ARQUITECTURA DE VON NEUMANN | ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORAS
Summary
TLDREl vídeo explica la arquitectura de Von Neumann, pionera en la computación, destacando su diseño donde el programa y los datos coexisten en la memoria principal. Se describen las fases de captura y ejecución de instrucciones, y cómo se accede a la memoria mediante direcciones. Además, se mencionan componentes clave como la ALU, el programa control unit y registros como el acumulador y el multiplicador, enfatizando su papel en el procesamiento de datos y el avance del contador de programas para ejecutar secuencias de instrucciones.
Takeaways
- 💻 La arquitectura de Von Neumann surgió después de la ENIAC de 1926 y facilitó el proceso de programación al almacenar programas y datos en una misma memoria.
- 🧠 La CPU en la arquitectura de Von Neumann está compuesta por dos unidades importantes: la unidad aritmética/lógica (ALU) y la unidad de control del programa.
- 📝 La memoria principal almacena tanto las instrucciones como los datos, y cada celda de memoria tiene una dirección única que permite acceder a los datos o instrucciones específicos.
- 🛠️ Las instrucciones en la arquitectura de Von Neumann están formadas por un código de operación y un campo de dirección que indica dónde se encuentra el dato en la memoria.
- 📊 Las palabras de datos en esta arquitectura tenían un tamaño de 40 bits, con un bit de signo y el resto representando el valor numérico.
- 🔄 El ciclo básico de funcionamiento incluye la captura de la instrucción, la decodificación y la ejecución, con un registro de instrucciones que guarda el código de operación.
- 🗂️ Los registros como el acumulador y el multiplicador almacenan datos de uso frecuente, mientras que el contador de programa gestiona la secuencia de instrucciones.
- 📥 El registro de búfer de memoria (MBR) facilita la transferencia de datos entre la memoria y los dispositivos de entrada/salida.
- 🔧 El ciclo de instrucción consta de tres fases principales: captura, decodificación y ejecución, con la CPU controlando la secuencia y ejecución de las operaciones.
- ⚙️ La arquitectura de Von Neumann sirve como base para las computadoras modernas, con un ciclo repetitivo de obtención y ejecución de instrucciones.
Q & A
¿Qué problema solucionó la arquitectura de Von Neumann en comparación con las máquinas anteriores como la ENIAC?
-La arquitectura de Von Neumann resolvió el problema de tener que programar manualmente las máquinas, lo cual era tedioso y limitaba la flexibilidad. Von Neumann propuso almacenar tanto el programa como los datos en una misma memoria, lo que facilitó la programación y la modificación de los programas.
¿Cuál es el concepto clave detrás de la arquitectura de Von Neumann?
-El concepto clave es el almacenamiento del programa en la misma memoria que los datos, lo que permite que el CPU acceda tanto a las instrucciones como a los datos desde una única ubicación, haciendo más eficiente la ejecución de programas.
¿Cuáles son las dos partes principales de la CPU en la arquitectura de Von Neumann?
-La CPU está compuesta por la unidad aritmética-lógica (ALU), que se encarga de procesar los datos, y la unidad de control del programa, que ejecuta las instrucciones.
¿Cómo se estructuran las instrucciones en la memoria en la arquitectura de Von Neumann?
-Las instrucciones están almacenadas en palabras de 40 bits, divididas en dos partes: una instrucción izquierda y una instrucción derecha. Cada instrucción tiene un código de operación y un campo de dirección que indica la ubicación de los datos a usar.
¿Qué función tiene el 'program counter' en la CPU?
-El 'program counter' es responsable de indicar la dirección de la siguiente instrucción a ejecutar, asegurando la secuencia correcta en la ejecución de un programa.
¿Qué sucede durante el ciclo de captura ('fetch') en la arquitectura de Von Neumann?
-Durante el ciclo de captura, la CPU obtiene una instrucción de la memoria principal y la transfiere a la unidad de control para ser decodificada y ejecutada posteriormente.
¿Qué papel juegan los registros como el 'accumulator' y el 'multiplier' en la CPU?
-El 'accumulator' y el 'multiplier' se usan para almacenar temporalmente los datos más frecuentemente utilizados y los resultados de los cálculos realizados por los circuitos aritméticos y lógicos de la CPU.
¿Qué es el 'memory buffer register' (MBR) y qué función cumple?
-El MBR es un registro que actúa como intermediario entre la memoria principal y la CPU, almacenando temporalmente los datos e instrucciones que se están transfiriendo entre estos componentes.
¿Cómo ayuda el 'memory address register' (MAR) en la ejecución de las instrucciones?
-El MAR guarda la dirección de la siguiente instrucción o dato que debe buscarse en la memoria, facilitando la correcta ejecución secuencial de las instrucciones.
¿Qué importancia tiene la decodificación de las instrucciones en el ciclo de ejecución?
-La decodificación es crucial ya que permite a la CPU interpretar qué operación debe realizar con base en el código de operación de la instrucción. Esto permite que la instrucción se ejecute correctamente.
Outlines
💾 Introducción a la Arquitectura de Von Neumann
El vídeo comienza explicando la importancia de la arquitectura de Von Neumann en el diseño de las computadoras modernas. Se menciona que esta arquitectura surgió después de la máquina ENIAC de 1926, que era enorme y tenía cables de kilómetros de largo. Antes de Von Neumann, los programas se cargaban y modificaban manualmente, lo que era tedioso. La innovación de Von Neumann fue la idea de almacenar el programa en la memoria, junto con los datos. Esto dio lugar a un nuevo diseño de arquitectura informática. La arquitectura de Von Neumann se compone de una memoria principal, una Unidad Central de Procesamiento (CPU) dividida en Unidad Aritmética/Lógica (ALU) y Unidad de Control de Programa. También incluye una entrada/salida para interactuar con el exterior. Se describe cómo se almacenan las instrucciones y los datos en la memoria, y cómo se accede a ellos mediante direcciones de memoria.
🛠️ Formato de Datos y Ciclos de Ejecución
Este segundo párrafo profundiza en el formato de datos manejado por la arquitectura de Von Neumann y cómo funciona. Se explica que la memoria principal está compuesta de celdas que almacenan instrucciones y datos. Cada conjunto de instrucciones forma un programa. Para acceder a estos datos se utilizan direcciones de memoria. Se describe el formato de la palabra de instrucción, que consta de un código de operación y un campo de dirección. Además, se menciona el formato de las palabras numéricas, que incluye un bit de signo y 39 bits para representar el número. Se habla de los ciclos de captura y ejecución, y cómo se amplía la estructura básica con la inclusión de registros como el acumulador, el multiplicador y el registro de búfer. Estos registros facilitan la ejecución de operaciones y el control de la secuencia de instrucciones.
🔄 Ciclo de Fetch, Decode y Execution
El tercer párrafo explica con más detalle el ciclo de funcionamiento de una computadora con arquitectura de Von Neumann. Se describen los registros de control, como el contador de programa y el registro de dirección de memoria, y cómo interactúan con la memoria principal y la unidad de control para gestionar el ciclo fetch, decode y execution de las instrucciones. Se detalla cómo se lee una instrucción de la memoria, se decodifica y se ejecuta, y cómo se utiliza el acumulador y el multiplicador para realizar operaciones. Finalmente, se menciona cómo el program counter avanza para buscar la siguiente instrucción, perpetuando el ciclo de fetch, decode y execution.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Arquitectura de Von Neumann
💡ENIAC
💡Memoria
💡Unidad Central de Procesamiento (CPU)
💡Unidad Aritmética o Lógica (ALU)
💡Unidad de Control de Programa
💡Instrucciones
💡Palabras de Instrucciones
💡Registros
💡Ciclo de Fetch, Decode y Execution
💡Program Counter (PC)
Highlights
Introducción a la arquitectura de Von Neumann y su relación con el diseño de las computadoras modernas.
Explicación del origen histórico de la arquitectura de Von Neumann, vinculada a la creación de ENIAC.
El concepto innovador de almacenar el programa junto con los datos en la memoria.
Descripción del CPU en la arquitectura de Von Neumann, compuesto por la unidad aritmético-lógica y la unidad de control de programa.
Las instrucciones y los datos se almacenan en la memoria principal y son procesados por la CPU.
Formato de las instrucciones en la arquitectura de Von Neumann, con palabras de 40 bits que incluyen códigos de operación y direcciones de memoria.
Cada instrucción contiene dos partes: una operación a realizar y una dirección que indica la ubicación de los datos.
Descripción del ciclo de captura y ejecución de la instrucción en la CPU.
La unidad de control de programa coordina la secuencia de las instrucciones almacenadas en la memoria.
Importancia de los registros dentro del CPU, incluyendo el acumulador, el multiplicador, y el buffer de memoria.
Los registros juegan un papel clave al almacenar direcciones de memoria y códigos de operación durante el ciclo de captura y ejecución.
El contador de programa determina la dirección de la siguiente instrucción a ser ejecutada.
Ciclo de decodificación: el código de operación se almacena en el registro de instrucciones y la dirección en el registro de direcciones de memoria.
La operación se envía a las unidades aritméticas y lógicas para su procesamiento, con los resultados almacenados en los registros.
Conclusión del video destacando la relevancia de la arquitectura de Von Neumann para el diseño de las computadoras modernas.
Transcripts
welcome back to the channel today we are going to see Von Neumann architecture we are going to work
a little on what is the operation and the data trajectory of this architecture that
gave rise to the design let us say of the machines that we have or the computers that we have today
Let's go a little bit about the history of this machine and Von Neumann was born after
the ENIAC 1926 machine. These machines that weighed several tons had
several kilometers of gear cables and that is the program where it was done manually until
then . it made the task of modifying and loading programs obviously quite tedious there would
not be the possibility, let's say, of an easy programming process as we know it now, no
then what was sought or what was sought at that time was to devise a new concept where
the program is stored in a memory if in a memory together with the data this idea, let
's say, is attributed to what it is to the creators or designers of the E NIAC that with the mathematician john
von neumann at the head creating in what is the concept of program stored in memory together
with the data then this gives us a new architecture design of what
the computer could do we see the following what is the architecture of von neumann as we see here with
consists of this main memory that we were just commenting on a storage space
in which these instructions and data are going to be stored in this case these instructions these
instructions and the data are going to be required for what is the central
processing unit or the cpu in this case that consists of two very important parts on the one
hand what is the arithmetical or logical unit that is going to be in charge of what is the processing
of the data both questions of arithmetic or logical functions with them and then you will have
a program control unit in charge of executing the instructions,
it also has what is obviously an equ input/output type for
data entry and to be able to show it to what is outside the machine, right, so in
this case this was the design proposed by john von neumann let's see how this worked
we have here first and foremost that see what is the data format handled
by VON Neuman's Ias if there is this design that they have created in which to see the
data format we have to think that we just said that we are going to have a main memory
a main memory the which is made up of different cells where we are going to store, in
this case, instructions and data, the set of these instructions for us is going to be a
program, so we could say that we had a program stored in memory that is divided
into a series of instructions together with the data that is going to be used well to be able to access each
of these data we are going to have what is a memory address if in the case that if
we want to access instruction zero we are going to identify it with the address 0 if we want
to access instruction 1 with the address 1 and so then thinking about how we can access
what is that content of the main memory that as we said before that content is going to
be required by what is the the only action of the clearing if the cpu we have to see then
how is the format of what was stored in here how is the format of the instruction
then when are we going to know what the word instruction is if when we talk about a
word but we talk about a set of bytes or bits yes and in this case we have that in this
bonjour man computer we had words of 40 bits and from 0 to 39 in this case they are made up of
40 bits in which the instruction word had the following format it had what which is a
left instruction and a right instruction, that is, every time a memory space was accessed
, the cpu would be able to take that pair of instructions to be able to decode car the
xi and be able to understand what each instruction did and be able to execute them then how can you read
this instruction no what will be the format the format of an instruction in this case we put no
for example in the instruction on the left it will be composed of what which is a color or operation code
which we are going to have here a series of a sequence of bits that is going to determine what
operation the CPU is going to carry out there was not in this case and on the other hand we have the address field
so in In this case, this address field does not determine the address of the memory if in
which we are going to generally find a piece of data, for example if the operation code or the instruction
that is being executed that addition instruction in this case if we just see the address
of memory that is going to take me to a data to a number to make a sum for example if
then we have the operation code that is what we are going to carry out what operation to carry out and
the address will indicate us what is the data that we are going to use so in this case in the data
or the numerical words if they were made up of this by this format where we had of those
40 bits the first bits of determined for what is the sign bit or the sign of that number if it is
positive or negative and the next 39 bits were going to help us represent a sequence of bits
that obviously we could and pass it for example to a decimal system and represent a number
well said this and you saw what the format of the of this computer and so we are going to see a little
how it worked now that we know the context we are going to see a little how it works
well there is a slightly more extended structure what we had shown previously we are going
to determine the basic functioning of this computer in this von neumann architecture
that was given by two important stages and we could also get an intermediate one, which
is the capture cycle and the execution cycle, well pre-previous, what it is the execution cycle
obviously we are going to have an intermediate stage which is a decoding stage of the instruction
that is to be able to understand what the instruction is going to be when it is executed well
when we see the extended financial structure we do not have the unit central processing unit what
would be our arithmetic and logic unit and we have our program control unit
this would be the cpu in this case let's remember here that we had
our input and output equipment in this architecture and our main memory
where we are going to have as we said today the instructions and the data well
that we have now in this case the registers are going to come into play now if the registers are
a very frequently used storage space yes they are going to allow us in this case to save
different types of variables that goes to require the cpu to be able to carry out the calculations and have
control of the execution of the instructions notice that on the one hand we have the accumulator and
e The multiplier that will be in the light, that is, a song, to store data of very frequent use
and the results of the calculations that are carried out in the arithmetic and logic circuits
will be saved, we will then have lBR, which is the buffer memory buffet register it is a memory buffer in which
you can see what we say about the transmission from this buffer and where we are going to be able to bring
data from the input/output equipment and send it to all that input and output equipment and we are also
going to be able to receive the instructions and the data that comes from the memory
well, once we receive those data and instructions from the memory, what
we are going to do is make the tour or go to what is the control unit in this
case where we are going to have different types of registers that are going to help us if to manage
what is the fetch, the fetch cycle of the instruction, the decoding and its execution,
among them is going to be the counter program, one of the most important, the with program maker allows us
to carry out the sequence of the instructions that are going to be executed later we have what is the
memory address register memory editing register that will allow us in this
case to save the data addresses or the following instructions that we must go to search
later we are going to have what is the instruction register to a register instruction that will
contain in this case the operation code if you remember that we just talked about
the instruction that was composed of two parts the operation code and the address
the iron is going to store what is the what is the operation code in this case what operation
is going to be carried out and the ibr is going to be in charge of storing what is the right part of
the instruction if you remember that we had two or a couple of instructions in those 40 bits that
we were commenting on earlier so we are going to store the right part in what is the ibr
and then when we get that instruction we are going to store the opcode in what is
the instruction register and the memory address in what is the love register that is
what would happen when we take an instruction if now who is going to mark the instruction that we are going
to take is going to be the program counter, for example, the program counter is going to tell us, well, we have to
look for address number 0, or the program starts at address number 0, well, that address is
passed to the sea and the sea says good, now I want you to give me the instruction of the address 0
these parameters are sent from the main memory the main memory is going to send
that instruction to read the everest obviously it knows that it is an instruction and it will send it to the
control unit the control unit if in this case the cycle that we were Commenting
on them, it is just the fetch cycle, the instruction is fetched from memory to the cpu
, once this is captured, what is going to be, the cpu goes to decode it, that is,
save the right part on the one hand of said instruction and the left part what it is going to
do is on the one hand the operation code is saved in the instruction register and the
address is going to be saved in the memory address register one that is saved
what what is going to be done is to cause its execution if that bit sequence operations code
that determined us in an operation to be carried out, for example, an addition, a load
, a data storage, a magazine, a multiplication, a division, if they were going to go to
the control circuits and they were going to send each other the control signal together with perhaps the address
of a piece of data from the main memory which was surely going to be loaded from IBR and
sent to the arithmetic logic circuits to perform an operation if those operations or
calculations that can be done are going to be used through or are going to be done through what
the accumulator and the multiplier are and they go away once that data is resolved
a second thought action Rarely they will also want to store yes then through
other instructions because for example once the left part was executed to
the right part it comes back to this to this channel and passes the operation code to what is
registered instruction and the address to the address register then it will return to this
cycle again without going to look for the data and execute it yes and once this happens the program counter
would start to mark the address of the next instruction to look for if the instruction is
carried out the same step program counter marks the and the address of the next instruction
comes to look for the memory the memory passed an instruction and so on then
let us think that this machine, like many others today, works with this cycle a fetch cycle
where get instructions from main memory headquarters encode is
understood let's say it's about understanding what that instruction is going to do and then it
basically executes that it is how it works in this case the architecture of a human that gives basis to
today's computers thank you for watching this video thank you very much and see you next time
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