🥇 Anatomía del ESÓFAGO, Fácil y Rápida

Summary

Este vídeo educativo, presentado por Juan José Sánchez, explora la anatomía del esófago, el tubo muscular que inicia el tracto digestivo y conecta el faringe con el estómago. Se discuten las divisiones cervical, torácica y abdominal del esófago, así como sus estrechos anatómicos y relaciones con estructuras clave como la traquea y la aorta. Se explican su irrigación sanguínea, drenaje venoso y la innvación por el sistema nervioso autónomo, destacando su función en la peristaltic y la secreción de glándulas.

Takeaways

• 🌟 El esófago es un tubo muscular que forma parte del tracto digestivo y conecta el faringe con el estómago.
• 📏 Mide aproximadamente entre 25 a 30 centímetros y es ligeramente más delgado y pequeño en mujeres.
• 🔍 Comienza en el borde inferior del cartílago cricoide, a nivel de la vértebras C6, y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12 o T11 y T12.
• 📝 Se divide en tres porciones: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal, siendo la intra torácica la más larga y la abdominal la más corta.
• 🚧 Hay estrechos o constrictions anatomicos naturales en el esófago, principalmente en los niveles del cartílago cricoide, la aorta y el diafragma.
• 🔄 La porción cervical del esófago está relacionada con el faringe y el plexo cardíaco, y es donde se forma el primer esfínter del esófago.
• 🔄 La porción torácica está relacionada con la traquea, la aorta y el plexo esofágico, y es donde la musculatura es mixta de estriado y liso.
• 🔄 La porción abdominal es la más corta y termina en la yugular del estómago, formando la unión gastroesofágica.
• 🌐 El esófago está hidratado por varias arterias, incluyendo las arterias tireóideas inferiores, bronquiales, aórticas y diafragmáticas.
• 🔁 El drenaje venoso del esófago es complejo, con la convergencia de la circulación sistemática y portal, pudiendo causar várices en la parte inferior del esófago.
• 💡 La innervation del esófago es de autonomía, con la parasimpatía a través de los troncos del nervio vague y la simpatía a través de la cadena simpática.

Q & A

¿Qué órgano comienza el tracto digestivo y de qué trata el vídeo de Juan José Sánchez?

El vídeo trata sobre el esófago, que es uno de los órganos que comienza el tracto digestivo.

¿Cuál es la función del esófago según el vídeo?

El esófago es un tubo muscular que conecta el faringe con el estómago y transporta el bolo alimenticio desde la garganta hasta el estómago.

¿Cuál es la longitud aproximada del esófago en centímetros?

El esófago mide aproximadamente entre 25 a 30 centímetros.

¿En qué nivel del cuerpo comienza y termina el esófago?

El esófago comienza en el nivel del borde inferior del cartílago cricoide, específicamente en la vértebral C6, y termina aproximadamente entre D11 y D12 o también conocida como T11 y T12.

¿Cuáles son las tres porciones del esófago que se mencionan en el vídeo?

Las tres porciones del esófago son: la porción cervical, la porción intratoracólica y la porción abdominal.

¿Qué son las estrías del esófago y cuáles son sus tres lugares donde se estrangulan?

Las estrías del esófago son lugares donde el esófago se estrecha. Las tres estrías son: la estrecha en el inicio del esófago, la aortobronquial y la diafragmática.

¿Cuál es la relación anatómica entre el esófago y la traquea?

El esófago siempre está en relación posterior a la traquea y se desplaza hacia la izquierda mientras que la traquea se desplaza hacia la derecha.

¿Cómo se forma el primer esfínter del tracto digestivo en la parte superior del esófago?

El primer esfínter del tracto digestivo se forma por el tendon del músculo cricofaríngeo, que es la porción muscular del inferior constrictor del faringe.

¿Qué es la línea Z y dónde se encuentra?

La línea Z, también conocida como línea zigzag, es el punto donde el esófago se une al estómago y marca el cambio de epitelio esofágico a epitelio gástrico.

¿Cómo se drenan las venas del esófago y cuál es la importancia de esta drenaje?

El esófago tiene una drenaje venosa compleja donde convergen dos sistemas venosos: la circulación sistémica y la circulación portal. Esto puede resultar en la formación de várices esofágicas si hay un bloqueo o daño en la vena portal.

¿Cómo se irriga el esófago y cuáles son las principales arterias que contribuyen a su irrigación?

El esófago está densamente irrigado por varias arterias, incluyendo las arterias tireoideas inferiores, las ramas bronquiales de la aorta, las ramas directas de la aorta, la arteria diafragmática o inferior frenar y la arteria gástrica izquierda.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introducción a la Anatomía del Esófago

El vídeo comienza con Juan José Sánchez presentando un nuevo vídeo sobre Anatomía, específicamente el esófago, que es el órgano que inicia el tracto digestivo. Se menciona que se abordará su estructura macroscópica, incluyendo sus porciones, relaciones anatómicas importantes, irrigación, drenaje venoso e innervation. El esófago es descrito como un tubo muscular que conecta el faringe con el estómago, pasando por el cuello, el torax y llegando al estómago, midiendo aproximadamente 25 a 30 cm. Se detalla que comienza en la cartílago cricoide y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12 o T11 y T12. Se explica que se puede dividir en tres porciones: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal, y se mencionan las estrictures o puntos de estrechamiento normales que presenta.

05:04

🔍 Porciones y Relaciones Anatómicas del Esófago

Se describe la porción cervical del esófago, que comienza en el cartílago cricoide y se extiende hasta el nivel de la vértebras D4 o D5. Se explica que el esófago está en relación posterior con la traquea y se menciona la importancia de la tendon de la musculatura crico-faringea que forma el primer esfínter del esófago. Además, se abordan las relaciones con la glándula tiroides, las arterias carotidas y el nervio recurrente laringeo. Se destaca la importancia de estas relaciones para cirugías del cuello, ya que el esófago es más accesible desde el lado izquierdo. Se menciona la transición de la porción cervical a la intra torácica, donde la musculatura del esófago cambia de esquelética a lisa, y se destacan las relaciones con la aorta y la traquea.

10:07

🌐 Irrigación y Drenaje del Esófago

Se detalla la irrigación del esófago, que es un órgano altamente irrigado. Se mencionan las distintas arterias que suministran sangre al esófago, como la arteria tireo-inferior, las ramas bronquiales de la aorta, las ramas directas de la aorta y la arteria diafragmática o inferior frenética. También se habla sobre el drenaje venoso, donde convergen dos sistemas venosos: el sistema venoso sistemico y el portal. Se señala la importancia de la vena gástrica izquierda que drenaje la parte inferior del esófago al sistema portal, lo que puede dar lugar a várices esofágicas en caso de obstrucción en la vena portal.

15:11

🚨 Innervation y Conclusión del Vídeo

Se explica la innervation del esófago, que es controlada por el sistema nervioso autónomo. Se menciona la innervation parasimpática a través de los troncos del nervio vague y la función de los ganglios en las paredes del esófago en la peristaltis y la secreción de glándulas. Se también aborda la innervation simpática, que tiene como función oponerse a la acción de la parasimpatía. El vídeo concluye con un agradecimiento y se invita a los espectadores a suscribirse, dar like y compartir el vídeo, así como seguir al presentador en Instagram.

Keywords

💡Esofago

El esofago es un tubo muscular que forma parte del tracto digestivo y conecta la faringe con el estómago. En el vídeo, se describe cómo mide aproximadamente 25 a 30 centímetros y cómo su estructura varía ligeramente entre hombres y mujeres. Se menciona que comienza en el nivel del borde inferior del cartílago cricoide y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12 o T11 y T12.

💡Portiones del esofago

El esofago se divide en tres porciones principales: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal. Cada porción tiene características y relaciones anatómicas específicas que se discuten en el vídeo, como la porción cervical que comienza en el cartílago cricoide y la porción abdominal que termina en la yugular.

💡Estrechuras del esofago

Las estrechuras del esofago son puntos donde este se estrecha. Se mencionan tres estrechuras anatómicas normales: la primera en el cartílago cricoide, la segunda en la arqueta de la aorta o la bronquio izquierda, y la tercera al perforar el diafragma. Estas estrechuras son importantes para entender la anatomía y la función del esofago.

💡Muscular

El esofago está formado por músculos, incluyendo músculo liso y esquelético. En la parte torácica, el esofago está formado por músculo esquelético que se puede contraer voluntariamente, mientras que en la parte abdominal es de músculo liso que es controlado por el sistema nervioso autónomo. Esto se discute en el contexto de cómo se mueve el alimento a través del esofago.

💡Faringe

La faringe es una parte importante del tracto digestivo que precede al esofago. Se menciona en el vídeo que el esofago comienza justo después de la faringe, específicamente en la laringe, y se conecta con el estómago.

💡Estómago

El estómago es la parte del tracto digestivo donde el esofago termina. Se menciona en el vídeo que el esofago se conecta con el estómago a través de la yugular, y se discute cómo la parte abdominal del esofago desaparece al pasar al torácico durante la deglución.

💡Sifón

El término 'sifón' se utiliza para describir la relación del esofago con la columna vertebral, como si fuera una cuerda en un arco. Esto se menciona para ilustrar cómo el esofago se sitúa en relación con la columna vertebral.

💡Glándulas paratiroides

Las glándulas paratiroides se mencionan en relación con el esofago debido a su ubicación lateral. Son glándulas endocrinas pequeñas que están cercanas al esófago y tienen una función crítica en el control del calcio en la sangre.

💡Nervio recurrente laringeo

El nervio recurrente laringeo es un nervio importante que se relaciona con el esofago al pasar entre la traquea y el esofago. Se menciona en el vídeo como un ejemplo de la complejidad de los nervios que interactúan con el esofago y su función en la deglución.

💡Vaso sanguíneo

El suministro de sangre al esofago es un tema importante en el vídeo. Se discuten varias arterias que suministran sangre al esofago, como la arteria tireoinfrarrotunda, las ramas bronquiales de la aorta y la arteria diafragmática. Este suministro sanguíneo es crucial para la nutrición y la función del esofago.

💡Drenaje venoso

El drenaje venoso del esofago es complejo y se discute en detalle en el vídeo. Se mencionan varias venas que drenan el esofago, incluyendo la vena azygos, la vena hemiazygos y la vena gástrica izquierda. El drenaje venoso es importante para la eliminación de desechos y la regulación del flujo sanguíneo.

💡Innervations

La innervation del esofago se controla por el sistema nervioso autónomo y se discute cómo los troncos del nervio vague y la cadena simpática juegan un papel en la regulación del movimiento y la secreción en el esofago. Esto es crucial para entender cómo el esofago funciona en la deglución y la digestión.

Highlights

El esófago es un tubo muscular que inicia el tracto digestivo.

Conecta el faringe con el estómago y mide aproximadamente 25 a 30 centímetros.

Comienza en la base del cartílago cricoide y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12.

Se divide en tres porciones: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal.

Existen estrechos anatómicos naturales en el esófago donde se estrecha.

El primer estrecho se encuentra en la base del cartílago cricoide.

El segundo estrecho puede ser causado por el arco de la aorta o la bronquio izquierdo.

El tercer estrecho ocurre al perforar el diafragma toracoabdominal.

La porción cervical comienza en la base del cartílago cricoide y se une al faringe.

El esófago está siempre en relación posterior con la traquea.

La relación con la glándula tiroides y las arterias carotidas es lateral.

La porción torácica es la más larga y se caracteriza por su musculatura esquelética.

La porción abdominal es la más corta y desaparece al pasar por el diafragma.

El esófago se irriga por varias arterias incluyendo la arteria tireoinfrarrotunda.

La drenaje venoso del esófago es complejo y incluye la circulación portal.

La innervation del esófago es de autonomía y controla movimientos y secreciones.

El esófago tiene un anastomosis entre la circulación sistémica y portal.

La sangre de la parte inferior del esófago puede causar várices y hemorragias.

El video es una excelente fuente de información sobre la anatomía del esófago.

Transcripts

Welcome to a new easy anatomy video by Juan José Sánchez! Today we will talk

about one of the organs that begins what is the digestive tract. We will talk

specifically then about the anatomy of the esophagus. So,

in this video we will mainly address its macro structure, we will talk about its generalities,

its portions, the most important anatomical relationships. Then, we will talk about its irrigation,

its venous drainage and, of course, its innervation. Don't detach yourself from the video.

[Music]

I invite you to subscribe here in the lower right style, click. [Music]

And don't forget to like the video. So, basically, the esophagus is a muscular tube

that begins the digestive tube that connects an important portion of the neck, such as the

pharynx, with the stomach. So it goes through three important structures of the body,

it goes through the neck, it goes through the thorax to finally reach what is

the stomach and take the bolus. So, from the throat to the stomach,

this tube measures approximately 25 to 30 centimeters, somewhat less thick and smaller

in women since this portion of the body is less developed. It

basically begins at the level of the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage, that is the

anatomical reference for me to say here the esophagus begins and that is specifically at the level of

the C6 vertebra and ends approximately between D11 and D12 or also called T11 and T12 , that is

the length with respect to the spinal column. So, we are going to delimit 3 portions and we are going to

explain each of them separately. First, the portion more proximal than its superior portion is

the cervical portion. Then, the longest portion, which is the intrathoracic portion, and finally,

its shortest portion, which is the abdominal portion. So these are then going to be the three

portions of the esophagus. It is very important that we know that there are strictures of the esophagus,

they can be places where the esophagus narrows. It is normal that anatomically it narrows in those places

, there are precisely anatomical structures that put pressure on it and that is why it has those

narrownesses that look very good, I repeat, in radiological anatomy. For example,

when we make a barium esophagus, the first place at the first narrowness, which at the narrowest point

of the esophagus is precisely at its beginning, that is, the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage

at the level of C6, that is the first narrowness. There it joins the pharynx and that is why that region is

called the cricopharyngeal region where the tendon of the cricopharyngeal muscle is located. Then, we have the

second construction that some authors vary here. Some authors say that it is the aorta,

the arch of the aorta, that makes this constriction and they call it aortic constriction. Others say

that specifically it is the left main bronchus, the Netter that I took this image from

anatomy, the Netter says or names this second constriction as aortobronchial constriction,

that is, for that author this constriction is made by both the left main bronchus and

the arch of the aorta. And the third stricture is the stricture that occurs when it perforates the

thoracoabdominal diaphragm. So, we are going to call them diaphragmatic constriction. Those are

the three places where anatomically we are going to see that the tube, the esophagus, narrows a little,

basically reducing its lumen. So, let's start by explaining the cervical portion.

In this sagittal cut, we are going to see that it begins at the level of the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage,

this is the anterior part of the cricoid, this is the posterior part. See that at the

lower edge there it begins. I say that the esophagus begins, that is at the C6 level and you count the

vertebra. This would be that one that circles c2 c3 c4 c5 and see that at c6 the esophagus begins. It is

a continuation, as I told you, of the pharynx but let's be more specific, it is a continuation of

the lowest part of the pharynx, which is called the laryngolarynx. Then,

after the laryngopharynx, when it reaches the lower edge of the cricoid, it

becomes the esophagus and begins the muscular tube already called the esophagus. As you can see in this image,

this would be the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. Notice, the lowest part

This one that is shaded here in green from the lower concept of the pharynx is called the

cricoesophageal tendon because it comes from the cricoid cartilage to the esophagus. Some authors call them

cricopharyngeal tendon. This cricopharyngeal tendon is the muscular part of the inferior constrictor

that is attached to what is the beginning of the esophagus and there is so much pressure on this muscle when it contracts

that it is what forms the first sphincter that I We find it in the digestive tract, which is the

upper esophageal sphincter, you know, and then the upper esophageal sphincter is formed by the

tendon of the cricopharyngeal muscle. A sphincter is nothing more than a valve, that is, it closes

the beginning of the esophagus so that the bolus, once it passes, cannot be returned. We are going

to see here how the esophagus is always in posterior relation to the trachea, so much so that it is joined by

this fibroelastic tissue to the posterior part of the trachea. Here we basically see the tendon

of the cricopharyngeal fiber forming the upper esophageal sphincter and delimiting me from the beginning of the

esophagus. So, there is a very important relationship between the esophagus and the trachea, the trachea

is always in front of the esophagus, this is a relationship that never changes. Now the trachea begins to

deviate towards the right side of the midline and the esophagus does the opposite, the esophagus begins

to deviate towards the left side. There is also a very important relationship with the

primitive carotid arteries, this primitive carotid is so lateral to what is the esophagus

and with the thyroid gland, specifically its anatomical lobes that have a lateral relationship

with respect to the esophagus. Let's see it well in this image, we see that the esophagus is always

posterior to the trachea and is always anterior to the spinal column. In fact, they describe it as

if it were a bow with its string, the esophagus with respect to what is the spinal column. Now,

there is something quite important that at the cervical level, as I told you, the trachea moves towards

the right side and the esophagus a little more towards the left side. This means that at the

cervical level only the trachea covers the right half of the esophagus. But it does not cover the

left half because they are not both precisely in the midline. This is why when a surgeon

is going to approach the neck to reach the esophagus, it is easier for him to reach the esophagus by cutting through the

left side of the neck than to cut through the right side, because he knows that if he cuts through the

right side The trachea is obtained first, then the esophagus. On the left side it is free,

on the left side the esophagus is free, so it is easier to access it from the left side of the

neck. Here we can also see the relationship that exists with the common carotid arteries that

are lateral. In this posterior view we basically see the pharynx that is the beginning of the esophagus,

this would be the cricopharynx tendon and see how the anatomical lobes have a lateral relationship.

He talked about the anatomical lobes of the thyroid gland, which is the beginning of the esophagus.

Also lateral to the esophagus are the parathyroid glands. Look at these nerves, which is

why I brought up this image and are the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This nerve,

apart from innervating the upper portion of the esophagus, which is a branch of the vagus nerve, is a very intimate relationship

, it enters its way up between the trachea and between the esophagus, it is a very important relationship

that the esophagus has. We see this axial short at the level basically between c5 or c4 c6 and what I

shade in red is the esophagus so it is in the trachea. See here the relationship it

has with this nerve, which is the recurrent larynx, with this gland that is half seen here, which is the

parathyroid, and with all of this, which are the anatomical lobes of the thyroid. See that it is posterior

to the esophagus so there will be the vertebral column and these muscles that are the

prevertebral muscles. What we see here is basically the primitive carotid also as a

lateral relationship to the esophagus and this would be the sympathetic chain also as a posterolateral relationship to

the esophagus. As I always say, the trachea in front of the esophagus, that never changes. So

with respect to the cervical portion, we are going to move on to the thoracic portion, which is the

longest of the esophagus. This thoracic portion is characterized because its beginning, like the

cervical portion, is clearly striated muscle, that is, we can contract at will,

when we swallow it is at will that we move the pharynx muscles. However,

the most distal portion of the thoracic region, when the esophagus reaches the abdomen,

is smooth muscle so that we can no longer control it at will

but it is only controlled by the autonomic nervous system. So, basically, the trachea in

its descent through what is the thoracic cavity is crossed, although it is not seen in this image,

by the left main bronchus. The left main bronchus is anteriorly related, as

is the trachea itself. As I already explained, the esophagus theoretically comes to the left and the

trachea to the right, while the right main itself has nothing to do with the

esophagus, the other quite important relationship you have with the aorta. Note that the beginning of the

aorta, that is, the ascending aorta, is first anterior to the esophagus. The arch of the aorta is rather

lateral, while the descending aorta is first lateral, but then suddenly

becomes posterior, so posterior that when both structures, I mean the esophagus and the aorta,

pierce the thoracoabdominal diaphragm, the esophagus pierces it. In front, it passes through the

esophageal hiatus, while what is the aorta does so behind. So, imagine the very

important relationship that the esophagus has with the aorta, now we are going to see it in a much

better image. Another quite important relationship with this plexus, the esophageal plexus, formed mainly

by the vagus nerve. Ok? See that the vagus nerve has both an anterior and posterior relationship with

the esophagus. This artery here, which is the famous pulmonary artery, is also an

anterior relation to the esophagus. We see here the relationship, so important, is a posterior view of

the vagal trunks. This would be the posterior vagal trunk, since the anterior vagal trunk that

innervates and turns the esophagus. In this image you can see very well the relationship that exists,

as I explained, anterior ascending aorta, arch of the lateral aorta and the descending aorta first

laterally, but then it becomes posterior in what is the esophagus. An also important relationship with

the heart, in fact, there is a space that is seen radiologically between the heart and the esophagus,

the retrocardiac space, which is very important for you to know. Now let's

move on to the abdominal portion, the nominal person which is the shortest, appears

when the esophagus perforates the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. This abdominal portion is very

important for you to know what to disappear, you were like that which disappears, because in swallowing,

when we swallow, the trachea rises and the pharynx rises. As the esophagus is

attached to the pharynx, the esophagus also ascends so that when I swallow this

abdominal portion to become part of the thoracic portion and it simply disappears, even a

part of the stomach also ascends to the thorax, I am going to explain how that mechanism occurs.

So in this abdominal portion is where the esophagus ends, approximately at the

level of the D11 vertebra, emptying into the cardia portion of the stomach. This junction

is called the gastroesophageal junction. The line you see indicates the change from the esophageal epithelium to the

gastric epithelium, and is known as the Z line or zig-zag line because of its shape.

Now, see that there is a thickening in the distal part of the esophagus and that forms the

lower esophageal sphincter, so we have an upper one that forms the

cricoesophageal muscle and a lower one that is basically formed by a thickening of the

walls of the esophagus itself, See that in this esophageal hiatus, this is the diaphragm, okay? It is

joined by a ligament that is the brake ligament, brake is an adjective that means diaphragm,

so this ligament is called the phrenoesophageal ligament. It is what makes it so that when

you swallow and the abdominal portion of the esophagus disappears because it rises, since it is quite elastic, it

quickly pulls it downwards and the esophagus returns to its abdominal portion again.

What you see in the image is a cushion of fat that is inside the phrenoesophageal ligament.

We are going to talk about the irrigation of the esophagus, a densely irrigated organ like

all the organs of the target tube. From top to bottom, first is the

inferior thyroid artery with its esophageal branches. Then, we see that the aorta gives off bronchial branches and,

through that bronchial branch, it also takes advantage and gives branches to the esophagus. So, those are the

bronchial branches of the bronchial artery. Then, some branches that are direct from the aorta, that is,

the aorta, as it comes out, allows direct branches to give to the esophagus, to a branch, then,

aortic. And in its final part, this artery that is here, which is the branch of the abdominal aorta,

that diaphragmatic artery, also called the inferior phrenic artery, that inferior phrenic artery.

See that it also gives some twigs to what is the esophagus, as you can see here. Now,

another artery that is also responsible for supplying the esophagus is the diaphragmatic or

inferior phrenic artery. Not seen in this image. But like this, as this is lower diaphragmatic, there is one that gives

the aorta before perforating the esophageal hiatus, the aortic hiatus gives it up here and that also

helps to irrigate the esophagus. Lastly, this branch of the celiac trunk, which is the

left gastric artery, also called the coronary stomatal artery, helps to irrigate the

lower portions of the esophagus. So you see that it is a densely irrigated organ. Venous drainage

is very important since two venous systems of the body converge in the esophagus. Notice

that what you see like this, here in dark blue, are basically the azygos vein that drains part

of the esophagus, the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein upwards, the

posterior intercostal or posterosuperior veins drain what is the most esophagus, as

does the inferior thyroid vein. So, all of this venous drainage searches

in some direct or indirect way for what is the superior vena cava to reach what is the

right chamber of the heart. That is the famous systemic circulation, that of the entire body,

it is the one you see here in dark blue. But something very important is that the lower part of the esophagus

formed by the left gastric vein, this left gastric vein, you will see that they drew it

here in a more blue and that is because it drains not into the systemic circulation system

but into the of the portal circulation of the portal vein. So it drains into the

portal vein. This means that in the lower part of the esophagus there is an anastomosis, that is,

a union between both circulations is the systemic and the portal and somewhere, as you can see here,

the portal systemic anastomosis, where the veins can dilate, forming the famous

esophageal varices. Well, and that would be clinical, it is not part of the video, but just so you know why

there is often bleeding from varicose veins in the lower part of the esophagus when there is blockage or

damage to the portal vein, basically it is because there is an anastomosis between the two systems .

Finally, the innervation of the esophagus is an organ of the digestive system. Obviously,

it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The peripheral cannot control it because we

move the esophagus at will. Its parasympathetic innervation is given as I told you, but

the anterior and posterior vagal trunks are the precarious holm oaks and moles in the ganglia

that are on the internal walls of the esophagus and from there the post ganglionic cells come out

to innervate the esophagus itself. . They are the ones that are basically in charge of peristalsis,

that is, esophageal movement, and they are also basically in charge of the secretion of the

glands. While the sympathetic innervation is given by the trunk or sympathetic chain,

the pre-ganglion fibers come from the spinal cord, reach these vertebral ganglia

and from there are entangled in the sympathetic area and then the esophagus. The function of the

sympathetic is to do the opposite, that is, to stop the movement of the esophagus and stop the

secretion of the glands. So friend, this has been the entire video. Do not forget

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