Origin of the European healthcare system – Prof. Monika Steffen EUHEALTH

Chitkara Spaak Centre | European Studies
20 May 202215:27

Summary

TLDRL'origine de la couverture santé en Europe remonte à l'adoption en 1883 par la législation allemande du premier système d'assurance maladie obligatoire. Cette réforme, initiée par le chancelier Bismarck, visait à intégrer la classe ouvrière dans le régime politique conservateur et à prévenir une révolution socialiste, tout en rattrapant l'Angleterre en termes d'industrialisation. Au fil des ans, le système s'est élargi pour couvrir l'ensemble de la population, donnant naissance à l'économie sociale de marché. Aujourd'hui, la protection de la santé est un élément clé de la démocratie européenne, avec des droits à la santé inscrits dans les constitutions de nombreux États membres de l'UE.

Takeaways

  • 🛡️ Le premier système d'assurance maladie obligatoire a été adopté en Allemagne en 1883, sous Otto von Bismarck.
  • 👷 Initialement, l'assurance ne concernait que les travailleurs avec des contrats dépendants et les domestiques gagnant sous un certain seuil de revenus.
  • 🏥 Bismarck a mis en place cinq systèmes de sécurité sociale : assurance santé, accidents du travail, chômage, invalidité et retraite.
  • ⚙️ L'extension de l'assurance a progressivement intégré d'autres professions, notamment les indépendants et les agriculteurs.
  • 🛠️ Les employeurs étaient responsables de financer l'assurance accidents du travail, tandis que la gestion des autres assurances était partagée entre employeurs et employés.
  • 🗳️ Ce système a favorisé une implication des syndicats dans la gestion des fonds de sécurité sociale, ce qui a contribué à leur développement en Allemagne.
  • 🌍 Les lois de Bismarck ont servi de modèle pour d'autres pays européens, sud-américains et asiatiques, notamment dans l'entre-deux-guerres.
  • 🏛️ Aujourd'hui, de nombreux pays européens, comme la France et l'Allemagne, inscrivent dans leurs constitutions le droit à la santé pour tous.
  • 🩸 L'exemple français du scandale du sang contaminé a conduit à une réforme majeure des droits des patients et à des contrôles renforcés sur les systèmes médicaux.
  • 👥 Les organisations de patients jouent aujourd'hui un rôle important dans la gestion des systèmes de santé, tant au niveau local que national.

Q & A

  • Quelle est l'origine de la couverture santé en Europe?

    -La première assurance maladie obligatoire a été adoptée en Allemagne par la loi en 1883.

  • Qui a instauré le système d'assurance maladie en Allemagne?

    -Le chancelier Otto von Bismarck a instauré un ensemble de lois sur la sécurité sociale entre 1881 et 1889.

  • Pour quelles raisons Bismarck a-t-il créé ce système de sécurité sociale?

    -Bismarck voulait intégrer la classe ouvrière dans son régime politique conservateur pour promouvoir l'industrie et éviter une révolution socialiste.

  • Quels étaient les cinq schémas de sécurité sociale initiaux en Allemagne?

    -Les cinq schémas étaient l'assurance maladie, les indemnités pour invalidité, les pensions de vieillesse, l'assurance chômage et l'assurance contre les risques professionnels.

  • Comment le système de sécurité sociale a-t-il évolué pour couvrir tous les résidents en Allemagne?

    -Le système s'est généralisé en augmentant progressivement le seuil salariale et en intégrant de nouvelles professions jusqu'à ce que toute la population soit couverte dans les années 1950.

  • Quels étaient les objectifs politiques derrière la création du système de sécurité sociale par Bismarck?

    -Bismarck cherchait à rattraper le niveau de développement de la Grande-Bretagne, créer un grand empire industriel et prévenir une révolution socialiste.

  • Comment étaient financés et gérés les différents régimes d'assurance en Allemagne au début?

    -Les régimes étaient auto-financés avec des contributions partagées entre employeurs et employés, et la gestion était partagée en fonction des contributions.

  • Quelle a été l'influence de la gestion des fonds de sécurité sociale sur les syndicats et les travailleurs allemands?

    -La gestion des fonds a permis aux syndicats et travailleurs de développer des compétences en gestion et de négocier avec les professionnels de la santé, contribuant à l'apprentissage et au développement des institutions.

  • Comment s'est propagée l'assurance maladie et les autres systèmes de sécurité sociale dans le monde après l'Allemagne?

    -L'assurance maladie et les systèmes de sécurité sociale ont été adoptés dans d'autres pays d'Europe, en Amérique du Sud, en Asie et en Russie, souvent après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

  • Quelle est la situation actuelle de la couverture santé dans les constitutions des États membres de l'Union européenne?

    -De nombreux États membres de l'UE ont inscrit le droit à la santé pour tous les citoyens dans leur constitution, ce qui est devenu un élément important de la démocratie.

  • Quels sont les changements récents dans la protection des droits des patients en Europe?

    -Les droits des patients ont été renforcés, avec la présence d'organisations de patients dans les conseils et les administrations de santé, et des améliorations significatives dans la sécurité des soins médicaux suite à des scandales comme celui du sang contaminé en France.

Outlines

00:00

🏥 L'origine du système d'assurance maladie en Europe

Le premier paragraphe aborde l'origine de l'assurance maladie obligatoire en Europe, adoptée en Allemagne en 1883. Il explique que l'assurance maladie était initialement destinée aux travailleurs et aux domestiques gagnant moins qu'un certain seuil. Le chancelier Otto von Bismarck a conçu une série de lois sur la sécurité sociale entre 1881 et 1889, couvrant l'assurance maladie, les accidents du travail, les allocations chômage, les pensions de retraite et les invalidité. Ces systèmes ont été progressivement élargis à tous les résidents en Allemagne au cours de 50 à 60 ans. Bismarck visait à intégrer la classe ouvrière dans son régime politique conservateur pour promouvoir l'industrie allemande et prévenir une révolution socialiste.

05:01

👨‍💼 Bismarck, un conservateur à l'avant-garde

Le deuxième paragraphe met en évidence que Bismarck, bien qu'ayant une origine nationaliste et issue d'une famille de grands propriétaires fonciers, a créé l'une des institutions les plus modernes pour le monde industriel et les travailleurs. Son objectif politique était de rattraper l'Angleterre en créant un grand empire industriel et en prévenant une révolution socialiste. L'assurance sociale mise en place par Bismarck a été progressivement adoptée dans le monde entier, contribuant à la formation de l'économie sociale de marché qui a rendu l'Allemagne l'une des plus riches nations après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

10:03

🤝 Gérer l'assurance sociale: une expérience de gestion pour les travailleurs

Le troisième paragraphe décrit comment l'organisation des systèmes de sécurité sociale par Bismarck a impliqué des contributions et une gestion partagée entre employeurs et employés. Les travailleurs et les syndicats ont appris à gérer les fonds, négocier avec les médecins et investir les fonds de pension, ce qui a été une expérience historique unique en Allemagne. Cette gestion a été un apprentissage pour la gauche allemande et a contribué à la création d'assurances maladie décentes dans de nombreux pays. Vers 1920, environ 2 000 représentants des travailleurs siégeaient dans les conseils d'assurance sociale, une expérience qui a été imitée dans le reste de l'Europe et au-delà.

15:03

🗣️ Les droits des patients et l'évolution du système de santé

Le quatrième paragraphe souligne l'évolution des droits des patients et la participation des organisations de patients dans la gestion du système de santé. Il mentionne des exemples de scandales, tels que le scandale du sang contaminé en France, qui a conduit à une amélioration majeure de la sécurité des soins médicaux et à une augmentation des droits des patients. Les organisations de patients sont devenues des partenaires politiques et ont une voix dans les conseils et les permissions, contribuant ainsi à l'évolution du système de santé au cours des 20 dernières années.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Assurance maladie obligatoire

L'assurance maladie obligatoire est un système dans lequel les individus sont légalement tenus de participer à un régime d'assurance-maladie. Dans le script, cela est mentionné comme étant le premier à être adopté en Allemagne en 1883, marquant le début d'un système de protection sociale qui couvre maintenant tous les résidents en Allemagne.

💡Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck était le chancelier de l'Allemagne impériale et est considéré comme le père du système d'assurance sociale en Allemagne. Dans le script, il est décrit comme ayant conçu une série de lois sur la sécurité sociale entre 1881 et 1889, y compris la première loi d'assurance maladie.

💡Protection sociale

La protection sociale est un ensemble de mesures légales et institutionnelles destinées à protéger les individus contre les risques sociaux tels que la maladie, les accidents du travail, le chômage et la vieillesse. Le script aborde l'histoire de son développement en Allemagne sous Bismarck et son extension progressive pour couvrir tous les résidents.

💡Impératifs de Bismarck

Les impératifs de Bismarck font référence aux objectifs politiques derrière la création du système de sécurité sociale. Dans le script, il est expliqué que Bismarck visait à intégrer la classe ouvrière dans son régime politique conservateur et à prévenir une révolution socialiste, tout en rapprochant l'Allemagne de la puissance industrielle de la Grande-Bretagne.

💡Système de marché social

Le système de marché social est un modèle économique qui combine un marché libre avec des mesures de protection sociale. Le script mentionne que l'Allemagne a développé ce modèle après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui a permis la prospérité du pays et a influencé d'autres pays européens.

💡Assurance chômage

L'assurance chômage est un type d'assurance sociale qui fournit un revenu temporaire aux travailleurs qui sont au chômage involontaire. Dans le script, cela fait partie des cinq schémas de sécurité sociale initiaux mis en place par Bismarck, offrant un soutien financier pendant les périodes de chômage.

💡Assurance retraite

L'assurance retraite est un système qui fournit un revenu à des individus âgés ou inaptes au travail. Le script explique que cela faisait partie des lois de sécurité sociale de Bismarck, avec des contributions partagées entre employeurs et employés.

💡Assurance accidents du travail

L'assurance accidents du travail est un type d'assurance qui couvre les coûts médicaux et les pertes de revenu résultant d'accidents ou de maladies professionnelles. Le script indique que cela était la responsabilité des employeurs de payer les primes et de gérer le contrôle des institutions.

💡Droits des patients

Les droits des patients sont des protections légales et éthiques qui garantissent aux patients un certain niveau de soins et d'information. Le script mentionne l'évolution de ces droits, notamment après des scandales comme celui du sang contaminé en France, qui a conduit à une amélioration de la sécurité des soins et à une plus grande implication des organisations de patients.

💡Organisations de patients

Les organisations de patients sont des groupes représentant les intérêts des patients et travaillant pour améliorer les soins de santé. Le script décrit comment ces organisations sont devenues des partenaires politiques importants, avec des représentants dans les conseils et les administrations de santé.

Highlights

德国在1883年通过法律首次引入了强制性健康保险,至今已有140年的历史。

最初的健康保险只覆盖了收入低于一定门槛的工人和家政人员。

奥托·冯·俾斯麦在1881年至1889年间制定了一系列的社会保障法律。

包括工伤保险、健康保险、失业保险、老年和残疾养老金在内的五种社会保障计划。

系统逐渐扩展,最终在20世纪50年代实现了全民覆盖。

俾斯麦的政治策略是通过提供社会保障来整合工人阶级,避免社会主义革命。

俾斯麦借鉴了社会主义者的部分计划,将其转化为社会保障法律。

社会保障制度的资金来源是自筹的,没有公共补贴。

工伤保险由雇主全额支付,而健康、退休、失业保险则由雇主和雇员共同支付。

健康保险的管理机构中,80%的席位由工人和工会代表占据。

德国的社会保障制度为工人阶级提供了管理经验,这对德国左翼产生了长期积极影响。

到1920年,约有2000名工会成员参与了社会保障委员会的管理。

俾斯麦的社会保障制度在20世纪初被欧洲、南美、亚洲乃至俄罗斯广泛采纳。

今天,许多欧盟成员国的宪法中都明确规定了所有公民的健康权。

在英国,撒切尔夫人试图削减国家健康服务,但未能成功。

法国的血液污染丑闻导致了对医疗安全的巨大改进和患者权利的提升。

现在,德国、法国等国家的医院和卫生机构必须有用户代表参与。

Transcripts

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so let's come back to our main subject

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the origin of european health coverage

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the first compulsory health insurance

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was adopted adopted in germany by law in

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1883

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so that makes it now 140 years that

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germans are used to having a compulsory

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health insurance

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it started very small it was only for

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workers

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and domestics so people who are in

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dependent

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work contracts

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and earning very little money under a

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certain threshold they had to be insured

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so the chancellor otto bismarck who was

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a very conservative man

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made a serious theory of

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serious of

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laws on social security between

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1881 and 89 so it took just eight years

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and it covered

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sort of a package there was a law on

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work hazard so if you have a

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professional illness or work accident

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you were insured

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this was on the responsibility of your

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employers they had to pay the premiums

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and to control the institution and

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control the factories and so on

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uh you had an insurance for health

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you had salary substitutes for

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unemployment so insurance for

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unemployment in validity and old pay old

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age pensions so that makes you

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unemployment in validity old age pension

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health insurance and work hazards five

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different social security schemes

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which were compulsory for these people

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who earned

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less than a certain threshold

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now you can imagine that the

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generalization of the system which today

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is universal

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all these insurances cover today all the

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residents in germany

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it was just achieved by making the aids

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the wage limit

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progressively higher and higher and

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integrate new professions for instance

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independent people

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were not insured in the beginning more

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like lawyers and doctors but they joined

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later in the

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in between the war period

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or peasants were not insured they were

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insured later so it sort of extended but

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on the same basis

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on professional basis

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what was voluntary before became

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compulsory and then

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the level of income of people was sort

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of hired and finally the whole

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population was insured it took about 50

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60 years to take everybody in that was

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achieved finally

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in the 50s

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so

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as i already said entitled were at the

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beginning you know in those days when it

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started compulsory enrollment all

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workers earning below a certain tree

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short that was the beginning

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now what was the strategy of chancellor

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bismarck he had a very precise political

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idea behind it was not just being nice

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to people because he was very

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conservative

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his idea was industry can only develop

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if the working class is integrated

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integrated in what bismarck considered

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his conservative political regime the

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kaiser rice we had an emperor

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in those days in germany

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so now why did he have this industry but

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he looked at britain england was very

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highly industrialized urbanized and the

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world power with with the

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colonies

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and germany was still very rural very

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traditional and he wanted to bring

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germany to the level of fred britton

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in a way make germany as big as britain

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so catch up with the british empire

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colonies and big industry and for that

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he needed the working class

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and he didn't need a socialist

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revolution for that he wanted the

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working class working

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integrated into his system so he thought

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if he gave to the working class a sort

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of social security

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for the days that couldn't work because

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too old or too ill

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they would be sort of peaceful workers

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and i think his

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analysis was right

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finally bismarck created the biggest

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and best social institution we needed to

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make the industrial society live

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and it's only no

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today with the changes of technology and

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the changes of the labour market that

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this model is a little bit

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in difficulties

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so

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um

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what this traditional man did a

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nationalist he was in fact from a

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eastern german family who were huge land

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owners and this group of people they

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used to staff the administration and the

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military

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jobs the army

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so this is a spectrum an army man a big

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administrator and a land owner who

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produced the most modern

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institution

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for the industrial world and the workers

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so bismarck would be very astonished if

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he could see today what his social

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security laws produced in the world

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worldwide

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so and all this was because he had this

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political goal to catch up with britain

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to make a big industrial empire

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and prevent a socialist revolution

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because look here is the lifetime of

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karl marx

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he died the very year oh sorry

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max died the very year when

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bismarck made this law the first law of

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the health insurance and angles lived in

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those days

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and in germany the working class was

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already organized in trade unions and

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the left was organized they had deputies

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in different

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decentralized assemblies and also in the

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national assembly

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so

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there could have been a socialist

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revolution in germany in those days and

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in order to prevent this

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bismarck took in fact

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parts of the socialist program and trans

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transformed it into his social security

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laws and that was really his historical

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um event which

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you know changed the world so to say

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made our today's world possible

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now what i already said is this the

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social insurance which bismarck put down

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first for the very poor workers

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became a universal sort of institution

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and it prepared the social market

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economy which made the richest richest

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of germany after the second world war

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the social market economy means a free

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market but with social security

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so that was a term a concept

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that was

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forged that was invented in the 50s 60s

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and 70s in the golden 30 years

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now i go back to a little bit to the

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history of bismarck how did you organize

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these social security systems in a time

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when investment was going to industry

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and capitalism was still very very sort

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of

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capitalist there were no public

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subsidies he was not going to give

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public money to uh

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to the workers

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every scheme had to be self-supported

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so he organized it according to who was

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managing

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or those who were paying the

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contributions for managing so for work

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hazard that insurance

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work accidents and so were the sole

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responsibility of employers they paid

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the funding without money from the

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workers they managed their control not

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always very honestly

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for health retirement in validity and

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unemployment there were

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shared contributions between employers

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and employees

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and

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their shared management so the health

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insurance the re let's start with

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retirement retirement in those days was

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50 50. the employers would pay 50

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of the contributions and the workers as

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well so in the in the council which what

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would manage the institution

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managing this money there will would be

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fifty percent of representatives of

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employers and fifty percent of trade

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unions for health in those days because

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it was for the people not for the

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employer lawyers

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uh

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the in the beginning the share was 80

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percent of the contributions were to be

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paid by the people by the insured people

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by the workers

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and 20 by the employers and the result

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was

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80 of the seats in the management boards

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of these new health insurance funds were

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workers and trade unionists and 20 were

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from

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employers

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so you can consider this as a very um

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conservative thing because those who

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profit from the system should pay for it

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but you could also think it was very

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democratic because they managed

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according to what they paid in

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the result in any case the historic

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result was a huge learning process for

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the german left

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and i think we still have in germany

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today the positive

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long-term effects of this

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because trade union

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unions and workers had to run the funds

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they had to manage them they had to

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negotiate for instance with the doctors

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which was truly not easy for workers

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they had to invest the money for the

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pension funds

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and

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correctly that workers would get their

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pension 30 years later

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so they had to learn management and i

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think that was really an experience a

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historical experience which was quite

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unique to germany but it wasn't imitated

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all over europe

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and also in the rest of the world by

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1920

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uh historians had worked out that about

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2 000 trade unionists were sitting in

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social security boards

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we imagine 2

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100 000

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workers trade unionists sitting in these

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management

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boards

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this is you know a lot and they learned

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so

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this was sort of the founding

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the founding

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innovation

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which

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we the result today is we have a decent

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health insurances in many countries so

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in the early 20th century and especially

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the inter-war period these social

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insurances were adapted throughout

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europe and then in south america and in

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asia in russia too

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and late comes those countries who were

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very late they came after the second

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world war in so

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it doesn't mean the whole world is

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covered i mean you know it from india

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but there are types of insurances like

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this more or less in every

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country so this is how a conservative

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political problem became the most modern

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institution of

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the last

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140 or 50 years

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today many

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member states of the european union have

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written down in their constitution

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the right of to health for all citizens

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that's the case in france in germany i

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don't know for all the countries but

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it's quite common to have in our

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european constitutions written something

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about the right to health for everyone

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it is an important element

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in democracy because if you if you

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try to cut back health expenditure

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generally voters won't vote for you so

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it's it's not a good idea if you want to

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be elected you have to protect the

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health care system in europe

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just a little example

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uh you all know

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madame thatcher who governed in britain

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in the 80s

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and was a promoter of new

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neo-liberalism where she fought against

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taxes against public services against

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the trade unions

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and she tried to find to fight against

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the national health service which he

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considered was badly managed and should

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be somehow privatized

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but the only thing that she did not

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succeed in doing was cutting down the

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national health service the national

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health service resisted success

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in france we had a very uh completely

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different example

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the contaminated blood scandal when the

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aids virus entered the blood transfusion

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system

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that shocked french people so much there

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was a total passionate uprise

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collectively with law suits

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and prison pay uh

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high officials were condemned to several

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years of prison high highly classified

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scientific people and state officials

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there was an outcry

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against what was left

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was experienced like

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having seated the people that the blood

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transfusion which was so highly honored

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in france could be

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poisoned

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all that

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so

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the outcome in france of this scandal

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was

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a huge work on safety of medical care

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the surveillance of all sorts of

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instruments you use and the blood you

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use traited tracing systems all this

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didn't exist before the scandal

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you can trace back now every every

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physical

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any element of blood or organ or skin or

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whatever you use a medicine

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from the donor

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up to the receiver and with double

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checks all the time though so

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when patients rights were upgraded

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patients have a lot of rights now which

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i didn't have before because people were

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so shocked

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about what happened to the blood

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transfusion system

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and today patients organization in

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germany and france and i think it's the

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same in other countries are policy

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partners every hospital has to have now

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representatives of the users all the

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decentralized administrations who have

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to do with health have

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patients organizations or user

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organizations in their networks

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and also on the national level

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of course it doesn't mean that

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everything

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patients would like to have

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is taken as it is but

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it doesn't mean they are the most

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powerful representatives in these

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negotiations and in these

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councils and permissions but they are

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there and they make the voice of

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patients heard

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so this is the development of the last

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20 years

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