Origin of the European healthcare system – Prof. Monika Steffen EUHEALTH
Summary
TLDRL'origine de la couverture santé en Europe remonte à l'adoption en 1883 par la législation allemande du premier système d'assurance maladie obligatoire. Cette réforme, initiée par le chancelier Bismarck, visait à intégrer la classe ouvrière dans le régime politique conservateur et à prévenir une révolution socialiste, tout en rattrapant l'Angleterre en termes d'industrialisation. Au fil des ans, le système s'est élargi pour couvrir l'ensemble de la population, donnant naissance à l'économie sociale de marché. Aujourd'hui, la protection de la santé est un élément clé de la démocratie européenne, avec des droits à la santé inscrits dans les constitutions de nombreux États membres de l'UE.
Takeaways
- 🛡️ Le premier système d'assurance maladie obligatoire a été adopté en Allemagne en 1883, sous Otto von Bismarck.
- 👷 Initialement, l'assurance ne concernait que les travailleurs avec des contrats dépendants et les domestiques gagnant sous un certain seuil de revenus.
- 🏥 Bismarck a mis en place cinq systèmes de sécurité sociale : assurance santé, accidents du travail, chômage, invalidité et retraite.
- ⚙️ L'extension de l'assurance a progressivement intégré d'autres professions, notamment les indépendants et les agriculteurs.
- 🛠️ Les employeurs étaient responsables de financer l'assurance accidents du travail, tandis que la gestion des autres assurances était partagée entre employeurs et employés.
- 🗳️ Ce système a favorisé une implication des syndicats dans la gestion des fonds de sécurité sociale, ce qui a contribué à leur développement en Allemagne.
- 🌍 Les lois de Bismarck ont servi de modèle pour d'autres pays européens, sud-américains et asiatiques, notamment dans l'entre-deux-guerres.
- 🏛️ Aujourd'hui, de nombreux pays européens, comme la France et l'Allemagne, inscrivent dans leurs constitutions le droit à la santé pour tous.
- 🩸 L'exemple français du scandale du sang contaminé a conduit à une réforme majeure des droits des patients et à des contrôles renforcés sur les systèmes médicaux.
- 👥 Les organisations de patients jouent aujourd'hui un rôle important dans la gestion des systèmes de santé, tant au niveau local que national.
Q & A
Quelle est l'origine de la couverture santé en Europe?
-La première assurance maladie obligatoire a été adoptée en Allemagne par la loi en 1883.
Qui a instauré le système d'assurance maladie en Allemagne?
-Le chancelier Otto von Bismarck a instauré un ensemble de lois sur la sécurité sociale entre 1881 et 1889.
Pour quelles raisons Bismarck a-t-il créé ce système de sécurité sociale?
-Bismarck voulait intégrer la classe ouvrière dans son régime politique conservateur pour promouvoir l'industrie et éviter une révolution socialiste.
Quels étaient les cinq schémas de sécurité sociale initiaux en Allemagne?
-Les cinq schémas étaient l'assurance maladie, les indemnités pour invalidité, les pensions de vieillesse, l'assurance chômage et l'assurance contre les risques professionnels.
Comment le système de sécurité sociale a-t-il évolué pour couvrir tous les résidents en Allemagne?
-Le système s'est généralisé en augmentant progressivement le seuil salariale et en intégrant de nouvelles professions jusqu'à ce que toute la population soit couverte dans les années 1950.
Quels étaient les objectifs politiques derrière la création du système de sécurité sociale par Bismarck?
-Bismarck cherchait à rattraper le niveau de développement de la Grande-Bretagne, créer un grand empire industriel et prévenir une révolution socialiste.
Comment étaient financés et gérés les différents régimes d'assurance en Allemagne au début?
-Les régimes étaient auto-financés avec des contributions partagées entre employeurs et employés, et la gestion était partagée en fonction des contributions.
Quelle a été l'influence de la gestion des fonds de sécurité sociale sur les syndicats et les travailleurs allemands?
-La gestion des fonds a permis aux syndicats et travailleurs de développer des compétences en gestion et de négocier avec les professionnels de la santé, contribuant à l'apprentissage et au développement des institutions.
Comment s'est propagée l'assurance maladie et les autres systèmes de sécurité sociale dans le monde après l'Allemagne?
-L'assurance maladie et les systèmes de sécurité sociale ont été adoptés dans d'autres pays d'Europe, en Amérique du Sud, en Asie et en Russie, souvent après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Quelle est la situation actuelle de la couverture santé dans les constitutions des États membres de l'Union européenne?
-De nombreux États membres de l'UE ont inscrit le droit à la santé pour tous les citoyens dans leur constitution, ce qui est devenu un élément important de la démocratie.
Quels sont les changements récents dans la protection des droits des patients en Europe?
-Les droits des patients ont été renforcés, avec la présence d'organisations de patients dans les conseils et les administrations de santé, et des améliorations significatives dans la sécurité des soins médicaux suite à des scandales comme celui du sang contaminé en France.
Outlines
🏥 L'origine du système d'assurance maladie en Europe
Le premier paragraphe aborde l'origine de l'assurance maladie obligatoire en Europe, adoptée en Allemagne en 1883. Il explique que l'assurance maladie était initialement destinée aux travailleurs et aux domestiques gagnant moins qu'un certain seuil. Le chancelier Otto von Bismarck a conçu une série de lois sur la sécurité sociale entre 1881 et 1889, couvrant l'assurance maladie, les accidents du travail, les allocations chômage, les pensions de retraite et les invalidité. Ces systèmes ont été progressivement élargis à tous les résidents en Allemagne au cours de 50 à 60 ans. Bismarck visait à intégrer la classe ouvrière dans son régime politique conservateur pour promouvoir l'industrie allemande et prévenir une révolution socialiste.
👨💼 Bismarck, un conservateur à l'avant-garde
Le deuxième paragraphe met en évidence que Bismarck, bien qu'ayant une origine nationaliste et issue d'une famille de grands propriétaires fonciers, a créé l'une des institutions les plus modernes pour le monde industriel et les travailleurs. Son objectif politique était de rattraper l'Angleterre en créant un grand empire industriel et en prévenant une révolution socialiste. L'assurance sociale mise en place par Bismarck a été progressivement adoptée dans le monde entier, contribuant à la formation de l'économie sociale de marché qui a rendu l'Allemagne l'une des plus riches nations après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
🤝 Gérer l'assurance sociale: une expérience de gestion pour les travailleurs
Le troisième paragraphe décrit comment l'organisation des systèmes de sécurité sociale par Bismarck a impliqué des contributions et une gestion partagée entre employeurs et employés. Les travailleurs et les syndicats ont appris à gérer les fonds, négocier avec les médecins et investir les fonds de pension, ce qui a été une expérience historique unique en Allemagne. Cette gestion a été un apprentissage pour la gauche allemande et a contribué à la création d'assurances maladie décentes dans de nombreux pays. Vers 1920, environ 2 000 représentants des travailleurs siégeaient dans les conseils d'assurance sociale, une expérience qui a été imitée dans le reste de l'Europe et au-delà.
🗣️ Les droits des patients et l'évolution du système de santé
Le quatrième paragraphe souligne l'évolution des droits des patients et la participation des organisations de patients dans la gestion du système de santé. Il mentionne des exemples de scandales, tels que le scandale du sang contaminé en France, qui a conduit à une amélioration majeure de la sécurité des soins médicaux et à une augmentation des droits des patients. Les organisations de patients sont devenues des partenaires politiques et ont une voix dans les conseils et les permissions, contribuant ainsi à l'évolution du système de santé au cours des 20 dernières années.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Assurance maladie obligatoire
💡Otto von Bismarck
💡Protection sociale
💡Impératifs de Bismarck
💡Système de marché social
💡Assurance chômage
💡Assurance retraite
💡Assurance accidents du travail
💡Droits des patients
💡Organisations de patients
Highlights
德国在1883年通过法律首次引入了强制性健康保险,至今已有140年的历史。
最初的健康保险只覆盖了收入低于一定门槛的工人和家政人员。
奥托·冯·俾斯麦在1881年至1889年间制定了一系列的社会保障法律。
包括工伤保险、健康保险、失业保险、老年和残疾养老金在内的五种社会保障计划。
系统逐渐扩展,最终在20世纪50年代实现了全民覆盖。
俾斯麦的政治策略是通过提供社会保障来整合工人阶级,避免社会主义革命。
俾斯麦借鉴了社会主义者的部分计划,将其转化为社会保障法律。
社会保障制度的资金来源是自筹的,没有公共补贴。
工伤保险由雇主全额支付,而健康、退休、失业保险则由雇主和雇员共同支付。
健康保险的管理机构中,80%的席位由工人和工会代表占据。
德国的社会保障制度为工人阶级提供了管理经验,这对德国左翼产生了长期积极影响。
到1920年,约有2000名工会成员参与了社会保障委员会的管理。
俾斯麦的社会保障制度在20世纪初被欧洲、南美、亚洲乃至俄罗斯广泛采纳。
今天,许多欧盟成员国的宪法中都明确规定了所有公民的健康权。
在英国,撒切尔夫人试图削减国家健康服务,但未能成功。
法国的血液污染丑闻导致了对医疗安全的巨大改进和患者权利的提升。
现在,德国、法国等国家的医院和卫生机构必须有用户代表参与。
Transcripts
so let's come back to our main subject
the origin of european health coverage
the first compulsory health insurance
was adopted adopted in germany by law in
1883
so that makes it now 140 years that
germans are used to having a compulsory
health insurance
it started very small it was only for
workers
and domestics so people who are in
dependent
work contracts
and earning very little money under a
certain threshold they had to be insured
so the chancellor otto bismarck who was
a very conservative man
made a serious theory of
serious of
laws on social security between
1881 and 89 so it took just eight years
and it covered
sort of a package there was a law on
work hazard so if you have a
professional illness or work accident
you were insured
this was on the responsibility of your
employers they had to pay the premiums
and to control the institution and
control the factories and so on
uh you had an insurance for health
you had salary substitutes for
unemployment so insurance for
unemployment in validity and old pay old
age pensions so that makes you
unemployment in validity old age pension
health insurance and work hazards five
different social security schemes
which were compulsory for these people
who earned
less than a certain threshold
now you can imagine that the
generalization of the system which today
is universal
all these insurances cover today all the
residents in germany
it was just achieved by making the aids
the wage limit
progressively higher and higher and
integrate new professions for instance
independent people
were not insured in the beginning more
like lawyers and doctors but they joined
later in the
in between the war period
or peasants were not insured they were
insured later so it sort of extended but
on the same basis
on professional basis
what was voluntary before became
compulsory and then
the level of income of people was sort
of hired and finally the whole
population was insured it took about 50
60 years to take everybody in that was
achieved finally
in the 50s
so
as i already said entitled were at the
beginning you know in those days when it
started compulsory enrollment all
workers earning below a certain tree
short that was the beginning
now what was the strategy of chancellor
bismarck he had a very precise political
idea behind it was not just being nice
to people because he was very
conservative
his idea was industry can only develop
if the working class is integrated
integrated in what bismarck considered
his conservative political regime the
kaiser rice we had an emperor
in those days in germany
so now why did he have this industry but
he looked at britain england was very
highly industrialized urbanized and the
world power with with the
colonies
and germany was still very rural very
traditional and he wanted to bring
germany to the level of fred britton
in a way make germany as big as britain
so catch up with the british empire
colonies and big industry and for that
he needed the working class
and he didn't need a socialist
revolution for that he wanted the
working class working
integrated into his system so he thought
if he gave to the working class a sort
of social security
for the days that couldn't work because
too old or too ill
they would be sort of peaceful workers
and i think his
analysis was right
finally bismarck created the biggest
and best social institution we needed to
make the industrial society live
and it's only no
today with the changes of technology and
the changes of the labour market that
this model is a little bit
in difficulties
so
um
what this traditional man did a
nationalist he was in fact from a
eastern german family who were huge land
owners and this group of people they
used to staff the administration and the
military
jobs the army
so this is a spectrum an army man a big
administrator and a land owner who
produced the most modern
institution
for the industrial world and the workers
so bismarck would be very astonished if
he could see today what his social
security laws produced in the world
worldwide
so and all this was because he had this
political goal to catch up with britain
to make a big industrial empire
and prevent a socialist revolution
because look here is the lifetime of
karl marx
he died the very year oh sorry
max died the very year when
bismarck made this law the first law of
the health insurance and angles lived in
those days
and in germany the working class was
already organized in trade unions and
the left was organized they had deputies
in different
decentralized assemblies and also in the
national assembly
so
there could have been a socialist
revolution in germany in those days and
in order to prevent this
bismarck took in fact
parts of the socialist program and trans
transformed it into his social security
laws and that was really his historical
um event which
you know changed the world so to say
made our today's world possible
now what i already said is this the
social insurance which bismarck put down
first for the very poor workers
became a universal sort of institution
and it prepared the social market
economy which made the richest richest
of germany after the second world war
the social market economy means a free
market but with social security
so that was a term a concept
that was
forged that was invented in the 50s 60s
and 70s in the golden 30 years
now i go back to a little bit to the
history of bismarck how did you organize
these social security systems in a time
when investment was going to industry
and capitalism was still very very sort
of
capitalist there were no public
subsidies he was not going to give
public money to uh
to the workers
every scheme had to be self-supported
so he organized it according to who was
managing
or those who were paying the
contributions for managing so for work
hazard that insurance
work accidents and so were the sole
responsibility of employers they paid
the funding without money from the
workers they managed their control not
always very honestly
for health retirement in validity and
unemployment there were
shared contributions between employers
and employees
and
their shared management so the health
insurance the re let's start with
retirement retirement in those days was
50 50. the employers would pay 50
of the contributions and the workers as
well so in the in the council which what
would manage the institution
managing this money there will would be
fifty percent of representatives of
employers and fifty percent of trade
unions for health in those days because
it was for the people not for the
employer lawyers
uh
the in the beginning the share was 80
percent of the contributions were to be
paid by the people by the insured people
by the workers
and 20 by the employers and the result
was
80 of the seats in the management boards
of these new health insurance funds were
workers and trade unionists and 20 were
from
employers
so you can consider this as a very um
conservative thing because those who
profit from the system should pay for it
but you could also think it was very
democratic because they managed
according to what they paid in
the result in any case the historic
result was a huge learning process for
the german left
and i think we still have in germany
today the positive
long-term effects of this
because trade union
unions and workers had to run the funds
they had to manage them they had to
negotiate for instance with the doctors
which was truly not easy for workers
they had to invest the money for the
pension funds
and
correctly that workers would get their
pension 30 years later
so they had to learn management and i
think that was really an experience a
historical experience which was quite
unique to germany but it wasn't imitated
all over europe
and also in the rest of the world by
1920
uh historians had worked out that about
2 000 trade unionists were sitting in
social security boards
we imagine 2
100 000
workers trade unionists sitting in these
management
boards
this is you know a lot and they learned
so
this was sort of the founding
the founding
innovation
which
we the result today is we have a decent
health insurances in many countries so
in the early 20th century and especially
the inter-war period these social
insurances were adapted throughout
europe and then in south america and in
asia in russia too
and late comes those countries who were
very late they came after the second
world war in so
it doesn't mean the whole world is
covered i mean you know it from india
but there are types of insurances like
this more or less in every
country so this is how a conservative
political problem became the most modern
institution of
the last
140 or 50 years
today many
member states of the european union have
written down in their constitution
the right of to health for all citizens
that's the case in france in germany i
don't know for all the countries but
it's quite common to have in our
european constitutions written something
about the right to health for everyone
it is an important element
in democracy because if you if you
try to cut back health expenditure
generally voters won't vote for you so
it's it's not a good idea if you want to
be elected you have to protect the
health care system in europe
just a little example
uh you all know
madame thatcher who governed in britain
in the 80s
and was a promoter of new
neo-liberalism where she fought against
taxes against public services against
the trade unions
and she tried to find to fight against
the national health service which he
considered was badly managed and should
be somehow privatized
but the only thing that she did not
succeed in doing was cutting down the
national health service the national
health service resisted success
in france we had a very uh completely
different example
the contaminated blood scandal when the
aids virus entered the blood transfusion
system
that shocked french people so much there
was a total passionate uprise
collectively with law suits
and prison pay uh
high officials were condemned to several
years of prison high highly classified
scientific people and state officials
there was an outcry
against what was left
was experienced like
having seated the people that the blood
transfusion which was so highly honored
in france could be
poisoned
all that
so
the outcome in france of this scandal
was
a huge work on safety of medical care
the surveillance of all sorts of
instruments you use and the blood you
use traited tracing systems all this
didn't exist before the scandal
you can trace back now every every
physical
any element of blood or organ or skin or
whatever you use a medicine
from the donor
up to the receiver and with double
checks all the time though so
when patients rights were upgraded
patients have a lot of rights now which
i didn't have before because people were
so shocked
about what happened to the blood
transfusion system
and today patients organization in
germany and france and i think it's the
same in other countries are policy
partners every hospital has to have now
representatives of the users all the
decentralized administrations who have
to do with health have
patients organizations or user
organizations in their networks
and also on the national level
of course it doesn't mean that
everything
patients would like to have
is taken as it is but
it doesn't mean they are the most
powerful representatives in these
negotiations and in these
councils and permissions but they are
there and they make the voice of
patients heard
so this is the development of the last
20 years
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