Monarchie - 01 La monarchie absolue
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the rise of absolute monarchy in 17th-century Europe, where states became more distinct and independent. It discusses the shift from empires like the Roman and Charlemagne to individual states asserting their power, particularly through absolute monarchies. The script highlights the French monarchy under Louis XIII, Richelieu, Louis XIV, and Mazarin, where the king's power was absolute but still bound by fundamental laws and privileges. It also touches on the state's growing authority over society, including social welfare and justice, and the concept of the king as a divine representative, expected to uphold certain beliefs and laws.
Takeaways
- 🏰 The concept of monarchy, where power is held by a single person such as a king or queen, became more defined and absolute around the 17th century in Europe.
- 🌐 Europe saw a shift from a unified empire to independent states, each with its own form of government, during the 1600s.
- 👑 Absolutism emerged as a political regime where the state leader, typically a king, held all powers, notably in France under Louis XIII, Richelieu, and Louis XIV with Mazarin.
- 🔗 The rise of the state as an independent entity with centralized power began to take shape in the 16th and 17th centuries, distinct from external powers like the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor.
- 💼 The state's authority grew as it took over societal responsibilities such as welfare, previously managed by the church, and introduced state-controlled assistance for the poor.
- 🏛️ The state's sovereignty was asserted through control over fundamental rights like minting currency, taxation, and justice, replacing private vengeance practices like dueling.
- 🏆 The power and prosperity of states varied; France and Britain saw the rise of strong monarchies, while Spain declined and Venice lost its commercial dominance.
- 🤴 In the era of absolute monarchy, the king was seen as God's representative on earth, a belief that justified his absolute authority and the obedience of his subjects.
- 📜 Despite their absolute power, monarchs were bound by fundamental laws and had to respect privileges held by certain regions, cities, or professional groups.
- ⚖️ The French Revolution in 1789 challenged the absolute monarchy model, leading to a reevaluation of state and monarchical power across Europe.
Q & A
What was the political landscape of Europe around 1600?
-Around 1600, Europe was increasingly divided into independent states, each adopting different forms of government, moving away from the model of a single empire dominating vast territories.
What is the definition of monarchy as described in the script?
-Monarchy is defined as a political regime where power is generally exercised by a single person, either a king or sometimes a queen.
How did the power of kings in the Middle Ages compare to that of the absolute monarchs of the 17th century?
-In the Middle Ages, the power of kings was often limited, sometimes even overshadowed by more powerful vassals, and they were subject to the authority of the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor. In contrast, by the 17th century, absolute monarchs like those in France had much more consolidated power.
What is absolutism and how did it manifest in 17th century France?
-Absolutism is a political regime where the head of state has all the powers. In 17th century France, it manifested as the king's power becoming total, especially under the reigns of Louis XIII and his first minister Richelieu, and later Louis XIV and Mazarin, where the absolute monarchy was firmly established.
Why did the concept of the state become more prominent in the 16th and 17th centuries?
-The concept of the state became more prominent as it represented a new way of thinking about political organization. It became an independent authority that functioned without external intervention, such as from the Pope or the Emperor, and its power over society increased, becoming more centralized.
How did the state assert its authority in the 17th century?
-In the 17th century, the state asserted its authority by controlling fundamental rights such as minting money, levying taxes, and administering justice. It also became a source of unity in the face of religious divisions.
What were some of the social responsibilities that states began to take on during the 16th and 17th centuries?
-States began to take on social responsibilities such as providing assistance to the poor, which was previously the role of the church. However, this aid could come with conditions like imprisonment or forced labor.
Why were people expected to obey the king in an absolute monarchy?
-People were expected to obey the king in an absolute monarchy because the king was seen as the representative of God on earth. Challenging the king's authority was akin to challenging the authority of God, which was inconceivable in a deeply religious society.
What were the fundamental laws that even an absolute monarch had to respect in France?
-Even an absolute monarch in France had to respect certain fundamental laws, such as not being able to choose their heir (the heir was always the eldest son), a queen could only govern if her son was too young to rule, the king had to be Catholic, and the king could not sell parts of the country.
How did the privileges of certain provinces, cities, or guilds affect the absolute monarchy?
-The privileges of certain provinces, cities, or guilds were specific rights they held, and any challenge to these could provoke revolts. The absolute monarch had to take these privileges into account when governing.
What event in 1789 challenged the model of absolute monarchy in France and Europe?
-The ideas of the French Revolution in 1789 challenged the model of absolute monarchy in France and subsequently across Europe, leading to significant political changes.
Outlines
🏰 The Rise of Absolutism in 17th Century Europe
The script discusses the shift in European political landscape around 1600, where the continent saw a rise in independent states with different forms of government, particularly the emergence of absolute monarchy. It explains that absolute monarchy is a political regime where power is exercised by a single person, either a king or a queen. The script highlights the transformation of monarchy from a system where the king's power was often limited by vassals or the authority of the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor, to one where the king's power became absolute. This change is exemplified by the cases of France under Louis XIII and Louis XIV, where the monarch's power was consolidated to maintain national unity and address religious conflicts. The concept of the state as an independent authority, managing society without external interference, is also introduced, with states taking over roles previously held by the church, such as assistance to the poor. The script also touches on the limitations of the absolute monarch's power, such as adherence to fundamental laws and respect for certain privileges held by provinces or professional guilds.
👑 The Role and Limitations of Absolute Monarchs
This paragraph delves deeper into the role and constraints of an absolute monarch. Despite having absolute power, the monarch was not without limits. The king had to respect fundamental laws, such as the succession rules that dictated the crown would pass to the eldest son, and the requirement for the monarch to be Catholic. The script also mentions the king's inability to sell parts of the country and the need to consider the privileges of various provinces, cities, or professional bodies. The paragraph concludes by linking the absolute monarchy to the divine right of kings, where the monarch was seen as God's representative on Earth, capable of performing miracles, which further reinforced their authority. However, it also sets the stage for the eventual challenge to this system with the French Revolution in 1789, which questioned the legitimacy of absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Monarchie
💡Absolutisme
💡États indépendants
💡Pouvoir
💡Royaume
💡Richelieu
💡Louis XIV
💡État
💡Royaume de France
💡Révolution française
💡Droit de frapper la monnaie
Highlights
In 1600, Europe saw the rise of independent states with various forms of government, moving away from the empire model.
Monarchy, where power is held by a single person, emerged as a significant form of government during this period.
The Middle Ages saw kings with limited power, often overshadowed by the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor.
The 17th century marked a shift to absolute monarchy, where the king's power was total, notably in France.
Absolute monarchy was used to maintain unity in France, especially after religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics.
Louis XIII and his minister Richelieu, followed by Louis XIV and Mazarin, solidified absolute monarchy in France.
Many European countries adopted absolute monarchy as their form of government in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The term 'state' emerged in the 16th century to describe a new way of thinking about political organization.
The state became an independent authority, centralizing power and managing society without external interference.
The state took over social responsibilities, such as assisting the poor, which was previously the church's role.
The state controlled fundamental rights like minting money, imposing taxes, and administering justice.
The state acted as a unifying force amidst religious divisions caused by the Reformation.
The power and prosperity of states varied; France and Britain rose, while Spain declined, and Venice lost its commercial dominance.
In absolute monarchy, the king was seen as God's representative on earth, a belief that justified his authority.
The concept of 'royal thaumaturgy', where kings were believed to perform miracles, reinforced their divine right.
Despite absolute power, kings had to respect fundamental laws and consider privileges held by cities or guilds.
The French Revolution in 1789 challenged the absolute monarchy model, leading to changes across Europe.
Absolute monarchy was characterized by a king or queen with total power but still bound by certain laws and privileges.
Transcripts
la monarchie la monarchie absolue vers
1600 l'europe se divise de plus en plus
en états indépendants les uns des autres
adoptant des formes différentes de
gouvernement le modèle d'un empire
unique qui dominent des territoires aux
immenses tél
l'empiré romain ou celui de charlemagne
s'efface en europe
les territoires sont plus des limites et
qu'avant et chaque état et affirme son
pouvoir en particulier dans la monarchie
quand la monarchie apparaît telle la
monarchie est le régime politique où le
pouvoir est généralement exercée par une
seule personne à roy ou parfois une
reine et nous verrons qu'il existe
plusieurs formes de monarchie il ya bien
sûr eu des rois tout au long du moyen
âge et avant durant l'antiquité mais le
pouvoir de ces rois est souvent limitée
ils ont même parfois des vassaux plus
puissant que et n'imposent leur autorité
que sur des territoires limité ils
doivent en plus compter sur l'autorité
du pape auquel ils sont soumis ou du
puissant empereur du saint empire romain
germanique mais en europe
au xviie siècle la monarchie change elle
s'affirme et prend notamment la forme de
la monarchie absolue où le pouvoir du
roi est totale qu'est-ce que
l'absolutisme l'absolutisme est le
régime politique dans lequel le chef de
l'état a tous les pouvoirs en france à
la fin du xvième siècle le pouvoir du
roi s'impose notamment pour maintenir
l'unité du royaume
déchirée par les conflits religieux
entre protestants et catholiques
l'absolutisme atteint son sommet sous
les règnes de louis xiii et de son
premier ministre richelieu puis surtout
sous louis xiv et mazarin où la
monarchie absolue s'installe solidement
comme régime politique en france au
xviie et xviiie siècles de nombreux pays
d'europe adopte la monarchie absolue
comme forme de gouvernement
quand sont apparus les états pour nous
il paraît évident qu'il existe des états
bien distincts les uns des autres et qui
représente l'autorité s'occupe de la
gestion de la société
mais dans l'histoire ça n'a pas toujours
été ainsi
c'est à partir du xvième siècle que le
terme
état apparaît dans les différentes
langues européennes pour décrire une
nouvelle manière de penser
l'organisation politique
l'état devient progressivement une
autorité indépendante qui fonctionne
sans l'intervention d'un pouvoir
extérieur comme celui du pape ou de
l'empereur aux 16e et 17e siècles le
pouvoir de l'état sur la société
augmente ce pouvoir étatique est de plus
en plus centralisée c'est à dire que les
différentes régions qui le composent
perdent un peu de leur pouvoir au profit
d'un gouvernement installé là où se
trouvent les autorités pour la monarchie
là où se trouve le roi les états
prennent le contrôle de plus en plus
d'aspects de la société par exemple ils
prennent en charge l'assistance aux
pauvres tâche accomplie jusque là
uniquement par l'église
toutefois cette aide peut s'accompagner
de l'enfermement ou de la mise au
travail forcé des pauvres
comment l'état s'impose-t-il dès le
xviie siècle l'état contrôle des droits
fondamentaux pour confirmer son autorité
comme celui de frapper la monnaie ce
rôle étant réservée à l'état la
production de fausses monnaies peut
alors être puni de mort l'état
contrôlait les impôts et peut décider
d'en instaurer de nouveau c'est aussi
lui qui rend la justice
la vengeance privée notamment le duel
est ainsi interdite
l'état devient une source d'unité face
aux profondes divisions religieuses
provoquée par la réforme
la puissance et la prospérité de ces
états ne sont toutefois pas égal au
début du xviie siècle
les monarchies françaises et
britanniques s'affirme tout comme la
république des provinces unies les pays
bas actuels alors que la monarchie
espagnole décliné que la république de
venise perd sa suprématie commercial et
maritime
mais pourquoi obéir à un roi dans la
monarchie absolue de cette époque
le roi est le représentant de dieu sur
terre remettre en cause l'autorité du
roi c'est remettre en cause l'autorité
de dieu
inimaginable dans une société très
croyante
on croit par exemple que le roi est
capable d'accomplir des miracles
on parle alors de rois thaumaturges
selon la croyance chrétienne lors de la
cérémonie du sacre les rois de france
reçoivent le don de guérir les
écrouelles une maladie qui provoque
l'apparition de fistules purulente sur
le coup c'est à dire de gros boutons on
pense que les rois peuvent soigner un
malade en posant simplement ses mains
sur lui on obéit au roi car il est le
représentant de dieu sur terre parce
qu'il incarne l'état et sa puissance son
autorité ce sont les lois fondamentales
le roi a tous les pouvoirs mais il ne
peut pas pour autant faire n'importe
quoi
si le roi gouverne sans partage et son
pouvoir et prend seul les grandes
décisions
il écarte les grands seigneurs ou les
pouvoirs locaux il est tout de même
entouré de ministres qui le conseillent
et surtout le roi doit respecter les
lois fondamentales de son royaume
retenons-en 3 en france le roi ne peut
pas choisir son héritier lequel sera
toujours d'abord son fils aîné une reine
ne gouverne que lorsque son garçon est
trop jeune pour régner le roi doit aussi
être catholique
c'est pour cela que le protestant henri
de navarre se convertit au catholicisme
pour devenir le roi de france henri iv
enfin le roi de france ne peut pas
vendre des parties du pays
le monarque bien qu absolue doit donc
respecter des règles
il doit aussi tenir compte des
privilèges il s'agit de droits
particuliers dont disposent certaines
provinces villes ou corps de métiers
leurs mises en causes provoquent souvent
des révoltes
c'est en 1789 avec les idées de la
révolution française que le modèle de la
monarchie absolue pas être remis en
cause en france puis partout en europe
en résumé la monarchie est une sorte de
régime politique à roye parfois une
reine y exerce le pouvoir
l'absolutisme est un régime politique
dans lequel le chef de l'état a tous les
pouvoirs à partir du xvième siècle les
états européens affirment leur
indépendance au xviie siècle
l'état affirme son autorité par exemple
en contrôlant la frappe de la monnaie
les imports où la justice dans la
monarchie absolue
le roi est le représentant du dieu sur
terre
mais il doit respecter des lois
fondamentales et tenir compte de divers
privilèges détenus par des villes ou des
corps de métier par exemple
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