How does Earthquake happen? | Earthquake explained using #3D Simulator | Physics Simulator -Letstute
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the science behind earthquakes, explaining how they are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and the release of energy. It outlines the structure of the Earth, from the core to the crust, and details the types of seismic waves: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The script also touches on the Richter scale for measuring earthquake magnitude and the potential for prediction. It concludes with a call to action for viewers to explore an interactive 3D simulation and stay informed about earthquake safety.
Takeaways
- 🌍 Earthquakes are caused by the release of energy from moving tectonic plates, generating waves that cause the earth's surface to shake.
- 🧩 The Earth's surface is made up of around 19-20 tectonic plates, which move continuously due to being placed on a hot, partially molten layer of the mantle.
- 🌋 Earthquakes occur in the lithosphere region, starting from a point called the hypocenter, with the epicenter being directly above it on the surface.
- 📊 Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale, which ranks earthquake magnitude from 0 to 10, with 10 being extremely destructive.
- 🛠 A seismograph or seismometer detects seismic waves, which are created by the movement of tectonic plates and recorded to measure earthquake intensity.
- 🌊 Earthquakes generate two main types of waves: body waves (P waves and S waves) and surface waves, with surface waves being the most destructive.
- 🌡 The inner core of the Earth is a solid sphere with extreme temperatures (4,500 to 5,500°C) and pressures, surrounded by the outer core, mantle, and crust.
- 💥 Earthquake magnitudes between 0 to 2 are barely noticeable, while anything above 7 can cause major destruction to cities and buildings.
- 🔬 Geologists use seismic waves to track earthquakes, and radon and thoron gas concentrations might help predict earthquakes up to seven days in advance.
- 📱 Modern technology, including smartphones and NASA's QuakeSim software, helps detect seismic activity and could improve earthquake prediction and early warning systems.
Q & A
What causes earthquakes?
-Earthquakes are caused by the release of energy that generates seismic waves, which travel in all directions and cause the shaking of the Earth's surface. This energy is released due to the movement of tectonic plates.
What are tectonic plates?
-Tectonic plates are the 'jigsaw puzzle pieces' of the Earth's lithosphere, which are continuously moving over the partially molten layer of the Earth's mantle.
How fast do tectonic plates move?
-Tectonic plates move around 1 to 10 centimeters each year, though not all movements are felt by humans.
What is the hypocenter and epicenter of an earthquake?
-The hypocenter is the point within the Earth where an earthquake originates, and the epicenter is the exact place on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.
What is the Richter scale?
-The Richter scale is a measure used to express the magnitude of an earthquake, which relates to the amount of energy released during the event.
What are seismic waves?
-Seismic waves are the waves created by the movement of tectonic plates that can be detected by a seismograph.
What are the two types of waves formed during an earthquake?
-The two types of waves formed during an earthquake are body waves, which move through the Earth's interior, and surface waves, which cause the most destruction as they move along the Earth's surface.
What are P-waves and S-waves?
-P-waves, or primary waves, are the first seismic waves to be recorded on a seismograph and cause the ground to shake back and forth in the direction of the wave's movement. S-waves, or secondary waves, cause the ground to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave and are often felt as tremors and vibrations.
What is the significance of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake?
-The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in southern Chile was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, with a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale.
How can we predict earthquakes?
-Earthquakes are difficult to predict, but scientists use seismographs and data from devices like smartphones to detect seismic waves. Recent studies suggest that detecting high concentrations of radioactive gases like radon and thoron released from the ground could help predict earthquakes up to seven days in advance.
What can individuals do to stay safe during an earthquake?
-Individuals should stay informed about earthquake safety, have an emergency plan, and know how to react when an earthquake occurs, such as taking cover under a sturdy table or desk.
Outlines
🌏 Understanding Earthquakes
This paragraph introduces the concept of earthquakes as a natural phenomenon resulting from the release of energy that causes seismic waves. It explains that the Earth is composed of tectonic plates that float on a partially molten layer of the mantle, causing continuous movement. Earthquakes occur when these plates shift, and the energy released is felt at the Earth's surface. The hypocenter is the point within the Earth where the earthquake originates, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above it. The paragraph also mentions the most devastating earthquakes recorded, such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, emphasizing the scale of destruction they caused. Geologists use seismographs to detect seismic waves, and earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale, which correlates to the energy released during the event.
📊 Earth's Structure and Earthquake Magnitude
The second paragraph delves into the layers of the Earth, including the crust and mantle, and how they relate to earthquakes. It discusses the Richter scale in more detail, explaining the different magnitudes of earthquakes and their potential impacts. The paragraph uses a hypothetical simulation to illustrate how earthquakes of varying magnitudes can cause不同程度的 damage to structures and the environment. It describes the types of seismic waves—primary (P) waves and secondary (S) waves—that are generated during an earthquake and how they differ in their movement and effects. The simulation demonstrates the increasing damage as earthquake magnitude increases, highlighting the destructive power of major earthquakes.
🔍 Predicting Earthquakes and Safety Tips
The final paragraph focuses on the challenges of predicting earthquakes and the potential for using technology, such as smartphones and NASA's Quake Sim software, to improve prediction and warning systems. It mentions recent studies suggesting that detecting high concentrations of radioactive gases like radon and thoron could provide early warnings of an impending earthquake. The paragraph concludes with safety tips for individuals during an earthquake and a call to action for viewers to engage with the educational software 'Scholar' developed by Escobell, encouraging continuous learning and curiosity about natural phenomena.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Earthquake
💡Tectonic Plates
💡Hypocenter
💡Epicenter
💡Seismic Waves
💡Seismograph
💡Richter Scale
💡P-Waves (Primary Waves)
💡S-Waves (Secondary Waves)
💡Surface Waves
💡Magnitude
Highlights
Earthquakes are caused by the release of energy that generates waves, causing the shaking of the Earth's surface.
The Earth is composed of 19 to 20 tectonic plates that float on a hot, partially molten layer of the mantle.
Tectonic plates move continuously, causing vibrations that can sometimes be felt as earthquakes.
Earthquakes occur in the lithosphere region and release energy from a point called the hypocenter.
The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter where an earthquake occurs.
The most powerful recorded earthquake was a magnitude 9.5 in Valdivia, Chile, in 1960.
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, magnitude 9.0, caused massive destruction and claimed nearly 16,000 lives.
Seismographs are devices that sense seismic waves created by the movement of tectonic plates.
Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale, which relates to the energy released during the event.
The Earth's layers include the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust, each with distinct properties.
Earthquakes generate two types of waves: body waves that move through the Earth's interior, and surface waves that cause the most damage.
P-waves are the first seismic waves recorded by a seismograph, causing the ground to move back and forth.
S-waves follow P-waves and cause the ground to move perpendicular to the direction of wave movement, often felt as tremors.
Surface waves, which are the most destructive, cause the displacement of rocks and can lead to structural damage.
The higher the earthquake magnitude, the closer the hypocenter is to the epicenter, leading to more severe damage.
Recent studies suggest that detecting high concentrations of radioactive gases like radon and thoron could predict earthquakes.
Smartphones can now detect seismic waves, aiding scientists in earthquake prediction and early warning systems.
The Scholar 3D simulation by Escobell allows users to visualize and understand earthquake dynamics.
Transcripts
what just happened
did we just experience an earthquake
but why does this happen and what
exactly is an earthquake
earthquakes are caused by the release of
energy that generate waves which travel
in all directions
causing the shaking of earth's surface
what exactly is this energy
what waves
what's shaking of earth's surface
this is so complicated
well
calm down let me explain everything in a
simple
and detailed manner
earth is not just one piece it is made
up of jigsaw puzzles of around 19 to 20
pieces
which are called as tectonic plates
these plates are placed on a hot
partially molten layer of earth's mantle
this is the reason why these pieces are
continuously moving
they are moving as you are watching this
video
these plates move around 1 to 10
centimeter each ear
but
don't worry not all these movements can
be felt by us
sometimes these movements are extremely
strong and can be felt like a lot of
vibrations under your feet
or
it can also destroy an entire city
that's called an earthquake
the earthquakes occurs in the
lithosphere region of the earth
an earthquake generates underneath the
earth and this releases the energy
across
the point at which the earthquake occurs
under the earth is called hypocenter
and the exact place above it at the
surface of the earth is called epicenter
the most horrifying earthquake recorded
till date was of magnitude 9.5 out of
10.
this happened in valdevia in southern
chile
in 1960.
another one that happened in japan in
tohuku region was of magnitude of 9.0
which happened on march 11 2011.
this earthquake caused massive and
enormous damage and destruction
and took nearly 16 000 people's life
with him
geologists use a device that can sense
the waves created by the movement of the
tectonic plates
these waves are known as seismic waves
and the device is called as seismograph
the earthquake events are scaled
according to magnitude of the shock and
are known as richter scale
this magnitude relates to energy
released during the earthquake
magnitude is expressed in absolute
number 0 to 10 where 0 is lowest where
people feel nothing and
10 being the highest that can create
severe destruction and loss of life over
a large
in order to know more about earthquake
let's jump to the simulator
we can see on the screen is the inner
core of the earth
and then we have outer core
mantle
and crust
the inner core as the name suggests is
the innermost layer or the central layer
of earth
it is like a solid spherical ball in
nature with a radius of
1250 kilometers
the temperature of earth's core
ranges between 4 500 to 5500 degrees
celsius facing a pressure of 300 to 360
giga pascals
next is outer core
it is of about 2200 kilometer thickness
and has a temperature similar to inner
core that is of 4500 to 5500 degrees
celsius
then we have the mantle layer which is
the semi-solid state of about 2900
kilometer thickness
this layer makes around 84 percent of
earth's total volume
and the last layer is the crust
which is like an apple skin when
compared to other layers
runs from zero to 70 kilometers in
thickness which is specifically
eight kilometers under sea to 32
kilometers
under continents and
this is only one percent of the earth's
total mass
now we can see that there's a grayish
white dot
let's click on that
we can see a small town then we see this
in the street view
and then
when we click on layers view we can see
earth's layer
the grayish in color is called as crust
and the one in reddish color is called
as mantle
on the left hand corner side we can see
we have a small box that says earthquake
magnitude on richter scale with three
buttons that shows the magnitude of the
earthquake if the intensity is between 0
to 2 it can be barely sensed when the
intensity is more than 2 and less than 4
we can feel minor vibrations and sense
it a little
from 4 to 4.9 it is considered as small
or a light earthquake
range from 5 to 5.9
are considered moderate earthquakes
and from the range 6 to 6.9
are considered as strong earthquakes
in some time we will see how much damage
these magnitudes can do
and
anything above 7 is considered as major
earthquakes which can destroy cities and
continents
these readings are recorded on a
seismograph
now let's set the 4 to 4.9 magnitude to
see how this earthquake happens
we can see the earthquake starts from a
point called a hypocenter inside the
earth
during an earthquake two types of waves
are formed
one is called body waves and the other
are called as surface waves
let's see what are called as body waves
body waves are the waves that moves
through the interior of the earth
and through the body of the earth and
hence the name
when these body waves move
these waves come across the surface
rocks and generate the surface waves
let's see in detail about these body
waves and surface waves
from this point that is hypocenter
waves are released
these waves are called primary waves or
p waves
now what are these p waves
p waves are seismic waves that shakes
the ground back and forth in the same
direction
and the opposite direction as the
direction of the wave is moving which is
similar to the movement of these sound
waves
this is how a p wave looks like
these p waves are the first to be
recorded on a seismograph
now after a fraction of second when
these p waves hit the rocks closer to
the surface
gives rise to new set of waves the s
waves or
called as secondary waves
these waves are towards the earth crust
and these are tremors and vibrations
that we feel
s waves are the wave motion in a solid
medium where the medium moves
perpendicular to the direction of the
weave
after the p wave these s waves are
recorded on a seismograph
now these s waves hits the surface and
starts the earthquake
the point at which the earthquake
originates on the surface
is called an epicenter
after the p and s waves comes the
surface waves
which are the most destructive waves as
they cause the movement or the
displacement of the rocks which leads to
falling of structures and causing harm
to life
let's once again see the formation of p
and s waves
we can see that an earthquake of this
magnitude that is between 4 to 4.9
causes the damage to nearby small houses
but the buildings are okay
let's see what happens when the
magnitude is between 5 to 5.9
let's reset and then hit the button
whoa
that's quite some damage
the small houses are shattered and the
buildings also have cracks
we can also see that the road is also
cracked now
one more thing to notice is that the
higher the magnitude the closer the
hypocenter is to the epicenter
notice this when we move to 6 to 6.9
magnitude
the damage is enormous
buildings are almost broken roads are
cracked and small houses are collapsed
earthquakes can really be extremely
damaging natural calamity if this is the
case when magnitude is limited to 7
imagine how 9 and 9.5 might even look
since these are quite commonly occurring
magnitudes we have studied them in this
simulation
it is extremely difficult to predict an
earthquake based on a seismograph which
is also known as seismometer but
even our smartphones can now detect
these seismic waves and scientists can
use this data to predict earthquake and
warn people
nasa can use this information in the
quake sim software which can use this
data to generate more efficient
information
recent studies showed that before an
earthquake nearby regions record very
high concentrations of radioactive pair
radon and thoron
this happens because right before the
earthquake these gases are released on
the surface from small cracks and if we
can detect these gases
we can predict a quake at least seven
days in advance
well here are some tips that can save
you in case of an earthquake
till then keep yourself safe and see you
in the next session
well i hope you have enjoyed this
session
this session is based on an interactive
3d simulation called scholar developed
by escobel
[Music]
visit
www.escovell.in to request the download
of the software application to try this
out yourselves
if you have enjoyed this video hit the
like button
if you have any queries comment down and
yes
don't forget to hit the bell icon and
never miss another update from let's do
it
keep watching keep learning and follow
your curiosity
thank you
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