LA GEOGRAFIA COMO CIENCIA

CONTENIDOS DE GEOGRAFÍA Y MÁS

20 Sept 202005:46

Summary

TLDRGeography is the study of Earth's natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components and their interactions. Originating from Greek, 'geography' means 'earth drawing.' Ancient Greeks and Arabs contributed to its knowledge, which was later revolutionized by discoveries and scientific advancements. The discipline is divided into physical geography, focusing on Earth's surface and natural elements, and human geography, examining human-environment relationships. Geography uses a scientific methodology based on principles like location, generalization, causality, and evolution to analyze and interpret spatial data.

Takeaways

🌍 Geography is the science that studies the Earth's space, including natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components and their interactions.
📜 The term 'geography' comes from the Greek words 'geo' (earth) and 'grafos' (to describe), highlighting its focus on graphical representations like maps.
🗺️ The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BCE, featuring geographical elements such as water courses, settlements, and mountains.
🏛️ Ancient Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographical knowledge, which was later expanded by Arabs during the Middle Ages.
🌐 The discovery of America and the scientific revolution of the 15th century challenged the geocentric model and led to the heliocentric theory, changing our understanding of the Earth's position in the universe.
📚 The 19th century saw geography being institutionalized in universities, with key figures like Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel contributing significantly to the field.
🚦 While driving, we encounter various geographical signs that provide information about the landscape, social aspects, and services like gas stations and restaurants.
🔍 Geography is a broad and diverse science that intersects with many areas of knowledge and is divided into physical geography, which studies the Earth's surface and physical elements, and human geography, which examines human-environment interactions.
🌳 Physical geography includes disciplines like geomorphology, hydrology, and climatology, while human geography encompasses economic, political, and social geography.
📊 The geographical method is based on five fundamental principles: location, generalization, causality, relationship, and evolution, which give geography its scientific character.
🍖 The script ends with a mention of a potential destination for a meal, Mineral del Monte, and a reference to the geographical coordinates of the location.

Q & A

What is geography and what does it study?
-Geography is the science that studies geographical space, which includes natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components of the planet and their relationships.
Where does the word 'geography' originate from?
-The word 'geography' comes from the Greek roots 'geo' meaning 'earth' and 'grafos' meaning 'to write' or 'to describe.'
What is the oldest known map, and what features does it display?
-The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BC and shows elements such as waterways, human settlements, and mountains.
Which period saw the development and systematization of geographic knowledge by the Greeks?
-The ancient Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographic knowledge, which was later enriched by Arab scholars during the Middle Ages.
What scientific revolution shifted the perspective of Earth's position in the universe?
-The scientific revolution, led by Copernicus' heliocentric theory and Galileo Galilei’s ideas on Earth's spherical shape and movements, transformed our view of Earth's position in the universe.
When did geography become institutionalized in universities, and who were some key figures in this process?
-Geography became institutionalized in European universities in the late 19th century, with key figures such as Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel.
What are the two main branches of geography?
-The two main branches of geography are physical geography, which studies the Earth's physical features like relief, water, and climate, and human geography, which examines the relationships between human activities and their geographical environments.
What is biogeography?
-Biogeography is a branch of physical geography that studies the distribution of living organisms on Earth and the conditions in which they live.
What are the five fundamental principles of geographic study?
-The five fundamental principles are localization or extension, generalization, causality, relation, and evolution, which help in understanding the location, causes, relationships, and changes of geographical phenomena.
How does the principle of causality differentiate geography as a science?
-The principle of causality makes geography an explanatory science by seeking to analyze the causes behind geographical phenomena, rather than merely describing them.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 Introduction to Geography

Geography is the science that studies the spatial aspects of the Earth, encompassing natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components. Originating from the Greek words 'geo' meaning earth and 'grafos' meaning to describe, geography involves creating graphical representations like maps. The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BCE, showing features like watercourses, settlements, and mountains. The Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographical knowledge, which was later enriched by the Arabs during the Middle Ages under the geocentric theory of Claudius Ptolemy. The discovery of America and the scientific revolution of the 15th century, including Copernicus's heliocentric theory and Galileo's insights on Earth's spherical shape and movements, transformed geographical perspectives. Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation further shifted views on Earth's place in the universe. The discipline was institutionalized in the 19th century with notable figures like Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel. Geography is a broad and diverse science, interrelating with many areas of knowledge and divided into physical geography, studying the Earth's surface and physical elements like topography, water, and climate, and human geography, examining the interaction between human activities and their geographical environment, including economic, political, and social aspects.

05:01

🗺️ Geographical Methodology and Principles

Geography employs a scientific methodology based on five fundamental principles. The principle of location or extension refers to the identification of a geographical phenomenon and its location on Earth. The principle of generalization allows for making general statements about similar processes or phenomena occurring in different places. The principle of causality makes geography an explanatory science, analyzing the causes and effects of geographical facts and phenomena. The principle of interaction recognizes that geographical phenomena are not isolated but interact with each other. Lastly, the principle of evolution acknowledges the dynamic nature of geographical processes, as nothing on Earth remains static. The script also humorously mentions a potential lunch of barbacoa and mole verde, suggesting a journey to Mineral del Monte, and provides coordinates for a location at 20 degrees 7 minutes 12 seconds North latitude and 98 degrees 45 minutes 14 seconds West longitude.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Geography

Geography is defined as the science that studies the spatial distribution of natural, cultural, economic, political, and social phenomena on Earth. It is central to the video's theme as it encompasses the various elements and their interrelations within the planet. The script mentions that geography involves making graphical representations like maps, which are used to understand the spatial aspects of our planet.

💡Historical Development

The historical development of geography is highlighted in the script, showing how the discipline evolved from ancient Greek times to the modern era. It discusses how ancient Greeks named the discipline and how knowledge was systematized and later enriched by Arabs during the Middle Ages, leading to significant scientific revolutions and discoveries.

💡Maps

Maps are graphical representations of the Earth's features and are used to illustrate the spatial distribution of geographical elements. The script refers to the oldest known map dating back to the 23rd century BCE, which identified geographical elements like watercourses, settlements, and mountains, showcasing the importance of maps in the study of geography.

💡Geographical Concepts

The script introduces fundamental geographical concepts such as the principle of location, generalization, causality, relation, and evolution. These principles are the basis of geographical methodology and are essential for understanding the scientific approach to studying the Earth's features and phenomena.

💡Physical Geography

Physical geography is one of the two main branches of geography discussed in the script. It focuses on the systematic and spatial study of the Earth's surface and the elements that structure the physical environment, such as topography, bodies of water, and climate. The script mentions that physical geography has led to various earth sciences that study the planet's structure, morphology, evolution, and dynamics.

💡Human Geography

Human geography is the second main branch of geography, which studies the reciprocal relationship and influence between human activities and their geographical environment. The script explains that human geography includes the study of societies and their territories, and it is subdivided into economic, political, and social geography.

💡Geographical Methodology

Geographical methodology refers to the scientific approach used in the study of geography, which is based on principles like location, generalization, causality, relation, and evolution. The script emphasizes that this methodology is a product of many years of evolution and is what gives geography its scientific character.

💡Cultural and Natural Components

The script mentions that geography studies both cultural and natural components of the Earth, such as economic activities, political structures, and social interactions, as well as natural elements like mountains and watercourses. These components are part of the comprehensive study of the Earth's spatial characteristics.

💡Geographical Signage

Geographical signage refers to the various elements that provide information about the landscape and social aspects while traveling. The script gives examples of signs that indicate natural features like landslide zones or steep curves, and social indicators like proximity to populations, gas stations, or restaurants.

💡Geographical Diversity

The script highlights the geographical diversity within countries, emphasizing the vastness and variety of landscapes in different regions. This diversity is a significant aspect of the geographical study, as it contributes to the complexity and richness of the discipline.

💡Geographical Coordinates

Geographical coordinates are used to pinpoint locations on the Earth's surface. The script provides an example of coordinates (20 degrees 7 minutes 12 seconds latitude north and 98 degrees 45 minutes 14 seconds longitude), illustrating how these coordinates are essential for precise geographical location and navigation.

Highlights

Geography is the science that studies geographic space, including natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components.

The word 'geography' comes from Greek roots: 'geo' meaning earth and 'graphos' meaning to draw.

Geography involves creating graphic representations of our planet, like maps.

The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BCE, depicting elements such as watercourses, human settlements, and mountains.

The ancient Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographic knowledge, later expanded by Arabs during the Middle Ages.

During the Middle Ages, the geocentric theory of Claudius Ptolemy, which considered Earth the center of the universe, predominated.

The discovery of America and the great expeditions of the 15th century led to the scientific revolution and the heliocentric theory by Nicolaus Copernicus.

Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation in 1687 transformed the understanding of Earth's position in the universe.

Geography was institutionalized in European universities by the late 19th century, with key figures like Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Ritter.

Geography is divided into two main branches: physical geography, studying Earth's surface, and human geography, focusing on human activities and their relationship with the environment.

Physical geography has led to various earth sciences, including biogeography, which studies the distribution of living organisms.

Human geography examines the reciprocal relationship between human activities and their geographic environment.

Geography uses a methodology based on five fundamental principles: localization, generalization, causality, relation, and evolution.

The principle of localization involves determining the location of a geographic phenomenon on Earth's surface.

The principle of causality makes geography an explanatory science by analyzing the causes of geographic phenomena and their impact on the environment.