Heart Conduction System & ECG (EKG)
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the intricacies of the human heart's cardiac conduction system, explaining how it coordinates heartbeats. It introduces the sinoatrial (SA) node as the heart's pacemaker, the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node in delaying signals for organized contractions, and the function of the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers in rapid signal transmission. The script also correlates these processes with an ECG (EKG), describing the significance of the P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave, and how they reflect atrial and ventricular activity. Realistic anatomical visuals from Anatomage enhance the learning experience.
Takeaways
- 💓 The human heart has been beating continuously since the first heartbeat as a fetus, thanks to the cardiac conduction system.
- 🔍 The cardiac conduction system is a network of specialized tissue that coordinates heartbeats, including the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and the bundle of His.
- 📍 The SA node, located in the right atrium, acts as the heart's pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat by sending electrical signals.
- 🚦 The AV node introduces a delay to ensure the atria contract before the ventricles, allowing for efficient blood transfer.
- 🛤️ The bundle of His and bundle branches rapidly transmit the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricles, preparing them for contraction.
- 🏭 The Purkinje fibers spread the signal throughout the ventricles, ensuring synchronized contraction for effective blood pumping.
- 📊 An ECG (electrocardiogram) measures the heart's electrical activity, with the P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave corresponding to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and repolarization, respectively.
- 🩺 The P-wave on an ECG represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction and the subsequent pushing of blood into the ventricles.
- 🏋️♂️ The QRS complex indicates ventricular depolarization, which is the signal for the ventricles to contract and pump blood out of the heart.
- 🔙 The T-wave signifies the repolarization of the ventricles, marking the end of their contraction phase and the beginning of relaxation.
- 🎥 Anatomage provides 3D models and virtual dissection tables that help visualize the complex structures of the heart in a three-dimensional space.
Q & A
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
-The SA node, also known as the pacemaker of the heart, is responsible for initiating the heartbeat by sending out electrical signals that trigger the contraction of the heart muscle.
How does the cardiac conduction system differ from cardiac muscle tissue?
-The cardiac conduction system is non-contractile and functions like nervous tissue, conducting electrical signals rapidly throughout the heart. In contrast, cardiac muscle tissue is contractile and pumps blood but conducts signals more slowly.
What is the purpose of the delay in the atrioventricular (AV) node?
-The delay in the AV node ensures that the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract. This sequence prevents the atria and ventricles from contracting simultaneously, allowing for efficient blood flow.
Why is the blood color in diagrams often depicted as blue for the right side of the heart and red for the left?
-In diagrams, blue is used to represent the right side of the heart, which contains deoxygenated blood, and red is used for the left side, which contains oxygenated blood. However, it's important to note that blood is always red; these are just conventional colors used for illustration.
What is the role of the interatrial pathway in the heart's electrical conduction?
-The interatrial pathway facilitates the rapid transmission of electrical signals from the SA node to the left atrium, ensuring that both atria contract in unison to efficiently move blood into the ventricles.
How does the bundle of His contribute to the heart's electrical activity?
-The bundle of His, also known as the atrioventricular bundle, receives the signal from the AV node and rapidly transmits it through the left and right bundle branches, which then stimulate the ventricles to contract.
What is the significance of the QRS complex in an ECG?
-The QRS complex in an ECG represents the ventricular depolarization, which is the electrical signal passing through the ventricles causing them to contract and pump blood to the body and lungs.
What does the T-wave indicate on an ECG?
-The T-wave on an ECG signifies the repolarization of the ventricles, which is the return to the resting state after contraction, marking the end of the cardiac cycle's electrical activity.
How does the heart sound relate to the ECG?
-The first heart sound corresponds to the end of the QRS complex when the tricuspid and mitral valves close, while the second heart sound occurs at the end of the T-wave when the aortic and pulmonary valves close.
What is the role of the interatrial and internodal pathways in the heart's electrical conduction system?
-The interatrial pathway rapidly transmits the signal from the SA node to the left atrium, while the internodal pathways conduct the signal through the right atrium. Together, they ensure synchronized atrial contraction.
Outlines
🫀 Introduction to the Cardiac Conduction System
This paragraph introduces the concept of the cardiac conduction system, which is responsible for coordinating heartbeats. It explains that the heart has been beating continuously since fetal development, thanks to a small mass of cardiac tissue known as the sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node, along with a complex conduction system, ensures the blood is pumped through the arteries. The video aims to educate viewers about the cardiac conduction system and how it relates to ECG (electrocardiogram) readings. Real human cadavers and anatomage images are used to provide a three-dimensional understanding of the heart's structure. The script also covers the basic structure of the heart, including the atria and ventricles, and the flow of blood through these chambers.
🚀 The Cardiac Conduction System and ECG Waves
This section delves into the three types of tissue in the heart: the cardiac conduction system, cardiac muscle tissue, and non-conductive fibrous tissue. The SA node's role as the heart's pacemaker is emphasized, explaining how it generates electrical signals that initiate each heartbeat. The script describes the pathway of these signals from the SA node through the internodal pathway to the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the purpose of the delay in the AV node to ensure the atria contract before the ventricles. It also discusses the bundle of His and the bundle branches that facilitate rapid signal transmission, leading to the contraction of the ventricles. The paragraph concludes with an overview of how these processes relate to the different waves of an ECG, specifically the P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave.
🔬 Detailed Explanation of ECG Intervals and Waves
The paragraph provides a detailed explanation of the different intervals and waves seen in an ECG, correlating them with the electrical activity in the heart. It describes the P-wave, which signifies atrial depolarization, the PR interval during which the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles, and the QRS complex that indicates ventricular depolarization. The script also explains the ST interval, which corresponds to ventricular contraction and the first heart sound, and the T-wave, which represents ventricular repolarization and the second heart sound. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of these intervals and waves for understanding the heart's electrical activity and function.
📚 Recap and Visualization of Cardiac Processes
In this final paragraph, the script recaps the key points about the cardiac conduction system and the corresponding ECG readings. It summarizes the role of the SA node, the pathways of the electrical signals through the heart, and the significance of the ECG's P-wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST interval, and T-wave. The paragraph also highlights the importance of practice in understanding these concepts. The video includes real-time visualizations of the heart's contractions and the electrical signals that drive them, provided by Anatomage, to help viewers grasp the complexity of the cardiac conduction system. The script ends with a call to action for viewers to practice labeling the parts of the cardiac conduction system and to explore more videos on the topic.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cardiac Conduction System
💡Sinoatrial (SA) Node
💡Atrial Node
💡Atrioventricular (AV) Node
💡Bundle of His
💡Depolarization
💡Repolarization
💡ECG/EKG
💡P-Wave
💡QRS Complex
💡T-Wave
Highlights
The heart's rhythm is maintained by a small mass of cardiac tissue called the sinoatrial (SA) node.
The cardiac conduction system coordinates heartbeats through a complex network within the heart.
An ECG (Electrocardiogram) or EKG represents the electrical activity of the heart.
The heart is divided into right and left sides, each with an atrium and ventricle, colored to represent oxygen levels.
Blood flows through specific pathways, from the vena cava to the right atrium, then to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery.
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body.
The cardiac conduction system is non-contractile and functions like nervous tissue to conduct signals.
Cardiac muscle tissue is contractile and also plays a role in signal conduction.
Fibrous tissue in the heart is non-conductive, ensuring the atria and ventricles do not contract simultaneously.
The SA node, or the heart's pacemaker, sends signals for each heartbeat without external input.
The internodal pathway transmits the signal from the SA node to the AV node through three branches in the right atrium.
The interatrial pathway quickly conducts the signal from the SA node to the left atrium.
The AV node introduces a delay to ensure the atria contract before the ventricles.
The bundle of His and bundle branches quickly transmit the signal down the heart's septum.
Purkinje fibers extend from the bundle branches to distribute the signal throughout the ventricles.
The ECG's P-wave corresponds to atrial depolarization, the QRS complex to ventricular depolarization, and the T-wave to ventricular repolarization.
The PR interval represents the time from atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization.
The ST interval is when the ventricles are contracting, pushing blood through the aorta and pulmonary artery.
The first and second heart sounds correspond to the closing of the heart valves during different stages of the cardiac cycle.
Transcripts
your heart has beat continuously for
your entire life from that very first
heartbeat back when you were a fetus
developing in the uterus until this very
day that constant Rhythm that keeps the
blood pumping through your arteries is
thanks to a small mass of cardiac tissue
called the CYO atrial node along with a
complex cardiac conduction system that
runs through your heart coordinating
your heartbeat in this video we're going
to build out the cardiac conduction
system piece by piece learn how it all
works and then use that to understand
the different parts of an ECG or EKG and
throughout the video we'll look at real
human cavers and other fac images
provided by anatomage the creator of the
world's first virtual dissection table
so you can see all these structures are
arranged three-dimensionally in the body
and by the end of this video you're
going to know this whole process by
heart well by brain because that's where
memories are stored but you know what I
mean let's jump to the Whiteboard and
get started so let's start by drawing
out the heart here we have an outline of
the main structure of the heart on the
cardiac muscle we've got the right
atrium and the right ventricle and the
left atrium and the left ventricle and
of course we have the right side in blue
because it's low oxygen blood the left
side in red because it's high oxygen
blood that's just come from the lungs
and remember our blood is always red
never blue that's just the colors we use
in the diagrams blood is going to come
into the right side through the superior
and inferior venne cavis into the right
atrium it'll pass through the tricuspid
valve into the right ventricle and the
right ventricle is going to pump it out
through the pulmonary artery to go to
the lungs to receive some oxygen the
blood is going to get back to the heart
through the pulmonary veins and go into
the left atrium from the left atrium
it'll pass through the bicuspid or mitol
valve into the left ventricle and then
the the left ventricle is going to pump
it very forcefully out through the aorta
so it can travel throughout the rest of
the body and deliver the oxygen and
nutrients and hormones and all the other
stuff that's in our blood in between the
left side and the right side of the
heart we have the septum that really
divides the heart into those two halves
and here we can see in the anatomage
models the right atrium and the right
ventricle sitting sort of anterior to
the left side where we have the left
atrium and the left ventrical now for
the rest of the video I'm going to
assume you know those structures pretty
well but if you want to refresh your a
whole lesson on all that check out my
pathway of blood Through the Heart video
links down below for that now in the
heart there's three different types of
tissue that we're concerned about in
this video first we have the cardiac
conduction system itself that's going to
be in yellow on this diagram and that's
non-contractile cardiac tissue in other
words these aren't muscle cells that are
Contracting they're going to be more
like nervous tissue that's going to be
conducting signals throughout the heart
second we have the cardiac muscle tissue
this is going to be contractile tissue
it's going to be tissue that contracts
and and pumps blood but it also conducts
signals as well the card conduction
system which is just about 1% of the
total kind of cells in here that's going
to conduct the signals very quickly
whereas the cardiac muscle it will take
a little bit longer for the signals to
pass through the muscle tissue itself
and the cardiac muscle tissue that's
going to be the vast majority of tissue
in the heart now there is some
non-conductive tissue in the heart and
that's going to be the fibrous tissue
and that's going to run from the atrial
floor between the atrium and the
ventricles now the fact that this
fibrous tissue right there is
non-conductive is very important we
don't want the Atria and the ventricles
to be contracting at the same time we
want the Atria to contract and push the
blood into the ventricles and then the
ventricles to contract and push all that
blood out of the heart if this tissue
right here was conductive then we would
have the Atria and ventricles
Contracting at the same time wouldn't be
good and the only way that signal can
pass through here is through the cardiac
conduction system through this yellow
section right there that's the only part
where the signal travels through that
fibrous connective tissue so that
fibrous connective tissue separates the
Atria from the ventricles and into two
sections that we call the atrial sensium
as well as the ventricular sensium a
sensium is just a big sort of hardto
pronounce word that means a group of
cells that are all electrically
connected to each other so all of the
cardiac muscle in this atrial sensium
are connected electrically meaning that
if one of the cells depolarizes it
depolarizes the next cardiac muscle cell
and that depolarizes the next one and
eventually they'll all be depolarized
cuz they're all electrically connected
same thing in the ventricular sens when
one of those cells depolarizes that'll
depolarize the next cell and the next
cell and the next cell until it's all
depolarized now the signal passing
between cardiac muscle cells is sort of
slow I kind of mentioned that earlier
and that's why we need this cardiac
conduction system to conduct those
signals very quickly so that the Atria
can contract as one unit and the
ventricles especially can contract as
one unit but again the atrial cisum will
depolarize first Contracting the Atria
and then the ventricular sensium will
depolarize Contracting the ventri Les
now let's take a look at the individual
parts of the cardiac conduction system
first here we have the Sino atrial node
now the Sino atrial node is autorhythmic
meaning that it's going to be sending
pulses by itself even without input from
some other source autorhythmic meaning
self- rhythmic in other words that saay
note is the pacemaker of the heart it
sends a signal every time our heart
beats now there will be input from the
brain from the cardiac regions of the
brain they'll be sending signals to the
heart to speed up that saay node or to
slow down that SA node but even without
input from the brain the SA node is
going to be sending signals itself
causing our heartbeat rhythm this
consistent Rhythm happens by increasing
permeability in the SA node of sodium
ions and calcium ions so those sodium
and calcium ions are slowly entering
into the SA node and it prevents
pottassium from leaving the cells in the
SA node so there's a slow buildup of
positive charge over time as sodium and
calcium come into the SA node and then
as soon as reaches a threshold membrane
potential the SA node will send an
action potential now the signals will
eventually get to another node called
the atrio ventricular or AV node more on
that in just a moment but next let's
talk about the internodal pathway this
is going to be how the signal transmits
from the SA node to the AV node and if
you look at that internodal pathway
there's three branches of it and they're
all passing through the right atrium now
on my diagram they look sort of planer
or flat with each other but if we look
on the anatomage images we'll see that
these are actually three-dimensional um
running through that right atrium which
we can see right there so the SA node
depolarizes sends a signal through the
internal Pathway to the AV node and
that's going to depolarize the right
atrium now eventually that
depolarization would make itself over to
the left atrium but that's going to take
a long time without the interatrial
pathway which is going to run from the
SA node over into the left atrium that
interatrial pathway will conduct the
signal very quickly into the left atrium
and deol ize it most of the diagrams I
looked up have the interatrial pathway
coming directly from the SA node but one
thing I noticed in the anatomage images
is that the interatrial pathway is
actually branching off of one of the
internodal branches even though most of
the diagrams you look up on this show it
coming from the SA node directly great
so the signal comes from the SA node
it's going to travel through the
interatrial pathway as well as the
internodal pathway depolarizing both
Atria so that they can contract that
signal then is going to make it to the
AV node now we've talked about the
cardiac conduction system needing to
send these signals very quickly but the
AV node sort of does the opposite
there's going to be a delay in the AV
node now what would be the benefit of
that well like I said earlier we want
the Atria to contract before the
ventricles contract so that delay is
going to really separate the atrial
contraction from the ventricular
contraction that way we can get all the
blood from the Atria to the ventricles
and then the ventricles can pump it all
out from The Av node the signal is going
to pass into the bundle of hiss also
known as the atrio ventricular bundle
that bundle is immediately going to
separate into the right and left bundle
branches now unlike the AV node which
passes the signal very slowly the bundle
of His and the bundle branches are going
to transmit that signal very quickly
down the septum of the heart also as the
signal is traveling through the septum
it's not going to be stimulating the
ventricles to contract just yet the
ventricles will be stimulated to
contract when the signal is passing its
way back up that's going to allow the
pumping to happen from the apex of the
heart on the way back up to kind of
force the blood out through the
pulmonary artery and the aorta this way
the tricuspid and mitro valves will also
snap shut during this time to prevent
the blood from back flowing into the
Atria now extending out of the left and
right bundle branches we have something
called the Peri fibers and the pingi
fibers are going to take that signal
traveling through the bundle branches
and spread it out throughout the muscle
of the right and left ventricles that's
going to conduct that signal many many
times faster than if we were only
relying on the ventricular Sensi or the
connections between all of the cardiac
cells so quick recap of all that the SA
node or the pacemaker of the heart will
send out a signal that'll pass through
the interatrial pathway to stimulate the
left atrium it'll also pass through the
internodal pathways to stimulate the
right atrium the signal will make it to
the AV node where it's going to pass
very slowly to cause a delay before the
ventricles will contract the signal will
pass through the bundle of hiss and the
left and right bundle branches on the
way back up they'll pass through the
pingi fibers that's going to stimulate
the cardiac muscle and the ventricles to
contract and pump the blood out through
the pulmonary artery as well as the
aorta now let's take a look at an ECG or
an EKG this is the thing that you've
seen in like doctor movies and stuff
where you see the beep beep and if it
stops you hear it go beep because the
heart has stopped beating but it's a
measure of the electrical activity
happening in the heart and it's got
three regions here it's got the p-wave
the QRS complex as well as the t-wave
and these three sections correspond to
different things happening in the
cardiac conduction pathway so again we
have the p-wave the Q complex in the
t-wave you can see that happening one
more time there I just really like that
animation so what we're going to do is
we're going to connect this to the
cardiac conduction pathway looking at
the p-wave QRS complex and the t-wave
we're going to start with the p-wave the
p-wave is going to correspond to the
depolarization of the Atria so we've got
the depolarization happening and you can
see those signals traveling through
those different Pathways causing
depolarization of the Atria so that's
the main thing happening here in the
p-wave the Atria will depolarize next we
have what we call the pr interval the PR
interval is going to start at the
beginning of the p wve and last all the
way really until the Q part right here
we call it the PR interval I think
because sometimes on ECGs the qwave
might be hard to identify or might not
show up so we refer to this as the PR
interval you also might see something
called the pr segment so just as a quick
clarification the PR interval starts at
the beginning of p and lasts until R
whereas the pr segment is just from the
end of P to the beginning of R so PR
interval would be this PR PR segment
would just be this now during the PR
interval the Atria are going to contract
and that's going to send blood from the
right atrium Into The ventricle and the
blood from the left atrium into the left
ventricle basically any blood that was
still left in the atrium is going to get
squeezed out through the contraction of
the Atria the Contracting of the Atria
will really start early on in the p wve
and last throughout this section right
here also during this section of the PR
interval which is the pr segment is
where we have that AV noal delay
happening because as soon as the QRS
complex hits then we're going to be
depolarizing the ventricles speaking of
which let's move on to the QRS complex
in the QRS complex you see this huge R
Spike that's because of the signal
passing through the bundle of His and
the bundle branches and then through the
bingi fibers stimulating all of this
cardiac muscle that electrical activity
is going to be much greater in the
ventricles because the ventricles have
more cardiac tissue they also have to
pump the blood a lot farther the Atria
just had to pump the blood from one
chamber to another the ventricles have
to pump the blood to the lungs and then
also Al through the aorta throughout the
whole body so they need a very strong
contraction so we need a lot of
electrical activity to cause that to
happen so during the QRS complex that
signal is going to pass through the left
and right bundle branches and through
theingi fibers that's going to
depolarize the ventricles also the Atria
are going to repolarize repolarization
is the opposite of depolarization
depolarization is when tissue becomes
more positive and in this case causes it
to contract repolarization is when it
returns back to its resting membrane
potential and that muscle is going to
relax and stop Contracting so we have
depolarization of the ventricles as well
as repolarization of the Atria basically
ventricles contract but the Atria will
be stopping their contraction now that
QRS complex that big spike in the r is
caused by the ventricles depolarizing we
can't really see the effect of the Atria
repolarizing on the EKG because it's
sort of hidden by that big
depolarization of the ventricles but
both of those things are happening
during that QRS complex up next we have
something called the St interval that St
interval is going to start with s and
last all the way to the end of the
t-wave a subset of that is the ST
segment which would just be this section
in right there lasting until the
beginning of the t-wave during the St
interval we're going to have the
ventricles Contracting that's going to
cause blood to be pumped through the
aorta as well as blood to be pumped
through the pulmonary artery that very
forceful contraction is going to be
starting kind of at the end of the QRS
complex and Lasting until the t-wave
happens the t-wave is when we're going
to be repolarizing the ventricles and
stopping the contraction but those
ventricles will be contracting during
that St interval now when the ventricles
contract that's where we're going to
hear our first heart sound the love of
the ldub ldub we represent that with S1
for the first sound of the heart and
that sound is caused by the tricuspid
and mitol valves snapping shut right
before the ventricles will contract and
pump the blood out we need those valves
to close of course because we don't want
the blood to rush back into the Atria we
want all that blood to be forced out
through the aorta and pull AR artery so
again that first heart sound is going to
kind of happen right around the end of
that QRS complex as the valves are
snapping shut finally the last section
of this is the t-wave and the t-wave is
going to be the repolarization of the
ventricles or in other words sort of the
turning off of ventricular contraction
after the ventricles are finished
Contracting we're going to have the
second heart sound the dub of ldb just
like the first heart sound the second
heart sound is going to be caused by
Valve snapping shut but in this case
that's going to be the pulmonary valve
snapping shut as well as the aortic
valve valve snapping shut so the
ventricles are relaxing and we don't
want the blood that's been pumped out of
the ventricles to pass back into them
through the aorta or pulmonary artery so
we snap those valves shut to keep the
blood out of the ventricles there and
that second heart sound is going to be
happening kind of right at the end of
the t-wave somewhere right in there all
right so a lot going on in that process
let's do a quick recap we have the soo
atrial node where the signal will start
we have the interatrial pathway the
signal will travel there to depolarize
the left atrium we have the internal
pathway the signal will travel through
the noal Pathways to depolarize the
right atrium the signal will travel to
the AV node where it is slowed down or
delayed so the Atria can finish
Contracting before the ventricles get
depolarized and contract we have the
bundle of His which is going to separate
into the left and right bundle branches
the bundle and the branches are going to
transmit the signal very quickly because
we want the ventricles to contract as
one contract all unit as quickly as
possible signal passes down the septum
and then on the way back up it's going
to pass through pereni fibers which are
going to distribute the signal
throughout the heart muscle to help the
ventricles contract all at once from the
Apex up all of this electrical
conduction is going to cause the ECG the
electrocardiogram the ECG will start
with the p-wave this is where the Atria
are depolarizing up next we have the PR
interval this is where the Atria are
Contracting and it's going to be pushing
blood from the right atrium to the right
ventricle and from the left atrium to
the left ventricle next is the QRS
complex this is going to be where the
ventricles are depolarizing and it's
going to be where the Atria are
repolarizing or sort of turning off once
the ventricles are depolarized we move
into the St interval and this is where
the ventricles are going to be
contracting causing blood to pass up
through the aorta and pumping blood out
through the pulmonary artery as well and
at the beginning of that St interval is
where we have the first heart sound
which is caused by the tricuspid and
mitro valves snapping shut up next we
have the t-wave the t-wave is going to
be where the ventricles are repolarizing
or turning off or stopping their
contraction and as those ventricles
relax we're going to have the second
heart sound which is the dub of love dub
and that's caused by the aortic and the
pulmonary semilunar valves snapping shut
now let's take a look at some video from
anatomize so we can see all of this
pumping and Contracting and stuff
happening in action so we have the
signal starting in the SA node and we're
going to see the depolarization of the
Atria the Atria are going to be
contracting and it's hard to see that
Contracting of the Atria it's going to
be much less forceful than the
Contracting of the ventricles later on
the signals passing through the Atria
into the AV node where we have that AV
noal delay and then the signals passing
through the bundle branches and the
pingi fibers which is going to cause
that QRS complex and then we have the
ventricles Contracting during the St
interval and finally The ventricle is
relaxing until we have another signal
from the SA node and we get a new p wve
and this process starts all over again
and now let's watch that process
happening in real time it's just a cool
process imagine this is happening in
your heart like every time it beats
multiple times per second it's just wild
now the only way to really learn this
stuff is to practice yourself so here's
the diagram that you can use pause the
video test yourself see if you can label
all the parts of the cardiac conduction
system as well as explain what's
happening through the different parts of
the electroc cardiogram and here's all
that information back so you can check
and see how you did thanks again to
anatomage for sponsoring this video they
make these amazing virtual dissection
tables they have a science table they
also have anatomage lessons lots of
awesome stuff go check those out in the
website link below and special thanks to
my supporters on patreon link in the
description if you're interested in
joining all my supporters on patreon get
access to the diagrams both labeled and
unlabeled from all my videos including
this one thanks for learning about the
heart in this video I've got more videos
on the heart and cardiovascular system
and other parts of the body so uh check
those out on the channel if you're
interested and may your Sino atrial node
continue sending signals for years and
years to come and I'll see you in the
next video
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