Introduction to Cytogenetics (Filipino) Genes Alleles Chromosomes

Summary

The video transcript provides an introduction to key concepts in genetics, focusing on dominant and recessive genes, inheritance patterns, and cytogenetics. It explains how traits such as earlobes, dimples, and eye color are inherited from parents through dominant and recessive alleles. The transcript also delves into the structure of DNA and chromosomes, discussing how DNA is organized within cells and how genes are expressed. The explanation covers important terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and the process of protein synthesis.

Takeaways

• 🧬 50% of your genes come from your mom and 50% from your dad.
• 👂 Dominant traits, like free earlobes, dimples, or tongue-rolling, are easily expressed and can pass through generations.
• 🧠 Recessive traits need two parents to carry the gene for it to appear in the offspring.
• 🔬 Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and inheritance, with chromosomes containing DNA.
• 📜 DNA contains around 3 billion bases and is condensed into chromosomes using proteins called histones.
• 🧪 During mitosis, DNA replicates to pass identical genetic information to daughter cells.
• 🧬 Humans have 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs, where one set comes from each parent.
• 💡 Genes carry hereditary information that codes for traits like hair and eye color, with variations called alleles.
• 📊 Genotype refers to the gene makeup, while phenotype refers to the physical expression of these genes.
• 🧬 Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters, while recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters.

Q & A

What percentage of your genes come from your parents?

50% of your genes come from your mother, and 50% come from your father.

What is an example of an autosomal dominant trait mentioned in the transcript?

An example of an autosomal dominant trait is having a dimple, which means one of your parents likely has a dimple, and this trait could be passed down to future generations.

What is the difference between a dominant gene and a recessive gene?

A dominant gene will be expressed if one parent has it, while a recessive gene needs to be inherited from both parents to be expressed.

What is cytogenetics?

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes, which are condensed DNA structures that carry all genetic information.

How is DNA organized in a chromosome?

DNA is coiled around proteins called histones, forming structures called nucleosomes, which eventually condense to form chromosomes.

What are autosomal chromosomes and how many do humans have?

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, which are non-sex chromosomes that carry genetic information, plus 1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y).

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein production?

mRNA copies a portion of DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype is the physical expression or characteristics that result from the genotype and environmental factors.

What is the function of alleles in genetics?

Alleles are the different varieties of a gene, and each individual inherits one allele from each parent, which together determine specific traits like eye or hair color.

What is a Punnett square and how is it used in genetics?

A Punnett square is a tool used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific traits based on the alleles of the parents.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Genetics and Dominant/Recessive Genes

The professor introduces the key genetic concepts that will be covered during the semester. They discuss how genes are inherited from both parents, with 50% coming from the mother and 50% from the father. Dominant traits such as free earlobes, dimples, and tongue-rolling are explained, alongside recessive traits that require both parents to carry the gene. The focus is on understanding how these traits are passed through generations and the difference between dominant and recessive genes.

05:03

📚 Understanding Cytogenetics and DNA Structure

The discussion shifts to cytogenetics, which is the study of chromosomes. Chromosomes are explained as condensed DNA, which carries genetic information. DNA is composed of 3 billion bases and is organized around proteins called histones, forming a nucleosome, which eventually becomes a chromosome. The professor explains that cytogenetics focuses on how DNA is passed on through cell division, emphasizing the role of mitosis and DNA replication in inheritance.

10:04

🧬 Transcription, Translation, and Chromosome Structure

Here, the focus is on how DNA is transcribed and translated to produce proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) plays a vital role in copying portions of DNA and carrying them to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. Chromosomes, specifically chromosome 17, are used to illustrate the darker bands that represent genes, and the concept of genes working together to express traits like eye color, hair color, and skin tone is introduced.

15:08

👁️ Dominant and Recessive Traits in Eye Color

This section explains the difference between homozygous and heterozygous gene pairs, using eye color as an example. A dominant allele is represented by a capital letter, while a recessive allele is shown by a lowercase letter. A homozygous pair has the same alleles (e.g., BB or bb), while a heterozygous pair has different ones (e.g., Bb). The professor illustrates this with a Punnett square, showing how dominant traits like brown eyes are more likely to be expressed, while recessive traits like blue eyes require both parents to contribute recessive alleles.

20:09

🧪 Blood Types and Inheritance Patterns

The final section covers blood type inheritance, emphasizing how dominant and recessive genes interact. Blood types A and B are dominant, while type O is recessive. The professor explains how a child can inherit different combinations of blood type alleles from their parents. The example of a parent with blood type A and another with blood type B producing a child with blood type AB is used to illustrate codominance, where both alleles are equally expressed.

Keywords

💡Dominant Gene

A dominant gene is one that will express its trait if at least one copy is present. In the video, examples like having a dimple, free earlobes, and the ability to roll your tongue are mentioned as dominant traits, meaning that if one of the parents has this gene, it will likely be passed on and visible in the child.

💡Recessive Gene

A recessive gene only expresses its trait when both parents contribute the same recessive gene. In the script, it's mentioned that recessive traits, such as certain earlobe shapes, require both parents to have the gene for the trait to be visible in their child.

💡Chromosome

Chromosomes are condensed structures of DNA that contain genetic information. The video explains that humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, which include autosomal chromosomes and sex chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the genes that determine inherited traits.

💡Autosomal Chromosomes

Autosomal chromosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not related to determining an individual's sex. The video describes how these chromosomes carry the majority of genetic information, such as traits for physical characteristics like eye color or the ability to roll the tongue.

💡Sex Chromosomes

Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex (XX for females and XY for males). The video highlights the role of these chromosomes in inheritance, noting that one pair of the 23 pairs of chromosomes is responsible for this determination.

💡Genotype

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, specifically the alleles they carry for a particular trait. The video explains that a genotype can be homozygous (same alleles) or heterozygous (different alleles), and this determines the expression of traits like eye color.

💡Phenotype

Phenotype refers to the observable physical traits of an individual that result from their genotype interacting with the environment. For instance, the video illustrates how a person may have brown eyes due to their genotype, but the environment can influence other traits like hair color.

💡Homozygous

Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene. In the video, the example of a person with two dominant alleles for brown eyes (BB) is used to describe a homozygous dominant genotype, which will result in brown eyes.

💡Heterozygous

Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a specific gene, such as one dominant and one recessive allele. The video provides an example of a heterozygous genotype (Bb) for eye color, where the dominant trait (brown eyes) is expressed even though the individual also carries the recessive allele for blue eyes.

💡Allele

Alleles are different versions of a gene that can lead to variations in traits, such as eye color. The video explains that each person inherits one allele from each parent, and these alleles can be dominant or recessive, affecting whether certain traits are expressed.

Highlights

50% of your genes come from your mother, and 50% come from your father.

Free earlobes, dimples, and the ability to roll your tongue are examples of dominant genes.

Autosomal dominant characteristics can be passed through every generation if present in one parent.

Recessive traits need both parents to pass the gene for the trait to appear in a child.

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes, which are condensed DNA containing genetic information.

DNA is coiled around proteins called histones and further organized into structures like nucleosomes.

Humans have 46 chromosomes, which include 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).

The process of mitosis involves the replication of DNA, which is necessary for cell division and the creation of identical daughter cells.

Each chromosome consists of a pair of chromatids, one inherited from the mother and one from the father.

Genes code for protein production, which happens through the processes of transcription and translation.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes DNA information and carries it out of the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Genes are found on chromosomes, and alleles represent the different varieties of traits, such as eye color or hair color.

Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and recessive alleles by lowercase letters in genetic notation.

Homozygous means having the same allele, while heterozygous refers to having different alleles for a gene.

The Punnett square is used to predict the likelihood of offspring inheriting particular traits based on parental alleles.

Transcripts

okay so let's have an introduction

on the terms that we are going to use

all throughout the semester inside the

genetics

[Music]

so first thing is observe your

ears and ears so on my hair's not

engaged

so 50

are coming from your mom 50 of your

genes are coming from your dad okay so

observe your earlobes so second your

earlobes

attach

so the photo i'm showing here is a free

earlobe yeah

so check more attach or free air logar

and

check

if you have a

dimple

do you have an ability to roll your

tongue

having a free earlobe

having a dimple

an ability to roll your tongue are

dominant jeans and dominant genes so

when we say someone has a dominant gene

again so meaning guys

is

one of your parents has this gene it

will show okay

it will show so ubiquitou guys this

could pass through from every generation

yeah so if you have a dimple

most probably one of your parent has a

dimple one of your grandparents as a

dimple most probably your grandchild

will have a dimple okay so this are

autosomal dominant characteristics if

you have the ability to roll your tongue

most probably your children's children

would have the ability to roll their

tongue away

so

just like

my ears and it's a recessive gene yeah

so when we say something is recessive

actually it needs two of your parents to

have that gene

okay

so

[Music]

most probably

most probably free in my friend

so guys when we say dominant jeans and

it is easily expressed

but guys if you have a recessive gene

yeah it needs two of your parents to

have it so that it will be seen in a

child okay so please take note of those

dominant characteristics and recessive

characteristics so it's a small dominant

characteristic characteristics

so most probably your parents

so cytogenetics is because

uh all about genetics and so study of

inheritance and cyto is the

study of a cell specifically in that in

that cell meron chromosomes okay so

cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes

mom

i know on chromosomes okay so basically

we have a dna and

so dna is so long mahabang dna

it it has three thousand three billion

bases

dna guys

it has about three meters of dna per

cell way

so

so

so it needs to be organized okay and be

condensed

so how how did the body organize the dna

so parama

so it coiled it in a protein called

histones yeah and so inikot it's a

protein called histones and eventually

yeah you might belong

it it was called a

nucleosome

so no we need banana we need

oil it made a chromatin up to becoming a

chromosome okay so

so it's a chromosome and chromosome is

just a condensed dna so your chromosome

carries all your dna information okay

all your genetic

information okay so your genes guys this

one just like what i told you a while

ago 50 of it

came from your mother and 50 came 50

came from your father okay so

to make the proteins in the body

proteins

that is found in the nucleus which is

dna okay

and dna are organized as chromosomes so

cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes

right so that

in the creation of multiple cells class

you know the creation of multiple cells

so

so dna is just copying itself so that it

could pass it to its daughter cell so we

have a parent cell yeah or an older cell

divas in the process of mitosis it will

divide yeah so parallel daughters

the same dna there must be dna

replication so

added in okay

so

one chromosome so indian gummy worm so

it contains so it contains your dna

so it has an arms on my arms so

the arm are the small shorter arms and

the longer arm are your q arms yeah

so the point

where there is constriction

is the centromere in sagittana

and these are two identical chromatids

okay so

centromere but in chromatids guys one of

your chromatids came from your mom one

of your chromatids came from your dad

so here

so one of the chromatids are coming from

your dad

so in all in all we have 46 and 46

billion you'll have 46 chrome so or 23

pairs okay this is one pair this is two

pairs this is three pair rocket now four

pairs

up to the 22nd pair okay so latto 1 to

22 guys these are your autosomal

chromosomes okay

and one sex chromosome okay

so x xy

bye bye

so we have 46 chromosomes

and asa

so autosomes and chromosomes yeah

so inside it is your dna

and

so cytology the study of cells yeah and

so much focus are chromosomes so they

are the hereditary units yeah so it all

is something that is inherited

so it passed through every generation

and

genetics is basically the study of

heredity yeah

so the

and similarities that runs within family

lines yeah

so guys and we could not ignore that

some of our

of our

genes are coming from our family

so

because i'm her daughter

so your chromosome so the dna is wound

up

yeah

into a chromosome

so chromosome consists of a dna molecule

and a histone so that's the protein

so the genes

and are distinct regions so are portions

of the chromosomes

okay

genes could code for a protein product

yeah so your dna

uh in the process of

hyaluronic

transcription

it could produce an mrna and so the mrna

guys will travel to the ribosome

and will

go to the

and will

will translate the mrna

and will produce the

indicated protein and so

dna

nucleus nothing guys it's gold and is to

produce proteins in the ribosome okay

however guys your dna is concentrated on

the nucleus okay your dna indicating

luma pass okay

so we need

we need a messenger and which is your

messenger rna

so your messenger rna copied a portion

of the dna

that wants to be

used and

so you literally nucleus

so your

you're

there's a portion of dna

going protein so your rna

will transcribe it will copy it and and

that's the one that will come out of the

nucleus and your mrna guys will travel

to your ribosome yeah

and your mrna will be translated to

become a protein okay so

basically you know how many

so these are your chromosomes i'm going

to notice neutral my darker bands yeah

this is a

chromosome 17 yeah

and the darker buns represent your jeans

yeah in every genes there are 3 000

bases ions a human genome project

and this jeans class some of these genes

work together para examples

brown eyes these jeans and they they

work together they combine together

black hair and or dark skin yeah

so sometimes to have your physical trait

yeah

there is a gene involved example

actually there is a breast cancer

gene and so having a breast cancer gene

does not necessitate having a breast

cancer

you will have a breast cancer so there

are many factors that will

increase the risk of having breast

cancer pero in rain having a gene will

will increase the risk of breast cancer

but not necessarily okay

so there's a person on a gene

person on your

chromatin and

which will

which will dictate which which would be

your eye color yeah so brown

so a person on your chromatid or your

chromosome chromatid is

one parallel

a part of your chromosome which will

dictate your hair color and you will

have a example blend

yeah

so

boxing have nothing gene so we have an

eye color gene

okay the alleles

is your the variety so eye color and

color my eyes my brown blue emerald my

gray so i leaves are the different types

of traits that could happen in that gene

so hair color some people are blind so

in the umbilical

red brown and black okay so that gene

is the one that codes the

straight okay and the alleles are the

different varieties of

rape so example um your ears

so you a little ear it is free or

attached yeah if you have a dimple jean

yeah

so padding with dimples without dimples

yeah so

those are all variety of three

so genome is the entire set of genes in

an organism ali is the variety of gene

so one allele is coming from your father

and one allele is coming

from your mother so guys human next

naman

topic now words

is the word genotype yeah

so genotype is the gene that is

available

and the phenotype is the physical

evidence guanine express okay

so example

for me

and i have right now i have you can see

i have a dark hair because i have a dark

hair

uh

jean okay

so um

so plant is my

is

the effect of my environment okay

environment lion perigenotype plus

environment so since my gene is a black

hair gene what is expressed is black

hair

so since my gene is a brown eye gene so

what is expressed my phenotype

is a brown eye brown eyed woman okay

and another one beginner then so my gene

is a blood blood type

having a blood type b gene okay so what

is expressed my phenotype is having a

blood type b

gene wait what is expressed

so

finally i'm loving it will help

so

in genetics we will represent a dominant

allele will all with a capital letter

and recessive allele with a small letter

so i told you dominant alleles

may sound dominant

from your parent it will easily be seen

okay

guys

you need two of your parents to have

both that recessive

right

so

okay let's move on

next we have this term homozygous so

when we say homozygous that person has

has the same allele and heterozygous

we will represent letter b big b capital

letter b

with brown eyes and small letter b with

blue eyes

so

now capital letter

therefore

dominant or recessive and it's a

dominant

[Music]

just looking at this

dominant gene and brown eyes

dominant allele

and since

a small letter young blue eyes therefore

it's a small letter b okay

so

because it's a small letter e okay

so here

this woman has brown eyes yeah i

assigned her

the

pero inner story i assigned her with two

letter b

and so brown eyes so brown

so small b

represents the blue eyes which is a

recessive allele okay and it's the same

so this guy has a homozygous recessive

okay or gene

homozygous recessive correct

so you could

uh

replay this if you don't understand so

eventually

guys

square

so pilot square is the next time

so 100 percent

heterozygous

[Music]

however what is seen

what the scene is the brown eye still

class

the

dominant allele he has a heterozygous

gene makaiba

so

this guy will show brown eyes and

because he caught

dominant gene of brown eyes

papa

kita

so the only time that their child

will have blue eyes if this guy

marries another blue-eyed woman okay or

the woman will be a heterozygous

woman

big b

small b yeah so my chance 25 25 chance

pacquiao

my

because you have that

and heterozygous having two different

genes dominant

an allele of gene that mass or

suppresses the expression of an

alternate alternate alkyl the trait

appears in the hetero if that

so you know

dominate a little so it is expressed and

so

fight is alan it could mask

it could mass it could suppress

the recessive

an allele that is mass or recessive is

an allele that is massed by a dominant

allele

does not appear in heterozygous

condition yeah and only in homozygous

so

right

so italian so we have a green p

and a yellow p okay

so green p is

recessive that's a small letter

the loopy

hello

[Music]

dimples having a brown hair

freckles brown eyes and free earlobe

yeah

so kite is

so gray eyes or blue eyes

so example in bhagavatam tapas guys

inheritance of an blood type so here

my papa

see may dominant ginger oh a a okay

dominant gene are homozygous aging and

so i'm

[Music]

because it's a dominant gene

here you have homozygous b

gene

so the only time that blood type o will

be expressed as a phenotype when both of

the parents have

o gene okay it's a recessive gene

here

one parent has a blood type a one parent

has a blood type b so what is expressed

is both a and b and blood type ap

and so the parents

and so

in parents

neglect

bye