreme
dehydration leads to cell collapse
breaking the internal Machinery of a
cell usually Beyond repair doer however
found that he could keep his tardra
suspended for between a few days up to
several months and could expose them to
hot cold high pressure and still
reliably they would pop back to life as
if nothing ever happened in his thesis
Memoir on the organization and natural
relationships of tardigrades which
sounds like a political Manifesto for
these tiny survivalists deer documents
one of the first ever cases of
cryptobiosis crypto meaning hidden and
biosis meaning life a physiological
state in which metabolic activity is
reduced to an almost undetectable level
the world's smallest zombie jerky in
this state at gr's metabolism Slows
To as low as
0.01% of its normal rate that's 10,000
times slower to put that in perspective
if you usually consume 2,000 calories a
day this would represent a drop in your
caloric intake to 0.2 calories you would
be capable of surviving on about 1 tenth
of a McDonald's fry or about 10 grains
of rice per day but the question is
shriveling into a ton like some sort of
microscopic raisin is impressive in
itself but it hardly explains how
tardigrades can brush off lethal doses
of radiation extreme dehydration or the
cellular damage that should arise from
Ice Crystals forming within their cells
what is actually happening Beyond this
simple transformation before we answer
that question though I have to quickly
thank today's sponsor who is preventing
me from slowly transforming into my own
ton state after so many hours at a desk
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lower back now back to the
video in a 2017 study led by Thomas
boothby and his team at the University
of North Carolina researchers were
determined to get to the bottom of how
Tarter grades were surviving in extreme
temperatures and conditions that would
prove fatal to basically all other forms
of life on the planet when we expose
organisms to extreme environments like
the vacuum of space or Ultra cold
temperatures water becomes a major
problem water makes up 60 to 80% of most
organisms and it is the solvent that
enables life's Machinery to function but
at temperatures below freezing water
turns into a formidable enemy as water
freezes to ice it expands by about 9% if
ice forms inside of a cell it can
rupture the cell's membrane or damage
internal cellular structures low
temperatures can also make the lipid by
layer of the cell membrane brittle and
cause breaks in DNA as a result Nature
has evolved to avoid freezing at all
costs and while we can freeze and Thor
some individual cells such as
reproductive cells like eggs and sperm
with minimal damage to the
disappointment of all of the Walt
Disney's body is secretly Frozen beneath
Disneyland conspiracy theorists
unfortunately freezing entire bodies
still poses significant challenges
except in some very rare examples some
species have evolved antifreeze like
properties to survive the slightly less
adorable Antarctic toothfish the snow
flea and the wood frog use natural
antifreeze compounds to lower the
freezing point of their bodily fluids to
protect internal cellular structures but
these adaptations are limited to
temperatures just below freezing far
from the extremes and this is where
tardigrades really stand apart they
didn't just survive slightly Sub-Zero
conditions or mild dehyd ation in their
ton State these microscopic creatures
can survive down to temperatures as low
as - 270° c a range so cold that Atomic
movement almost entirely halts
researchers had previously found that as
a tardigrade encounters extreme
conditions it begins preemptively to
slowly dehydrate itself this process
isn't instantaneous by any means it can
take several hours but it means that the
tardigrade can lose 97% of its total
water content this significantly reduces
the likelihood of ice crystals damaging
cells while also Contracting the
grd's body to minimize its surface area
and exposure to the Hazardous
environment but that doesn't explain how
the tardigrade doesn't then succumb to
the cell collapse of extreme dehydration
boothby and his team were intrigued by
the idea that a hidden mechanism was
slowly allowing these tiny water bears
to cheat death they set out to solve
this puzzle starting by examining what
happens at the molecular level when
tardigrades enter their ton state to do
this they looked at the proteins being
produced in these extreme conditions and
what they found was unexpected rather
than typical proteins that fold neatly
into specific shapes they discovered a
class of proteins with no fixed
structure free floating like loose
threads inside the cell in normal
conditions these proteins seemed
reasonably unremarkable but under stress
when the tardigrade was drying out they
slowly started to transform and solidify
forming a glass-like matrix inside the
tardra cells here the best description I
can come up with is it's like dipping
hand Solo in carbonite protein damage
occurs normally within a cell due to
denaturing either when the cell is too
hot too cold or too mechanically
stressed protein structures break and
then don't go back together this is
what's happening for example when you
fry an egg the nicely coiled natural
proteins break and unravel so are no
longer ordered and transparent and
instead start to SC at light in all
directions appearing white these newly
discovered proteins in the tardigrade
cell now called tardigrade specific
intrinsicly disordered proteins or tdps
which I find particularly catchy this
process combined with a then later
discovered cytoplasmic abundant heat
soluble or cach protein discovered later
in 2021 formed a further protective
gel-like Network preventing the
mechanical stress of dehydration or
extreme temperature from breaking the
general proteins within tardigrade cells
in order to prove their theory that this
is how the Todd grade was gleaning some
level of extreme environment resistance
boothby and his team wanted to see if
tdps were truly the key to tardigrade
survival boothby and his team took the
genes responsible for producing these
proteins and inserted them into other
organisms specifically yeast and
bacteria these organisms which normally
cannot survive desiccation was suddenly
able to endure extreme drying just like
the Tarter grades the tdps worked the
same way in these foreign organisms
creating that protective glass-like
shield and proving that these proteins
were a key component of the tardigrades
Arsenal but that wasn't the end of the
story while tdps Safeguard cellular
structures they cannot prevent the
ionizing effect of radiation from
breaking DNA
strands the median lethal dose or ld50
is approximately 0.6 to 0.9 gray for
mice it's about 2.5 to 4.5 grays for
human beings if a human is exposed to a
dose of approximately 50 Grays even for
a short time this causes severe
convulsions and death within just 5 days
it was found that grades can
survive not just 50 Grays but up to
4,000 Grays without any meaningful sign
of degradation in 2024 a team of
researchers again at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill this time
led by biologist Bob gold ran a study to
discover how tardigrade cells could
survive such extreme radiation damage
the team chose a specific tardigrade
called the hippius exemplaris which
sounds like it could be straight out of
Harry Potter for their experiment a
model organism known for its resilience
but like all life forms still
susceptible to DNA damage from gamma
radiation the first phase of the
experiment involves subjecting the
tardigrades in their ton states to
intense doses of gamma rays far beyond
what would be lethal to humans the team
then used Advanced genomic sequencing
and proteomics to study what happens at
the molecular level as soon as this
damage occurs and they discovered again
something uniquely remarkable about
tardigrades instead of Simply weathering
the radiation and then killing off the
damaged cells like our bodies do
radiation exposure to the cell appeared
to trigger the tardigrades to activate
hundreds of genes responsible for
flooding the tarr's bodies with DNA
repair and protection proteins during
their analysis two key proteins in
particular stood out dsup a damage
suppressing protein was found to bind
directly to DNA strands and wrap around
them and act as a sacrificial barrier to
protect the DNA from radiation damage in
populations where dup was expressed they
were found to have significantly reduced
rates of double stranded breaks the
other protein of Interest was trd1 a
newly discovered protein while dup helps
prevent damage trd1 play plays a role in
stabilizing chromosomes even when they
begin to fray under radiation stress
this protein acts essentially like a
molecular glue temporarily rebinding the
chromosomes together long enough for
normal repair processes to take place in
order to test whether this unique T
gradeability could be harnessed for
human use the researchers introduced the
trd1 protein into human cells researcher
Keda tazu and his team from the
University of Tokyo engineered cultured
human embryonic kidney cells to EXP
Express the dup and trd1 proteins and
subjected them to radiation when
compared against controls these cells
had higher survival rates when exposed
to x-rays exhibiting 40% less x-ray
induced damage to their DNA what is a
strange question worth asking ourselves
here is why why did tardigrades go to
such extreme genetic lengths to survive
such extreme environments the ancestral
environment Theory suggests that tarr's
ancestors may have lived in more extreme
environments than their present day
counterparts and the ability to survive
harsh conditions may have been retained
as an ancestral trait for example in
Earth's early history conditions were
much more volatile with extreme and
frequent fluctuations in temperature
radiation exposure and water
availability but why would this survival
capability be pushed to also work in
places like the vacuum of space or at
the coldest temperatures in the universe
to me this feels more like an unexpected
outcome rather than an evolutionary
adaptation The evolutionary byproduct
Theory suggests that tardigrades extreme
resilience may have evolved as an
accidental byproduct of other more
common stressors for instance
desiccation tolerance is really useful
if you happen to live in a moss or lyen
environment because these exhibit poor
water retention so frequently dry out
then rehydrate maybe many times per day
the same mechanism that allows
tardigrades to survive desiccation like
the production of the tardigrade
specific intrinsically disordered
proteins or tdps really wanted to just
say it one more time in this video and
other molecular defenses are
incidentally the exact same sort of
protection mechanisms needed for
surviving Ultra cold environments these
dehydrating and rehydrating processes
still likely cause DNA damage so the
evolution of a Rapid Repair mechanism
that is frequently activated to repair
desiccation damage makes sense to evolve
and inadvertently makes them incredibly
good at repairing damage from radiation
exposure some people just think T grades
came from space which I can kind of
understand but I'm disappointed they
didn't come with cooler gadgets I
suppose though what they could teach us
may actually unlock the future of human
exploration and
survival as we set out to explore
extraterrestrial environments
tardigrades could become a key Ally in
our journey with NASA's planned emus
missions to establish a base on the moon
and then deep space beyond that these
environments lacking the protective
atmosphere of Earth expose astronauts to
Cosmic radiation which is a significant
risk to DNA damage over time possibly
limiting or maybe even preventing our
long-term survival in space we quite
recently covered a technology being
developed by NASA that could be the very
first re life force field capable of
deflecting radiation away from
habitation zones or crew Quarters on
deep space missions but this would limit
astronauts to only short excursions
outside of these habitats a far future
looking solution might be to engineer
gr's trd1 ability into our own
genes plus upregulate existing repair
mechanisms within our own bodies so that
DNA damage could be quickly repaired
that feels like a very long way away but
with the experiments out of the
University of Tokyo we see that it is
actually on the horizon of things worth
exploring that obviously might be a fair
distance in the future but there are
also some shorter term winds being
explored in a somewhat horrifying 2020
paper research discovered a new species
of tardigrade that was capable of
surviving intense doses of ultraviolet
radiation when they investigated further
they found that the grade was
actually fluorescing absorbing shorter
UV wavelengths and emitting longer ones
protecting their cells from radiation
damage in the process in a slightly
disturbing twist the researchers then
ground up the grades and applied
the tardigrade paste to small worms with
the paste applied the worms were then
able to tolerate much higher doses of UV
radiation could this be developed into a
grade sunscreen coming to a store
near you sometime soon hopefully not but
maybe a synthetic version could be a bit
more wholesome and effective where I've
seen the most interesting work though is
in applying the grade unique
proteins like tdps and cach proteins to
prevent damage to things like organs as
they're being transplanted between
patients and even things like
life-saving medicines many medicines
from things like insulin for diabetics
to Cold and Flu vaccines need to be
constantly kept cold so they don't break
down this isn't really too hard in
developed countries but is a nightmare
if say you want to get a medicine to a
remote Village or to maybe carry
something like a snake bite antivenom
kit with you while you go hiking through
the woods researchers out of the
University of Wyoming are working to
improve the thermal stability of several
medicines using the unique tarrade
proteins to protect these medicines in
the same glassy gel-like state that
prevents damage to tardigrade cells
tardigrades hold a special place in our
hearts but they also hold a special
place in science and potentially a
special place in building us a healthier
future I love stories like this and
understanding how we might take better
inspiration from things around us there
was a ton of stuff that I didn't cover
like how tdd grade eggs are spiky which
is kind of horrifying if you like this
video and would like to support us
consider joining the patreon or joining
the channel here or leaving us a like or
a comment you might also like a video
that we did recently on bats who also
refused to die but for a totally
different set of reasons you can check
it out here as always thank you so much
for watching I'll see you guys next week
goodbye
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