🥇 Anatomía del BULBO RAQUÍDEO. (Médula Oblongada) ¡Explicación Sencilla!

Summary

Este vídeo educativo, presentado por Juan José Sánchez, explora la anatomía de la médula oblonga, la última estructura cerebral en la dirección caudal antes del tronco neural. Se destaca su importancia como punto de conexión entre el cerebro superior y la médula espinal, albergando núcleos de los últimos cuatro nervios craneales y permitiendo la transmisión de fibras sensoriales y motoras. El vídeo también describe la localización y limites de la médula oblonga, así como sus características y funciones críticas, proporcionando una visión detallada de su rol en el sistema nervioso central.

Takeaways

• 🧠 La medulla oblongata es la última estructura cerebral en dirección caudal antes del tronco encefálico.
• 🌐 Se encuentra dividida en prosencefalo, mesencefalo y rombencefalo, siendo ella parte del rombencefalo.
• 🔄 Actúa como puente crucial para la comunicación entre el cerebro superior y la médula espinal.
• ✅ Alberga los núcleos de los últimos cuatro nervios craneales: glosofaringeo, vago, accesorio y hipogloso.
• 📍 Se sitúa entre el puente (ponto) y la médula espinal, conectando ambos sistemas.
• 🔍 A pesar de su importancia, su límite con la médula espinal puede ser difuso tanto a nivel nervioso como anatomico.
• 🏢 La medulla oblongata tiene una rica morfología con sulcos y protuberancias que indican la localización de diferentes estructuras y nervios.
• 🧐 La medulla oblongata forma parte de la base del cuarto ventrículo y tiene una parte inferior que se inserta en el canal espinal.
• 🔬 La medulla oblongata es crucial para comprender la anatomía y las funciones del sistema nervioso central.
• 👨‍⚕️ El conocimiento detallado de la medulla oblongata es esencial para entender las vías ascendentes y descendentes del SNC.

Q & A

¿Qué es la medulla oblongata y qué importancia tiene en el sistema nervioso?

La medulla oblongata es la última estructura cerebral en dirección caudal, situada entre el bulbo raquídeo y la médula espinal. Es crucial ya que toda comunicación entre el cerebro superior y la médula espinal debe pasar por ella, lo que la hace un punto de confluente para muchas funciones vitales.

¿Cuáles son las estructuras que componen la medulla oblongata?

La medulla oblongata contiene núcleos importantes y es el origen de los últimos cuatro nervios craneales: glosopalatino, vago, accesorio y hipogloso. Además, es un punto de paso para fibras sensoriales ascendentes y fibras motoras descendentes.

¿Cómo se determina el límite entre la medulla oblongata y la médula espinal?

El límite se puede determinar de dos maneras: por límites nerviosos, que son imprecisos y se encuentran justo superior a los primeros fascículos del nervio espinal C1, y por límites anatómicos, que son más precisos y se toman como referencia la parte superior de la arco anterior del atlas (C1).

¿En qué se diferencia la medulla oblongata del bulbo raquídeo?

La medulla oblongata se diferencia del bulbo raquídeo por su ubicación y sus funciones específicas. Mientras que el bulbo raquídeo se encuentra más hacia arriba y da lugar al nervio abducens, la medulla oblongata se encuentra más abajo y es el punto de origen de los nervios glosopalatino, vago, accesorio y hipogloso.

¿Qué es el sulcus medullopontinus y qué importancia tiene?

El sulcus medullopontinus es una sulcus importante en la medulla oblongata donde se originan los nervios craneales VI, VII y VIII. Es crucial para entender la organización y el funcionamiento de los nervios craneales y las rutas neurales.

¿Cuál es la relación entre la medulla oblongata y el cuarto ventriculo?

La mitad superior de la medulla oblongata forma parte del suelo del cuarto ventriculo, mientras que la mitad inferior se encuentra fuera de este. La conexión con el cuarto ventriculo es importante para el flujo de líquido cefalorraquídeo y la comunicación entre diferentes partes del sistema nervioso.

¿Qué son los tuberculos de la medulla oblongata y cuál es su función?

Los tuberculos de la medulla oblongata, como el tuberculo cuneado y el tuberculo gracilis, son prominencias que ayudan a formar la arquitectura del tronco encephalico y son asociados con la formación de pedúnculos cerebelosos, que son estructuras que conectan el cerebelo con el tronco encephalico.

¿Qué es el sulcus postolivarius y qué nervios están relacionados con él?

El sulcus postolivarius es una sulcus situado detrás del bulbo olivar inferior y es el lugar donde se originan los nervios craneales IX, X y XI. Este sulcus es importante para la identificación de los nervios craneales y su relación con la medulla oblongata.

¿Cuál es la función del nervio hipogloso y cómo se relaciona con la medulla oblongata?

El nervio hipogloso (XII) es el nervio craneal que controla los músculos de la lengua y está relacionado con la medulla oblongata porque su origen aparente se encuentra en el sulcus preolivario de esta estructura.

¿Cómo se identifican las estructuras externas de la medulla oblongata y cuál es su importancia?

Las estructuras externas de la medulla oblongata, como los sulcus y tuberculos, son importantes para la identificación de los nervios craneales y para entender la organización del tronco encephalico. La identificación de estas estructuras es fundamental en la neurología y la neurocirugía.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Introducción a la Anatomía de la Medula Oblongata

El profesor Juan José Sánchez inicia el video con una presentación agradable dirigida a sus estudiantes de anatomía. Explica que el tema del día es la medula oblongata, una estructura del cerebro posterior también conocida como mielencefalo. Destaca su importancia como la última estructura cerebral en dirección caudal antes del tronco neural. Sánchez detalla la división del cerebro en prosencefalo, mesencefalo y rombencefalo, y subraya que la medula oblongata es la única estructura que compone el mielencefalo. Además, menciona que la medula oblongata es crucial para la comunicación entre el cerebro superior y la médula espinal, y es el núcleo de los últimos cuatro nervios craneales.

05:03

🔍 Importancia y Limites de la Medula Oblongata

Sánchez profundiza en la importancia de la medula oblongata, explicando su papel central en la transmisión de información entre el cerebro y la médula espinal. Detalla cómo las fibras sensoriales ascendentes y las fibras motoras descendentes pasan por esta región, resaltando su papel crucial en la función neural. Además, discute los límites de la medula oblongata, diferenciando entre los límites neurológicos y anatómicos. Expone la confusión común entre estudiantes sobre la separación entre la medula oblongata y la médula espinal, y aclara que la medula oblongata atraviesa el forámen magnum sin convertirse en la médula espinal.

10:06

🏞️ Características y Estructuras de la Medula Oblongata

El video continúa con una descripción detallada de las características y estructuras de la medula oblongata. Sánchez habla sobre la forma piramidal de la medula, su eje longitudinal y su inclinación oblicua. Explica la presencia del canal ependimarial y su conexión con la médula espinal. Luego, se centra en los límites superior e inferior de la medula, describiendo la sutileza de los límites neurológicos y la precisión de los límites anatómicos. Finalmente, invita a los estudiantes a suscribirse al canal y a seguir aprendiendo sobre la anatomía del sistema nervioso.

15:08

🏞️ Anatomía Detallada de la Medula Oblongata

Sánchez concluye el video con una revisión exhaustiva de las estructuras y proyecciones de la medula oblongata. Describe la superficie anterior y lateral de la medula, señalando la sutileza de las crestas y surcos como los pirámides bulbares, el surco preolivar y la oliva inferior. Detalla la importancia de estos elementos en la formación de los nervios craneales, especialmente el nervio hipoglosal. Además, menciona la presencia de la silla del trigémino y la conexión de la medula con el cerebelo a través del cuerpo restiforme. Finaliza el video aclarando dudas y animando a los estudiantes a profundizar en sus conocimientos anatómicos.

Keywords

💡Medulla oblongata

La medulla oblongata es la última estructura cerebral en dirección caudal, situada justo antes del tronco encefálico. Es crucial para la comunicación entre el cerebro superior y la médula espinal, ya que todos los mensajes neuronales deben pasar por ella. En el guion, se menciona que la medulla oblongata contiene núcleos importantes y es el origen de los últimos cuatro nervios craneales, lo que subraya su importancia en la función neural.

💡Rhombencephalon

El rombencefalo es la parte posterior del cerebro, dividida en metencefalon y mielencefalon. En el video, el rombencefalo se destaca como la sección del cerebro que contiene la medulla oblongata, y es donde se encuentran los núcleos de los nervios craneales mencionados, lo que indica su rol en la conexión del cerebro con el sistema nervioso periférico.

💡Prosencephalon

El prosencefalo es la parte anterior del cerebro, que se subdivide en el telencefalo y el diencefalo. Aunque no es el foco principal del video, se menciona para proporcionar una visión completa de la organización del cerebro. El prosencefalo es esencial para el aprendizaje y la memoria, y está conectado con la medulla oblongata a través de vías neuronales que pasan por la medulla.

💡Mesencephalon

El mesencefalo, también conocido como el tronco cerebral, es la parte del cerebro que se encuentra entre el diencefalo y el metencefalon. Aunque no se discute en detalle en el guion, es importante para la visión y el control de movimientos corporales, y está conectado con la medulla oblongata a través de la médula.

💡Nervios craneales

Los nervios craneales son los nervios que se originan en el cerebro y se dirigen a diferentes partes del cuerpo. En el video, se mencionan específicamente los nervios craneales XI, IX, X y XII, que surgen de la medulla oblongata y son esenciales para funciones como la deglución, la respiración y el movimiento de los músculos faciales y del lenguaje.

💡Foramen magnum

El foramen magnum es la apertura en la base del cráneo a través de la cual la médula espinal se conecta con el cerebro. En el guion, se aclaran malentendidos sobre la relación entre la medulla oblongata y el foramen magnum, señalando que la medulla oblongata pasa a través de él pero no llega a tocarlo directamente.

💡Sulcus medullopontine

El sulcus medullopontine es una sulco en la medulla oblongata donde se originan los nervios craneales VI, VII y VIII. En el video, se destaca su importancia para la anatomía y la función de la medulla oblongata, ya que es un punto de referencia para el estudio de la distribución de los nervios craneales.

💡Decussación de las pirámides

La decussación de las pirámides es el punto donde las fibras del sistema piramidal cruzan de un lado a otro en la medulla oblongata. Es un concepto clave en el estudio de las vías neurales ascendentes y descendentes, y en el guion se menciona como parte de la anatomía de la medulla que separa la médula del tronco encefálico.

💡Inferior olive

La inferior olive es una protuberancia en la medulla oblongata que da lugar al nervio XII, el nervio hipogloso. En el video, se describe cómo la inferior olive se encuentra en la preolivary groove y es un punto de referencia para entender la organización de los nervios craneales en la medulla oblongata.

💡Ependymal canal

El canal ependimario es un conducto que comienza en la medulla oblongata y se extiende hacia la médula espinal, conectando el cuarto ventriculo con la médula espinal. En el guion, se menciona como parte de la anatomía interna de la medulla oblongata, siendo esencial para el flujo de líquido cefalorraquídeo.

Highlights

Introducción al estudio de la medulla oblongata, una estructura clave en la comunicación entre el cerebro y la médula espinal.

Descripción de la medulla oblongata como la última estructura cerebral en dirección caudal antes de la médula espinal.

Explicación de la división del cerebro en prosencefalo, mesencefalo y rombencefalo, y la ubicación de la medulla oblongata dentro de esta clasificación.

Importancia de la medulla oblongata en la conductancia de las fibras sensoriales ascendentes y motoras descendentes.

Mención de las núcleos de los últimos cuatro nervios craneales en la medulla oblongata: glosofaríngeo, vago, accesorio y hipogloso.

Ubicación anatómica de la medulla oblongata entre el pons y la médula espinal.

Aclaración sobre el concepto erróneo de que la medulla oblongata alcanza el forámen magnum.

Descripción de los límites superior e inferior de la medulla oblongata y su relación con el atlas y la médula espinal.

Importancia del sulcus medullopontinus y la emergencia del nervio craneal VI (abducens).

Detalles sobre la formación y significado de la decussación de las pirámides en la medulla oblongata.

Anatomía de la cara anterior de la medulla oblongata, incluyendo el sulcus medianus anterior y la decussación de las pirámides.

Mencion de la importancia del sulcus preolivarius y su relación con el nervio craneal XII (hipogloso).

Descripción de la función y localización del núcleo olivar inferior y su impacto en la formación de los sulcus preolivarius.

Importancia del sulcus retroolivarius y su relación con los nervios craneales IX, X y XI.

Discusión sobre la existencia y localización del sulcus lateral dorsal en la medulla oblongata.

Anatomía de la cara posterior de la medulla oblongata y su relación con el tejido cerebeloso.

Descripción de las tuberculaciones en la medulla oblongata: tuberculo cuneado y tuberculo gracilis.

Importancia del pedúnculo cerebeloso inferior y su conexión con la medulla oblongata y el cerebelo.

Conclusión del video con una resumida explicación de la complejidad y el valor de la medulla oblongata en el sistema nervioso.

Transcripts

Hello my dear anatomy students, how are you? Welcome to another new

installment of this easy anatomy channel by Juan José Sánchez. Today I bring you a video of a

structure of the posterior brain, of a rhombencephalic structure, I bring you the

anatomy of the famous medulla oblongata or known as the medulla oblongata, let's say that it is the

last brain structure in the caudal direction because after the medulla What comes next

is the famous spinal cord. Very well, then the scheme that I have accustomed you to, the brain

divided into a forebrain called the prosencephalon, which in turn is subdivided

by a more superior region, which is the telencephalon, is the cerebrum and a vesicle that embryologically

developed a lower portion called the diencephalon. , very good, then we would have the midbrain,

which is the mesencephalon alone, it does not have divisions; Finally, in the posterior brain,

which is the rhombencephalon, in turn divided by an upper portion called the metencephalon and a

final portion, which would be the myelencephalon. Incidentally, the only structure that makes up

the brain is the medulla oblongata, which is precisely what it is. What are we going to talk about today? So,

as a diagram, you already know that the metencephalon, the most superior portion of the posterior brain, has

or contains the pons anteriorly and the cerebellum posteriorly, while the

myelencephalon, notice, alone contains that medulla oblongata or medulla oblongata as you

call it. want to call; So the importance of this medulla oblongata is that first,

being the most distal portion of the entire brain means that any communication,

any communication without exception that wants to pass from the most superior brain to the

spinal cord, has to go through the medulla oblongata, That is, the lessons generally when they occur

in the medulla oblongata compromise many functions, too much, in addition there are the

nuclei of the last four cranial nerves: the glossopharyngeal, the vagus, the accessory and the

hypoglossal, so all the ascending sensory fibers that They come from the spinal cord and pass through there,

all the descending fibers that are motor that come from the cortex or regions or other

regions, let's say brain, also pass through the medulla oblongata, so imagine

the importance of knowing the specific anatomy of this structure. Very well, then we can

say that the medulla oblongata is placed between the pons or annular protuberance that

you can already find in the canal and the spinal cord below, that is, it is a structure that is

practically between the two, it is interconnecting, very well, it is a structure that passes through the

foramen magnum, what do I mean by it crosses the foramen magnum? We are not going to

say that the medulla oblongata reaches the foramen magnum, that is a slightly erroneous concept, it is

a concept that is no longer in vogue, it is a concept that is already known to be wrong, the medulla

oblongata simply passes through the foramen occipital or foramen magnum, that is, it has an inferior portion that

is small, yes, but it has that it is inserted inside the spinal canal and it is inserted inside the

spinal canal and it is still the medulla oblongata. The eye has not become the spinal cord,

Now I'll tell you what the cut-off point is between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord, which is where

we say students sometimes get confused the most, so I don't want them to forget that it passes through

that foramen magnum and then it's going to have approximately, it's said. two types of limits,

it will have a nervous limit as such that is a limit that is a little imprecise, difficult, I am

going to tell you about them and it will have an anatomical limit as such that is not nervous, it is anatomical that

we can see from outside, in fact it is much easier to look for the anatomical limit than the nervous one,

so let's see that in itself let's say that, of course here I drew the line a little long,

if it is related then to the anterior arc of the atlas, that is , from C1 to the

anterior portion of the occipital bone, what is called the basilar portion of the occipital bone, it will be

in contact with all of that, be careful, do not get carried away by this line, I simply made it as a

reference but it does not reach that far down how she wants to show that, then she tells herself that she had

a shape of a truncated pyramid, in this pyramidal shape it has an upper base, that is, a

pyramid that is upside down and the upper part is widened, it has a longitudinal axis

that goes from bottom to top and from back to front. what does that mean? that the

upper portion is a little more anterior than the posterior portion, in fact you see that it is not completely

straight but rather oblique, you can see more or less an oblique type annulus, one thing you have to

know, another important thing is that it is partly crossed by the beginning of the

ependymal canal or duct and that it is the conduit that would take it to the spinal cord, which would continue

the fourth ventricle with the spinal cord. Okay, so one thing you have to know is

that the upper limit is quite precise, it's easy to see, the upper limit is the

continuous bulb groove, why continuous bulb? because they call this the medullooblongata or medulla oblongata or we also

call this sulcus medullopontine for medullopontine sulcus, in this medullopontine sulcus it is quite

important because there we are going to see the emergence of the sixth cranial nerve which is the abducens,

remember that we are talking about the fifth that came out of the bridge itself then remember that the

cranial nerves are in order, then the sixth which is the abductor of the eye, then the seventh which is the

facial with its sensitive part and then we would have the eighth which is the vestibulo-cochlear nerve,

then this medullopontine sulcus contains the apparent origin of these three cranial nerves 6,

7 and 8. Very well, the lower limit as I told you is a little imprecise, it is

sometimes difficult to limit it, the nervous limit is said to be immediately superior to the emergence

of the first fascicles of the C1 spinal nerve, so let's say this is the anterior roots

of C1, so above it, which would more or less be this level, is the limit where I say

up to there the spinal cord ends, up to here it ends and this coincides with the decussation of the

pyramids that we are going to see there, in fact it is said that the spinal cord begins when

the decussation of the pyramids occurs, this central structure that is uniting both pyramids that is

the nervous limit as such, the anatomical limit does not tell us I like to take it so much because sometimes it doesn't

correspond, why? Because sometimes the spinal cord reaches a little lower or reaches a little

higher, the anatomical limit that is taken is said to be the upper edge of the anterior arch

of the atlas, that is, you draw a line that touches the anterior arch of the atlas, that is, of the c1 vertebra

and the upper edge of the posterior arch and up to there you make the cutting point, from there up

spinal cord, sorry oblong medulla and from there down spinal cord, however sometimes

it is not C1 corresponds to the real limit because sometimes part of the medulla may remain a

little lower and by drawing that imaginary line there you exclude, let's say, some nuclei that

are within the medulla oblongata for example, then it is not better to talk about the nervous limit

than of the anatomical limit as such. Let's see then the structures, see that it is very rich in

structures, the anterior face, the lateral face, it has many grooves, many projections, so

we are going to talk about each of these structures, but don't go away from the video

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to date. So well, we continue talking about the let's say structures that are

found inside the medulla oblongata, starting to talk about the anterior face and the lateral face,

the first thing we are going to notice about the anterior face, we are going to try to go in order, it is the median sulcus.

anterior you will also see it with the name of anterior median fissure and that same

anterior groove that the spinal cord has, see that it is the same one that continues upwards,

that anterior median groove will end in a fossa that is blind, or That is, it doesn't lead anywhere

and that is called blind foramen, okay? blind foramen. Very well, let's see that at the

bottom there is the decussation of the pyramids, which is the place where the fibers of the path

The pyramidal system begins to move from one side to the other in the famous deposition of the pyramids, which when

you study the ascending and descending pathways of the central nervous system you will remember, so

of this decussation that I am naming you right now, remember that this would practically be the

adjacencies of the lower limit of the medulla oblongata and its separation with it in the spinal cord, very

good, then on the sides the first projection, the first elevation that we are going to see is the

bulbar pyramids, okay? What is the first structure that we are going to find lateral to the midline

after those bulbar pyramids we are going to see a groove, that groove is called the pre-olivary groove

because I go ahead, this elevation that you see here we are going to call the inferior olive,

it exists a nucleus that is there, which is the inferior olivary nucleus, that that nucleus, let's say that becomes

prominent, pushes the white matter outwards and that is why we are going to see what happens with

this prominence here, then the sulcus that remains in front of it, which is The one that separates it from the

pyramid would be the preolivary groove; some authors also call it the lateral ventral groove. Okay,

why is this groove important? because this groove is going to leave 10 to 12 fillets, which

are what are going to originate the apparent origin of the twelfth cranial nerve, which is the hypoglossal nerve,

I am now close to making the cranial pairs the real origins, apparent, the entire route of

each one of the cranial nerves that have been asked for a lot but I want to finish with

the brain part first, so don't forget the apparent origin of this nerve is precisely in

that groove between the pyramid and the inferior olive. So, well, I already told you about the inferior olive

and we are going to notice that there is a pit above the olive at the level of the medullopontine sulcus.

This would be it. If this pit is called the supraolivary pit, it will give rise to the seventh cranial nerve and the

sensory nerves. of the seventh cranial nerve, that is very important, very good, let's go now with this

vision, don't be scared, look, this is the olive, this would be the pre-olivary groove

that I told you just now, very good from here on down it is the spinal cord, no. I'm not talking about anything

down here because it is the spinal cord, here you can see the root of C1 and the anterior and posterior roots,

okay? So just as there is a groove in front of the olive that is the pre-olivary groove, there is a

groove behind it that is the retroolivary groove, okay? retro olivary groove, it immediately creates

an area called the retro olivary zone, so here is something very important that entangles

a lot when we study the medulla oblongata, which is the presence of the lateral dorsal sulcus,

the lateral dorsal sulcus is not the same retro olivary sulcus, no is the same, the retro olivary

is immediately behind the olive, the lateral dorsal sulcus is much more posterior and that

lateral dorsal sulcus has the apparent origins of the ninth cranial nerve, which is the glossopharyngeal,

of the tenth, which is the vagus, and of the root. cranial part of the accessory, remember that the accessory nerve has

a spinal root which are these rootlets that you see here and this would be the cranial portion, now,

many books talk about the apparent origin of these cranial nerves being from the retro olivary sulcus,

yes, but others agree that it is the lateral dorsal sulcus, generally the books that say it is the

retro olivary sulcus is because it does not recognize a lateral dorsal sulcus what happens is that you,

here I open an important parenthesis that you know so that later no one says that the doctor

was wrong or he told me this, what happens is that you look there and you really see the

quite marked grooves and it seems very difficult to make a mistake, but when you see a

live brain stem you will realize that it is not You see those grooves just as you see them there, you can't

see them, you can hardly notice the grooves, in fact, I'm going to leave attached in the description of this video a

link to a quite serious scientific article, you can see a serious university that says

that the lateral dorsal sulcus does not exist, imagine then in this case that it would be wrong for me to say

that the apparent origin of the glossopharyngeal, the vagus, the accessory is the lateral dorsal sulcus,

they already did a dissection at 60, between 60 and 70 of the trunk encephalic, I don't remember and they said

that there is no such sulcus, it is not really seen, this rootlet of these three cranial nerves

emerge at a distance behind the retro olivary sulcus and that there are no sulcus, they simply come out of the

brain stem and without an apparent sulcus that is forming it, So the question remains

as to what the apparent origin of each of those three cranial nerves is, what it is not,

is the retro olivary sulcus, it is a portion, an area that is behind this retro olivary sulcus,

yes. They want to see it in this image in this way from before you will notice the

apparent origin the glossopharyngeal is more superior, then in the tenth which is the vagus nerve and then

the accessory that has its cranial root that comes from the medulla oblongata because the nucleus It is in the

medulla oblongata and its spinal root that comes from the most superior spinal segments, now,

if you see this view, the posterior face of the medulla oblongata, notice that the medulla oblongata

has an upper half that is inserted as the floor of the fourth ventricle, you will also be able

to find videos of the fourth ventricle within the channel, but it has a lower portion which is

the one that we are going to study more or the one that we are going to study here that is outside the floor of the

fourth ventricle, why Why didn't the upper half name them? Because I explain the upper half on

the floor of the fourth ventricle, then it would be to make a longer video and then repeat the same thing.

In that lower half we are going to find the famous entrance of the

ependymal duct, which is the one that continues, let's say with the ependymal conductor of the spinal cord,

the upper half, as I told you, helps to form more or less the floor of the fourth ventricle,

so on this posterior surface we first find a groove that is the same, it is the same

groove in the spinal cord that is the posterior median sulcus, on the sides of the posterior median sulcus

we find two prominences: the most medial of it is the gracile tubercle, which is a continuation

of the gracile fasciculus that comes from the spinal cord, and the most lateral one is the cuneiform tubercle,

the gracilis and the cuneiform, This cuneiform tubercle is important because this

cuneiform tubercle is the one that you will later see that upwards gives rise to the famous restiform body, which is what

will give rise to the inferior cerebellar peduncle. When you study cerebellum 3, when I talk about the cerebellar peduncles,

you will see that the inferior cerebellar peduncle It is the one that connects the medulla oblongata with

the cerebellum. So you already know that it is more or less thanks to this rectiform body, so

I remind you, posterior median sulcus, lateral to it the gracilis tubercle and lateral to it the

cuneiform tubercle, the groove that is separating the gracilis from the cuneiform is the intermediate sulcus

posterior, which is the one you see here, it is called the posterior intermediate sulcus and then

we have the dorsolateral sulcus that we already saw on the lateral side, we are going to see it now in

a lateral view, which is the one we had, let's say the confusion of whether it was there where

the ninth, tenth and eleventh cranial nerves actually originated. So let's see this

structure, which is, let's say, an elevation that is the trigeminal tubercle, in the nucleus, let's say,

the trigeminal medullary nucleus makes this prominence and that's why it receives the name

trigeminal tubercle, okay? Well here I point out the inferior cerebellar peduncle that I already told you that it

originates thanks to the cuneiform tubercle that is to one side, so see here in this

lateral view so that you can more or less continue this image with the previous view that would be

the median sulcus posteriorly, the gracilis tubercle, cuneiform tubercle, posterior intermediate sulcus

because it is the one that is separating the gracilis from the cuneiform, notice that then there we would have

the dorsolateral sulcus, see that behind the dorsolateral sulcus is the

trigeminal tubercle that I told you Just now a while ago, this would be the inferior cerebellar peduncle, these

two that you see here, so if this is the dorsolateral sulcus, trigeminal tubercle,

here would be the retro olivary sulcus, so always ask: ``doctor, what is this sulcus? ?``

This one that you see in the middle, well, that groove has nothing to do with the medulla oblongata,

that is a groove that is a continuation of what they drew up there because it is a groove

It is really from the spinal cord, if it is from the place where the roots are emerging, which

would be the spinal portion of the spinal cord of the eleventh cranial nerve, which is the accessory nerve,

it no longer has anything to do with the medulla oblongata and this one that you see here You already know it, which is

what gives rise to the twelfth cranial nerve, which is the hypoglossal nerve, which was the pre

olivary sulcus, okay? Well, without anything else to add, this was the entire medulla oblongata video, I hope

your doubts have been clarified, don't forget to read the description of the paper that I am going to leave you, subscribe to the channel,

like the video if you liked it and you can find me on instagram at @juan_sánchez1315